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Han Z, Jin J, Chen X, He Y, Sun H. Adjuvant activity of tubeimosides by mediating the local immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108244. [PMID: 36845089 PMCID: PMC9950507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Bolbostemmatis, the dry tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum, has being used for the treatment of acute mastitis and tumors in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, tubeimoside (TBM) I, II, and III from this drug were investigated for the adjuvant activities, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and mechanisms of action. Three TBMs significantly boosted the antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and elicited both Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 responses towards ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. TBM I also remarkably facilitated mRNA and protein expression of various chemokines and cytokines in the local muscle tissues. Flow cytometry revealed that TBM I promoted the recruitment and antigen uptake of immune cells in the injected muscles, and augmented the migration and antigen transport of immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. Gene expression microarray analysis manifested that TBM I modulated immune, chemotaxis, and inflammation-related genes. The integrated analysis of network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and molecular docking predicted that TBM I exerted adjuvant activity by interaction with SYK and LYN. Further investigation verified that SYK-STAT3 signaling axis was involved in the TBM I-induced inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells. Our results for the first time demonstrated that TBMs might be promising vaccine adjuvant candidates and exert the adjuvant activity through mediating the local immune microenvironment. SAR information contributes to developing the semisynthetic saponin derivatives with adjuvant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Animal Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Hongxiang Sun,
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2
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Anderson O, Beckett J, Briggs CC, Natrass LA, Cranston CF, Wilkinson EJ, Owen JH, Mir Williams R, Loukaidis A, Bouillon ME, Pritchard D, Lahmann M, Baird MS, Denny PW. An investigation of the antileishmanial properties of semi-synthetic saponins. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:833-842. [PMID: 33479679 PMCID: PMC7651632 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by insect-vector borne protozoan parasites of the, Leishmania species. Whilst infection threatens and affects millions of the global poor, vaccines are absent and drug therapy limited. Extensive efforts have recently been made to discover new leads from small molecule synthetic compound libraries held by industry; however, the number of new chemical entities identified and entering development as anti-leishmanials has been very low. This has led to increased interest in the possibility of discovering naturally derived compounds with potent antileishmanial activity which may be developed towards clinical applications. Plant-derived triterpenoid and steroidal saponins have long been considered as anti-microbials and here we describe an investigation of a library of 137 natural (9) and semi-synthetic saponins (128) for activity against Leishmania mexicana, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The triterpenoid sapogenin, hederagenin, readily obtained in large quantities from Hedera helix (common ivy), was converted into a range of 128 derivatives. These semi-synthetic compounds, as well as saponins isolated from ivy, were examined with a phenotypic screening approach to identify potent and selective anti-leishmanial hits. This led to the identification of 12 compounds, including the natural saponin gypsogenin, demonstrating high potency (ED50 < 10.5 μM) against axenic L. mexicana amastigotes, the mammalian pathogenic form. One of these, hederagenin disuccinate, was sufficiently non-toxic to the macrophage host cell to facilitate further analyses, selectivity index (SI) > 10. Whilst this was not active in an infected cell model, the anti-leishmanial properties of hederagenin-derivatives have been demonstrated, and the possibility of improving the selectivity of natural hederagenin through chemical modification has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlagh Anderson
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Joseph Beckett
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Carla C Briggs
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Liam A Natrass
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Charles F Cranston
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Elizabeth J Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Jack H Owen
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Rhodri Mir Williams
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Angelos Loukaidis
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Marc E Bouillon
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Deiniol Pritchard
- Naturiol Bangor Ltd , Alun Roberts Building , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Martina Lahmann
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Mark S Baird
- Naturiol Bangor Ltd , Alun Roberts Building , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
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3
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Jiang X, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW, Cedergreen N. What is the aquatic toxicity of saponin-rich plant extracts used as biopesticides? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:416-424. [PMID: 29414366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saponin-rich extracts from Quillaja saponaria and Chenopodium quinoa have been registered by US EPA as active ingredients in biopesticides, and extract from tea seed powder, Camellia oleifera has been proposed for biocidal use. If saponin-rich biopesticides are efficient against pests, they are most likely also bioactive in the aquatic environment against non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to conduct an effect assessment of saponin-rich plant extracts by using species sensitivity distributions based on acute toxicity tests. The maximal concentrations protecting 95% of the aquatic species (HC5) of saponins extracted from quillaja bark, tea seed coat and quinoa seed coat were 2.91 ± 1.00, 0.22 ± 0.11 and 22.9 ± 5.84 mg/L, respectively. The 100-fold difference in toxicity between the saponin-rich extracts from different plant species, indicate that saponin toxicity depends on the species it origins from, making "read-across" between saponins a dubious exercise. In addition, the predicted environmental concentrations of different saponins are close to or higher than their water quality standard, which means that the extracts might pose a risk to the aquatic environment if not used cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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4
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Marciani DJ. Elucidating the Mechanisms of Action of Saponin-Derived Adjuvants. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:573-585. [PMID: 29655658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous triterpenoid saponins are adjuvants that modify the activities of T cells and antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells (DCs). Saponins can induce either proinflammatory Th1/Th2 or sole anti-inflammatory Th2 immunities. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have shown that imine-forming carbonyl groups are needed for T cell activation leading to induction of Th1/Th2 immunities. While saponins having different triterpenoid aglycons and oligosaccharide chains can activate DCs to induce Th1/Th2 immunoresponses, fucopyranosyl residues from their oligosaccharides by binding to the DC-SIGN receptor can bias DCs toward a sole Th2 immunity. Here we discuss the mechanisms of action of these saponins in view of new information, which may serve as a basis to design improved adjuvants and related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Marciani
- Qantu Therapeutics, Inc., 612 East Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA.
