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Wong CH, Edgar AS, Yang D. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Study of a Eutectic Mixture of bis(2,2‐Dinitropropyl) Acetal/Formal. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hing Wong
- Engineered Materials Group (MST-7) Material Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545
| | - Alexander Steven Edgar
- Engineered Materials Group (MST-7) Material Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545
| | - Dali Yang
- Engineered Materials Group (MST-7) Material Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545
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Indelicato S, Bongiorno D, Ceraulo L. Recent Approaches for Chemical Speciation and Analysis by Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2021; 8:625945. [PMID: 33553108 PMCID: PMC7855954 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.625945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the chemical speciation of several species has been increasingly monitored and investigated, employing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This soft ionization technique gently desolvates weak metal–ligand complexes, taking them in the high vacuum sectors of mass spectrometric instrumentation. It is, thus, possible to collect information on their structure, energetics, and fragmentation pathways. For this reason, this technique is frequently chosen in a synergistic approach to investigate competitive ligand exchange-adsorption otherwise analyzed by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV). ESI-MS analyses require a careful experimental design as measurement may face instrumental artifacts such as ESI adduct formation, fragmentation, and sometimes reduction reactions. Furthermore, ESI source differences of ionization efficiencies among the detected species can be misleading. In this mini-review are collected and critically reported the most recent approaches adopted to mitigate or eliminate these limitations and to show the potential of this analytical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Indelicato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - David Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Ceraulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Martin LM, Konermann L. Sulfolane-Induced Supercharging of Electrosprayed Salt Clusters: An Experimental/Computational Perspective. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:486-496. [PMID: 33334096 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that supercharging agents (SCAs) such as sulfolane enhance the electrospray ionization (ESI) charge states of proteins, although the mechanistic origins of this effect remain contentious. Only very few studies have explored SCA effects on analytes other than proteins or peptides. This work examines how sulfolane affects electrosprayed NaI salt clusters. Such alkali metal halide clusters have played a key role for earlier ESI mechanistic studies, making them interesting targets for supercharging investigations. ESI of aqueous NaI solutions predominantly generated singly charged [NanI(n-1)]+ clusters. The addition of sulfolane resulted in abundant doubly charged [NanI(n-2)Sulfolanes]2+ species. These experimental data for the first time demonstrate that electrosprayed salt clusters can undergo supercharging. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of aqueous ESI nanodroplets containing Na+/I- with and without sulfolane were conducted to obtain atomistic insights into the supercharging mechanism. The simulations produced [NanIi]z+ and [NanIiSulfolanes]z+ clusters similar to those observed experimentally. The MD trajectories demonstrated that these clusters were released into the gas phase upon droplet evaporation to dryness, in line with the charged residue model. Sulfolane was found to evaporate much more slowly than water. This slow evaporation, in conjunction with the large dipole moment of sulfolane, resulted in electrostatic stabilization of the shrinking ESI droplets and the final clusters. Hence, charge-dipole stabilization causes the sulfolane-containing droplets and clusters to retain more charge, thereby providing the mechanistic foundation of salt cluster supercharging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Martin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Ozdemir A, Gulfen M, Lin JL, Chen CH. A Comparative Study for Sonic Spray and Electrospray Ionization Methods to Determine Noncovalent Protein–Ligand Interactions. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1622558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gulfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Giesen JA, Diament BJ, Grayson SM. Iodine-Containing Mass-Defect-Tuned Dendrimers for Use as Internal Mass Spectrometry Calibrants. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:490-500. [PMID: 29260455 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calibrants based on synthetic dendrimers have been recently proposed as a versatile alternative to peptides and proteins for both MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry calibration. Because of their modular synthetic platform, dendrimer calibrants are particularly amenable to tailoring for specific applications. Utilizing this versatility, a set of dendrimers has been designed as an internal calibrant with a tailored mass defect to differentiate them from the majority of natural peptide analytes. This was achieved by incorporating a tris-iodinated aromatic core as an initiator for the dendrimer synthesis, thereby affording multiple calibration points (m/z range 600-2300) with an optimized mass-defect offset relative to all peptides composed of the 20 most common proteinogenic amino acids. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Giesen
- Department of Chemistry, 2015 Stern Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118-5636, USA
| | - Benjamin J Diament
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352350, Seattle, WA, 98195-2350, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, 2015 Stern Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118-5636, USA.
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Koszinowski K, Lissy F. ESI activity of Br⁻, BF₄⁻ , ClO₄⁻ and BPh₄⁻ anions in the presence of Li⁺ and NBu⁴⁺ counter-ions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:144-151. [PMID: 28098404 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of the electrospray ionization (ESI) process, we have subjected equimolar mixtures of salts A+ X- (A+ = Li+ , NBu4+ ; X- = Br- , ClO4- , BF4- , BPh4- ) in different solvents (CH3 CN, tetrahydrofuran, CH3 OH, H2 O) to negative-ion mode ESI and analyzed the relative ESI activity of the different anionic model analytes. The ESI activity of the large and hydrophobic BPh4- ion greatly exceeds that of the smaller and more hydrophilic anions Br- , ClO4- and BF4- , which we ascribe to its higher surface activity. Moreover, the ESI activity of the anions is modulated by the action of the counter-ions and their different tendency toward ion pairing. The tendency toward ion pairing can be reduced by the addition of the chelating ligands 12-crown-4 and 2.2.1 cryptand and is, although to a smaller degree, further influenced by the variation of the solvent. Complementary electrical conductivity measurements afford additional information on the interactions of the ionic constituents of the sample solutions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Lissy
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Electrospray Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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9
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Apicella B, Wang X, Passaro M, Ciajolo A, Russo C. Accurate calibration of a molecular beam time-of-flight mass spectrometer for on-line analysis of high molecular weight species. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2183-2190. [PMID: 27479931 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique, provided that an accurate calibration by standard molecules in the same m/z range of the analytes is performed. Calibration in a very large m/z range is a difficult task, particularly in studies focusing on the detection of high molecular weight clusters of different molecules or high molecular weight species. METHODS External calibration is the most common procedure used for TOF mass spectrometric analysis in the gas phase and, generally, the only available standards are made up of mixtures of noble gases, covering a small mass range for calibration, up to m/z 136 (higher mass isotope of xenon). In this work, an accurate calibration of a Molecular Beam Time-of Flight Mass Spectrometer (MB-TOFMS) is presented, based on the use of water clusters up to m/z 3000. RESULTS The advantages of calibrating a MB-TOFMS with water clusters for the detection of analytes with masses above those of the traditional calibrants such as noble gases were quantitatively shown by statistical calculations. A comparison of the water cluster and noble gases calibration procedures in attributing the masses to a test mixture extending up to m/z 800 is also reported. In the case of the analysis of combustion products, another important feature of water cluster calibration was shown, that is the possibility of using them as "internal standard" directly formed from the combustion water, under suitable experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The water clusters calibration of a MB-TOFMS gives rise to a ten-fold reduction in error compared to the traditional calibration with noble gases. The consequent improvement in mass accuracy in the calibration of a MB-TOFMS has important implications in various fields where detection of high molecular mass species is required. In combustion products analysis, it is also possible to obtain a new calibration spectrum before the acquisition of each spectrum, only modifying some operative conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Apicella
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, IRC-C.N.R., P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - X Wang
- SPIN-C.N.R., Via Cintia, 80124, Napoli, Italy
| | - M Passaro
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, IRC-C.N.R., P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Ciajolo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, IRC-C.N.R., P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - C Russo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, IRC-C.N.R., P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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10
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Soleilhac A, Dagany X, Dugourd P, Girod M, Antoine R. Correlating Droplet Size with Temperature Changes in Electrospray Source by Optical Methods. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8210-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Soleilhac
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Dagany
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Institut
des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