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5
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Konishi N, Shirahata T, Yokoyama M, Katsumi T, Ito Y, Hirata N, Nishino T, Makino K, Sato N, Nagai T, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Kaji E, Kobayashi Y. Synthesis of Bisdesmosidic Oleanolic Acid Saponins via a Glycosylation-Deprotection Sequence under Continuous Microfluidic/Batch Conditions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6703-6719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naruki Konishi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirahata
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masaki Yokoyama
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hirata
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuishi Makino
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kiyohara
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamada
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection
Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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6
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Wu H, Zhong Q, Zhong R, Huang H, Xia Z, Ke Z, Zhang Z, Song J, Jia X. Preparation and antitumor evaluation of self-assembling oleanolic acid-loaded Pluronic P105/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate mixed micelles for non-small-cell lung cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6337-6352. [PMID: 27932881 PMCID: PMC5135287 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s119839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoid found in various fruits and vegetables and used in traditional Chinese medicine. OA plays a crucial role in the treatment of several cancers, but poor water solubility, low permeability, and significant efflux have limited its widespread clinical use. Vitamin E-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (vitamin E-TPGS) and Pluronic P105 were used to improve the solubility and permeability and to decrease the efflux of OA. OA-loaded mixed micelles were prepared by ethanol thin-film hydration. The physicochemical properties of the micelles, including zeta potential, morphology, particle size, solubility, drug loading, and drug entrapment efficiency were characterized. OA release from micelles was slower than that from the free drug system. OA uptake by A549 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was enhanced by the micelles. A tumor model was established by injecting A549 cells into nude mice. In vivo imaging showed that OA-micelles could accumulate in the tumors of nude mice. Additionally, smaller tumor size and increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins were observed in OA-micelle-treated mice, indicating that OA-micelles are more effective than free OA in treating cancer. In vitro experiments were performed using two NSCLC cell lines (A549 and PC-9). Cytotoxicity evaluations showed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of free OA and OA-micelles were 36.8±4.8 and 20.9±3.7 μM, respectively, in A549 cells and 82.7±7.8 and 56.7±4.7 μM, respectively, in PC-9 cells. Apoptosis assays revealed that the apoptotic rate of OA-micelle-treated A549 and PC-9 cells was higher than that of cells treated with the same concentration of free OA. Wound healing and transwell assays showed that migration and invasion were significantly suppressed in OA-micelle-treated cells. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses confirmed that the epithelial–mesenchymal transition was reversed in OA-micelle-treated cells. Mixed micelles are a promising nano-drug delivery system for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui
| | - Qingxiang Zhong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Rongling Zhong
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Houcai Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Zhi Xia
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Zhongcheng Ke
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jie Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui
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7
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Greatrex BW, Daines AM, Hook S, Lenz DH, McBurney W, Rades T, Rendle PM. Synthesis, Formulation, and Adjuvanticity of Monodesmosidic Saponins with Olenanolic Acid, Hederagenin and Gypsogenin Aglycones, and some C-28 Ester Derivatives. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:740-55. [PMID: 27308200 PMCID: PMC4906508 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to discover a new synthetic vaccine adjuvant, the glycosylation of hederagenin, gypsogenin, and oleanolic acid acceptors with di- and trisaccharide donors to generate a range of mimics of natural product QS-21 was carried out. The saponins were formulated with phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, and the structures analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. 3-O-(Manp(1→3)Glcp)hederagenin was found to produce numerous ring-like micelles when formulated, while C-28 choline ester derivatives preferred self-assembly and did not interact with the liposomes. When alone and in the presence of cholesterol and phospholipid, the choline ester derivatives produced nanocrystalline rods or helical micelles. The effects of modifying sugar stereochemistry and the aglycone on the immunostimulatory effects of the saponins was then evaluated using the activation markers MHC class II and CD86 in murine bone marrow dendritic cells. The most active saponin, 3-O-(Manp(1→3)Glcp)hederagenin, was stimulatory at high concentrations in cell culture, but this did not translate to strong responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben W. Greatrex
- Ferrier Research InstituteVictoria University of WellingtonGracefield RdLower Hutt5010New Zealand
- School of Science & TechnologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Alison M. Daines
- Ferrier Research InstituteVictoria University of WellingtonGracefield RdLower Hutt5010New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of PharmacyUniversity of OtagoDunedin9016New Zealand
| | - Dirk H. Lenz
- Ferrier Research InstituteVictoria University of WellingtonGracefield RdLower Hutt5010New Zealand
| | | | - Thomas Rades
- School of PharmacyUniversity of OtagoDunedin9016New Zealand
| | - Phillip M. Rendle
- Ferrier Research InstituteVictoria University of WellingtonGracefield RdLower Hutt5010New Zealand
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