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Casey BK, Grayson SM. Letter: The potential of amine-containing dendrimer mass standards for internal calibration of peptides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:747-752. [PMID: 26579931 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure accurate mass determinations, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometers must be calibrated regularly. While peptides and proteins represent the most widely used calibration standards due to their monodispersity, known masses and availability, their limited shelf-life complicates their use. Recently, polyester dendrimer calibrants have been introduced as an alternative because, in addition to monodispersity and relative molecular masses as high as 30,000, they exhibit vastly improved stability and broad compatibility with both matrices and solvents. However, the use of these initially reported polyester dendrimers as internal calibrants for the analysis of peptides or proteins presents a unique problem because these dendrimers typically require ionization with metal cations, while amino acid-based compounds preferentially ionize via protonation of an amine. To address this complication, dendrimers bearing a single amine were prepared which demonstrate the ability to easily ionize via protonation with either acidic matrices or dilute solutions of trifluoroacetic acid. This class of amine-containing dendrimers shows promise as a calibrant system specifically designed for the internal calibration of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K Casey
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Grayson SM, Myers BK, Bengtsson J, Malkoch M. Advantages of monodisperse and chemically robust "SpheriCal" polyester dendrimers as a "universal" MS calibrant. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:303-309. [PMID: 24297473 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of dendrimer calibrants as an alternative to peptides and proteins for high mass calibration is explored. These synthetic macromolecules exhibited a number of attractive advantages, including exceptional shelf-lives, broad compatibility with a wide range of matrices and solvents, and evenly spaced calibration masses across the mass range examined, 700-30,000 u. The exceptional purity of these dendrimers and the technical simplicity of this calibration platform validate their broad relevance for high molecular weight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA,
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Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a technique to access the information beyond the molecular weight of the analyte. Int J Anal Chem 2011; 2012:282574. [PMID: 22611397 PMCID: PMC3348530 DOI: 10.1155/2012/282574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Electrospray Ionization (ESI) is a soft ionization technique extensively used for production of gas phase ions (without fragmentation) of thermally labile large supramolecules. In the present review we have described the development of Electrospray Ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) during the last 25 years in the study of various properties of different types of biological molecules. There have been extensive studies on the mechanism of formation of charged gaseous species by the ESI. Several groups have investigated the origin and implications of the multiple charge states of proteins observed in the ESI-mass spectra of the proteins. The charged analytes produced by ESI can be fragmented by activating them in the gas-phase, and thus tandem mass spectrometry has been developed, which provides very important insights on the structural properties of the molecule. The review will highlight recent developments and emerging directions in this fascinating area of research.
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Bongiorno D, Ceraulo L, Giorgi G, Indelicato S, Ruggirello A, Turco Liveri V. Supramolecular aggregates in vacuum: positively monocharged sodium alkanesulfonate clusters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:151-161. [PMID: 20065519 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation and structural features of positively monocharged aggregates of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and sodium methane--(MetS), butane--(ButS) and octane--(OctS) sulfonate molecules in gas phase have been investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, energy resolved mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental results show that the center-of-mass collision energy required to dissociate 50% of these monocharged aggregates scantly depends on the length of the alkyl chain as well as on the aggregation number. This, together with the large predominance of monocharged species in the mass spectra, was rationalized in terms of an aggregation pattern mainly driven by the counter ions and head groups electrostatic interactions while minor effects were attributed to the steric hindrance caused by the size of the surfactant head group and alkyl chain. DFT calculations show that the most favoured structural arrangement of these aggregates is always characterized by an internal polar core constituted by the sodium counter ions and surfactant head groups surrounded by an external layer composed by the surfactant alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
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Carazzone C, Raml R, Pergantis SA. Nanoelectrospray Ion Mobility Spectrometry Online with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for Sizing Large Proteins, DNA, and Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5812-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7025578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carazzone
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Reingard Raml
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Spiros A. Pergantis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
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Wang W, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Nonspecific protein-carbohydrate complexes produced by nanoelectrospray ionization. Factors influencing their formation and stability. Anal Chem 2007; 77:3060-71. [PMID: 15889894 DOI: 10.1021/ac048433y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Factors influencing the formation of nonspecific protein-carbohydrate complexes during the nanoelectrospray (nanoES) process have been investigated. Protonated and deprotonated nonspecific complexes of ubiquitin (Ubq) and protonated complexes of carbonic anhydrase (CA) with carbohydrates, ranging in size from mono- to tetrasaccharide, were produced by nanoES and detected with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Both the fraction of protein engaged in nonspecific binding with the carbohydrates and the number of carbohydrates bound to the protein increase with increasing carbohydrate concentration. At a given concentration of protein and carbohydrate, nonspecific binding is favored for small (mono- and disaccharide) or hydrophilic carbohydrates over larger or more hydrophobic molecules, which tend to form gaseous monomer or cluster ions by nanoES. However, the extent of nonspecific binding is insensitive to the structure of the protein, with similar distributions of nonspecific complexes observed for both CA and Ubq. Nonspecific association is also insensitive to the charge state of the complex. A comparable degree of binding is observed for complexes in their protonated and deprotonated forms. Furthermore, the number of bound ligands can exceed significantly the charge state of the complex. Thermal dissociation experiments performed on the gaseous nonspecific complexes reveal that their kinetic stability is sensitive to both the structure of the carbohydrate (i.e., mono- < di- < tri- < tetrasaccharide) and the protein (Ubq < CA) and to the charge state, although no simple relationship between stability and charge state was identified. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that neutral protein-carbohydrate interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds) contribute significantly and, perhaps, predominantly to the formation and stabilization of the nonspecific complexes. A strategy to minimize the formation of the nonspecific complexes, which is based on the enhancement of gaseous carbohydrate ion formation through the addition of metal salts (e.g., CaCl2) to the nanoES solution, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Volmer DA. Dedication to Dr. Robert Boyd. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1492-6. [PMID: 16628592 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Verkerk UH, Kebarle P. Ion-ion and ion-molecule reactions at the surface of proteins produced by nanospray. Information on the number of acidic residues and control of the number of ionized acidic and basic residues. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:1325-41. [PMID: 15979326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass Spectra of charge states of folded proteins were obtained with nanospray and aqueous solution containing 20 microM the protein (ubiquitin, cytochrome c, lysozyme) and one of the NaA salts NaCl, NaI, NaAc (acetate) (1-10 mM). At very low collision activated decomposition (CAD), the mass spectra of a protein with charge z exhibited a replacement of zH+ with zNa+ and also multiple adducts of NaA. Higher CAD converts the NaA adduct peaks to Na minus H peaks. These must be due to loss of HA where the H was provided by the protein. The degree of HA loss with increasing CAD followed the order I < Cl < Ac. Significantly, the intensity of the ions with n (Na minus H) adducts showed a downward break past an n(MAX) which is equal to the number of acidic residues of the protein plus the charge of the protein. All the observations could be rationalized within the framework of the electrospray mechanism and the charge residue model, which predict that due to extensive evaporation of solvent, the solutes will reach very high concentrations in the final charged droplets. At such high concentrations, positive ions such as Na+, NH4+ form ion pairs with ionized acidic residues and the negative A- form ion pairs with ionized basic residues of the protein. Adducts of Na+, and NaA to backbone amide groups occur also. This reaction mechanism fits all the experimental observations and provides predictions that the number of acidic and basic groups at the surface of the gaseous protein that remain ionized can be controlled by the absence or presence of additives to the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo H Verkerk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Blades AT, Peschke M, Verkerk UH, Kebarle P. Hydration energies in the gas phase of select (MX)mM+ ions, where M+ = Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+ and X- = F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO2-, NO3-. Observed magic numbers of (MX)mM+ ions and their possible significance. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:11995-2003. [PMID: 15382934 DOI: 10.1021/ja030663r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sequential hydration energies and entropies with up to four water molecules were obtained for MXM(+) = NaFNa(+), NaClNa(+), NaBrNa(+), NaINa(+), NaNO(2)Na(+), NaNO(3)Na(+), KFK(+), KBrK(+), KIK(+), RbIRb(+), CsICs(+), NH(4)BrNH(4)(+), and NH(4)INH(4)(+) from the hydration equilibria in the gas phase with a reaction chamber attached to a mass spectrometer. The MXM(+) ions as well as (MX)(m)M(+) and higher charged ions such as (MX)(m)M(2)(2+) were obtained with electrospray. The observed trends of the hydration energies of MXM(+) with changing positive ion M(+) or the negative ion X(-) could be rationalized on the basis of simple electrostatics. The most important contribution to the (MXM-OH(2))(+) bond is the interaction of the permanent and induced dipole of water with the positive charge of the nearest-neighbor M(+) ion. The repulsion due to the water dipole and the more distant X(-) has a much smaller effect. Therefore, the bonding in (MXM-OH(2))(+) for constant M and different X ions changes very little. Similarly, for constant X and different M, the bonding follows the hydration energy trends observed for the naked M(+) ions. The sequential hydration bond energies for MXM(H(2)O)(n)(+) decrease with n in pairs, where for n = 1 and n = 2 the values are almost equal, followed by a drop in the values for n = 3 and n = 4, that again are almost equal. The hydration energies of (MX)(m)M(+) decrease with m. The mass spectra with NaCl, obtained with electrospray and observed in the absence of water vapor, show peaks of unusually high intensities (magic numbers) at m = 4, 13, and 22. Experiments with variable electrical potentials in the mass spectrometer interface showed that some but not all of the ion intensity differentiation leading to magic numbers is due to collision-induced decomposition of higher mass M(MX)(m)(+) and M(2)(MX)(m)(2+) ions in the interface. However, considerable magic character is retained in the absence of excitation. This result indicates that the magic ions are present also in the saturated solution of the droplets produced by electrospray and are thus representative of particularly stable nanocrystals in the saturated solution. Hydration equilibrium determinations in the gas phase demonstrated weaker hydration of the magic ion (NaCl)(4)Na(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur T Blades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Fernandez de la Mora J, Thomson BA, Gamero-Castaño M. Tandem mobility mass spectrometry study of electrosprayed tetraheptyl ammonium bromide clusters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:717-732. [PMID: 15862773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiply charged electrospray ions from concentrated solutions of Heptyl4N+Br- (designated A+B- hereafter) in formamide are analyzed mass spectrometrically (MS) following mobility selection in ambient air in a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). Most of the sharp mobility peaks seen are identified as (AB)(n)A+ clusters, with 0 < or = n < ot = 5. One anomalously abundant and mobile ion is identified as NH4+(AB)4. Six ions in the (AB)n(A+)2 series are also identified, completing and correcting earlier mobility data for singly and doubly charged ions up to masses of almost 9000 Da. The more mobile of two broad humps seen in the mobility spectrum includes m/z values approximately from 2500 up to 12,000 Da. It is formed primarily by multiply charged (AB)n(A+)z clusters with multiple ammonium bromide adducts. Because of overlapping of many peaks of different m/z and charge state z, only a few individual species can be identified by MS alone in this highly congested region. However, the spectral simplification brought about by mobility selection upstream of the MS reveals a series of broad modulations in m/z space, with all ions resolved in the second, third, ...sixth modulation being in charge states z = 2, 3, ...6, respectively. Extrapolation of this trend beyond the sixth wave fixes the ion charge state (in some cases up to z = 15) and mass (beyond m = 175,000 u). This wavy structure had been previously observed and explained in terms of ion evaporation kinetics from volatile drops, though without mass identification. All observations indicate that the clusters are formed as charged residues, but their charge state is fixed by the Iribarne-Thomson ion evaporation mechanism. Consequently, the measured curve of cluster diameter versus z yields the two parameters governing ion evaporation kinetics. Clusters with z > 1 and electrical mobility Z > 0.495 cm2/V/s are metastable and evaporate a singly charged cluster, probably (AB)2A+, between the DMA and the MS. Plotting the electrical mobilities Z of the clusters in the form (z/Z)1/2 versus m(1/3) (both proportional to cluster diameter) collapse the data for all cluster sizes and charge states into one single straight line for Z below 0.495 cm2/V/s. This linear relation reveals a uniform apparent cluster density of 0.935 g/cm3 and an effective hard-sphere diameter of the air molecules of 0.44 nm. An anomalous mobility increase is observed at diameters below 3 nm.
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Ku BK, Fernandez de la Mora J. Cluster Ion Formation in Electrosprays of Acetonitrile Seeded with Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0401933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ki Ku
- Yale University, Mechanical Engineering Department, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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23
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Electrospray Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36756-x_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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24
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Schlosser G, Takáts Z, Vékey K. Formation of solvated ions in the atmospheric interface of an electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1245-1251. [PMID: 14696203 DOI: 10.1002/jms.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple method capable of generating and investigating various solvent clusters and solvated ions was developed. The technique opens a door to studying these complexes on commercially available instruments. Formation of the desired solvated ion in the gas phase was achieved by introducing the appropriate volatile solvent vapour into the curtain gas stream. Capabilities of the technique are illustrated by generating alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal cations solvated by various volatile compounds such as water, methanol and acetonitrile. Depending on the ligands and on the experimental conditions, clusters of 2-100 molecules may be observed. Isotope labelling suggests that these are formed by a re-solvation process in the curtain gas region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Schlosser
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, H-1025 Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Charles L, Chiron J, Galy JP. Characterization of ammonium chloride derivatives by salt clustering in electrospray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2471-2474. [PMID: 14608615 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clustering of ammonium chloride salts was studied using an electrospray source to characterize the form, mono- vs. dihydrochloride, of organic compounds by mass spectrometry. This new way of taking advantage of cluster formation is applied to aminomethylacridines as their storage requires the synthesis of such derivatives. Both positive and negative cluster mass spectra were obtained and allowed the determination of the nature of the hydrochloride forms as the salt mass is straightforwardly derived from the mass of the cluster monomer, calculated from singly and multiply charged ion distributions. The identity of the counterion is confirmed from the mass of the ionic moieties in the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Centre Régional de Spectrométrie de Masse, Boite 511, Faculté des Sciences de Saint Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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26
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Gross JH, Eckert A, Siebert W. Negative-ion electrospray mass spectra of carbon dioxide-protected N-heterocyclic anions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:541-543. [PMID: 12112760 DOI: 10.1002/jms.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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27
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Charles L, Pépin D, Gonnet F, Tabet JC. Effects of liquid phase composition on salt cluster formation in positive ion mode electrospray mass spectrometry: implications for clustering mechanism in electrospray. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:1077-1084. [PMID: 11605968 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Potassium bromate salt clusters, [KBrO3]nKx(x+), formed by electrospray ionization were studied as a function of solution properties. Clusters with up to 4 positive charges were observed. Their abundance, charge state and distribution were shown to vary with the organic solvent in solution. The effects of 7 solvents, including methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, acetone, pyridine, and 1,4-dioxane, were thoroughly investigated. Solvents with a low dielectric constant and a high viscosity seem to favor clustering in solution but do not systematically allow high charge state ion formation. On the other hand, cluster charge reduction during desolvation was not correlated with solvent cation affinity over the range of solvents examined. However, ion distribution in mass spectra could be rationalized as a combination of these two competing phenomena. Charge state increases with the cluster size but may be reduced during ion desolvation when high cation affinity solvent molecules are actually involved in the ion solvation shell. This assumption could be envisaged in either Iribarne or Dole mechanisms of ion release in the gas phase. However, intensity profiles of multiply charged clusters could only be understood in terms of the ion evaporation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Charles
- Laboratorie de Contrĵle des Faux, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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28
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Hao C, March RE, Croley TR, Smith JC, Rafferty SP. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of salt cluster ions. Part 1--investigations of alkali metal chloride and sodium salt cluster ions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:79-96. [PMID: 11180649 DOI: 10.1002/jms.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salt cluster ions of alkali metal chlorides ACl (A = Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+) and Cs(+)) and sodium salts NaB (B = I(-), HCOO(-), CH(3)COO(-), NO(2)(-), and NO(3)(-)), formed by electrospray ionization, were studied systematically by mass spectrometry. The influences on the total positive ion and negative ion currents of variation of solvent, solution concentration, desolvation temperature, solution flow-rate, capillary voltage and cone voltage were investigated. Only cone voltage was found to influence dramatically the distribution of salt cluster ions in the mass spectra observed. Under conditions of normal cone voltage of approximately 70 V, cluster ions having magic numbers of molecules are detected with high relative signal intensity. Under conditions of low cone voltage of approximately 10 V, the distribution of cluster ions detected is characterized by a relatively low average mass/charge ratio due to the presence of multiply charged cluster ions; in addition, there is a marked reduction in cluster ions having a magic number of molecules. Product ion mass spectra obtained by tandem mass spectrometry of cluster ions are characterized by a base peak having a magic number of molecules that is less than and closest to the number of molecules in the precursor ion. Structures have been proposed for some dications and some quadruply charged ions. At pH 3 and 11, the mass spectra of NaCl clusters show the presence of mixed clusters of NaCl with HCl and NaOH, respectively. The effects of ionic radius on 20 distributions of cluster ions for 10 salts were investigated; however, the fine structure of these effects is not readily discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 7B8
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Rautenbach M, Swart P, van der Merwe MJ. The interaction of analogues of the antimicrobial lipopeptide, iturin A2, with alkali metal ions. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2539-48. [PMID: 11092539 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray mass spectrometry was employed as a tool in this first study on the molecular interaction between the alkali metal ions and antifungal lipopeptide iturin A, and some analogues. Cationisation by sodium and signal intensity of lipopeptide species depended on sodium concentration, but was independent of sample solvent, carrier solvent polarity and sample pH between 4 and 11. 8-Beta, a linear analogue of iturin A2 (8-Beta; beta-aminotetradecanoyl-NYNQPNS), and its shorter linear lipopeptide analogues, associated either one or two alkali metal cations, while the N-->C cyclic peptides associated with only one cation. The chirality of the beta-NC14 residue had a limited influence on the cationisation. It was observed that 8-Beta contained at least four interaction sites for a cation of which two, the C-terminal carboxylate and the side-chain of tyrosine, can take part in ionic interaction with a cation. It is proposed that the remaining two interaction centres of alkali metal ions are within the two type II beta-turns found in conformation of natural iturin A. This was corroborated by the diminished capacity of the shorter peptides, in which one of the beta-turns was eliminated to bind a second larger cation. All the lipopeptides showed the same order of alkali metal ion selectivity: Na+ > K+ > Rb+. These results indicated a size limitation in the interaction cavity or cavities. The absence of, or observation of only low abundance, di-cationised complexes of cyclic peptides the indicated association of the cation in the interior of the peptide ring. It is thus hypothesised that alkali metal ions can bind in one of the two beta-turns in the natural iturin A molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rautenbach
- Departmnent of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa.
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30
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Wang G, Cole RB. Charged residue versus ion evaporation for formation of alkali metal halide cluster ions in ESI. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Kebarle P, Peschke M. On the mechanisms by which the charged droplets produced by electrospray lead to gas phase ions. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Wang G, Cole RB. Solvation Energy and Gas-Phase Stability Influences on Alkali Metal Cluster Ion Formation in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1998; 70:873-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970919+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Honing M, Riu J, Barceló D, van Baar B, Brinkman U. Determination of ten carbamate pesticides in aquatic and sediment samples by liquid chromatography-ionspray and thermospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chapter 1. Developments in Interface Technology for Combined Liquid Chromatography, Capillary Electrophoresis and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Winger BE, Light-Wahl KJ, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Udseth HR, Smith RD. Observation and implications of high mass-to-charge ratio ions from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:536-45. [PMID: 24227640 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)85015-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/1993] [Revised: 03/08/1993] [Accepted: 03/10/1993] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High mass-to-charge ratio ions (> 4000) from electrospray ionization (ESI) have been observed for several proteins, including bovine cytochrome c (M r 12,231) and porcine pepsin (M r 34,584), by using a quadrupole mass spectrometer with an m/z 45,000 range. The ESI mass spectrum for cytochrome c in an aqueous solution gives a charge state distribution that ranges from 12 + to 2 +, with a broad, low-intensity peak in the mass-to-charge ratio region corresponding to the [M + H](+) ion. the negative ion ESI mass spectrum for pepsin in 1% acetic acid solution shows a charge state distribution ranging from 7- to 2-. To observe the [M - H](-) ion, harsher desolvation and interface conditions were required. Also observed was the abundant aggregation of the protens with average charge states substantially lower than observed for their monomeric counterparts. The negative ion ESI mass spectrum for cytochrome c in 1-100 mM NH4OAc solutions showed greater relative abundances for the higher mass-to-charge ratio ions than in acuidic solutions, with an [M - H](-) ion relative abundance approximately 50% that of the most abundant charge state peak. The observation that protein aggregates are formed with charge states comparable to monomeric species (at fower mass-to-charge ratios) suggests that the high mass-to-charge ratio monomers may be formed by the dissociation of aggregate species. The observation of low charge state and aggregate molecular ions concurrently with highly charged species may serve to support a variation of the charged residue model, originally described by Dole and co-workers (Dole, M., et al. J. Chem. Phys. 1968, 49, 2240; Mack, L. L., et al. J. Chem. Phys. 1970, 52, 4977) which involves the Coulombically driven formation of either very highly solvated molecular ions or lower ananometer-diameter droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Winger
- Chemical Methods and Separations Group, Chemical Sciences Department, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop P8-19, 99352, Richland, WA, USA
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