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Abstract
Aluminum plays an essential role as an excellent coating material in diversified applications due to its better corrosion resistance and physicochemical properties. Employing such a material as a coating on different metallic substrates such as carbon steel would benefit many industries such as the automotive, aviation, shipbuilding, construction, electronics etc. Amongst the various available coating techniques, electrodeposition of aluminum (Al) Al alloys have gained significant attention in the last 10 years as a metallic protection coating for various commercial substrates and has become the industry’s choice owing to being lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and cost-effective. This paper shall provide a detailed review covering electrochemical deposition of Al and Al alloys using ionic liquids with various cations, anions, and additives, and reports on progress in development thus far. It shall also cover the challenges in the electrodepositing aluminum, its alloys on light weight metal substrates viz., magnesium (Mg), commercial substrates such as low carbon steel, spring steel, and their pretreatments. The factors that play an important role in electroplating on an industrial scale, along with future challenges, are discussed.
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Yao T, Yang H, Wang K, Wu W, Jiang H, Liu H, Wang Q, Ding W. Electrodeposition of Aluminum Coatings from AlCl 3-NaCl-KCl Molten Salts with TMACl and NaI Additives. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235506. [PMID: 33276693 PMCID: PMC7729894 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Al coatings achieved via electrodeposition on a Cu electrode from AlCl3-NaCl-KCl (80–10–10 wt.%) molten salts electrolyte with Tetramethylammonium Chloride (TMACl) and Sodium Iodide (NaI) additives is reported. The effect of the two additives on electrodeposition were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results reveal that compact and smooth Al coatings are obtained at 150 °C by the electrodeposition process from the electrolyte with 1% TMACl and 10% NaI. The Al coatings exhibit great corrosion resistance close to that of pure Al plate, with a corrosion current of 3.625 μA. The average particle size is approximately 2 ± 1 μm and the average thickness of the Al layer is approximately 7 ± 2 μm. The nucleation/growth process exhibits irrelevance with TMACl or NaI during the electrodeposition of Al. TMACl cannot affect and improve the electrodeposition effectively. However, the addition of TMACl and NaI can intensify the cathodic polarization, producing an inhibition of Al deposition, and contribute to form uniform Al deposits. This can increase the conductivity and facilitate in refining the size of Al particles, contributing to forming a continuous, dense and uniform layer of Al coating, which can be used as effective additives in molten salts electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Y.); (H.J.); (Q.W.); (W.D.)
- The State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Haiyan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Y.); (H.J.); (Q.W.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (K.W.)
| | - Kui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Y.); (H.J.); (Q.W.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (K.W.)
| | - Weiping Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK;
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Y.); (H.J.); (Q.W.); (W.D.)
| | - Hezhou Liu
- The State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Qudong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Y.); (H.J.); (Q.W.); (W.D.)
| | - Wenjiang Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (T.Y.); (H.J.); (Q.W.); (W.D.)
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Guinea E, Salicio-Paz A, Iriarte A, Grande HJ, Medina E, García-Lecina E. Robust Aluminum Electrodeposition from Iionic Liquid Electrolytes Containing Light Aromatic Naphta as Additive. Chemistry 2019; 8:1094-1099. [PMID: 31406656 PMCID: PMC6682929 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum electrodeposition can be carried out from several ionic liquid electrolyte formulations. Nevertheless, this plating process has not been industrialized so far because of the durability of the electrolytes and because the Al coatings obtained are non-fully homogeneous in terms of coating morphology and thickness distribution. In this work we electrodeposited Al coatings from a 3-butyl-1-ethylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate electrolyte additivated with increasing concentrations of a new cost-effective additive: light aromatic naphtha solvent. Firstly, electrolytes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, where changes in the electrochemistry of the process were identified. Then, surface characterization showed that Al coatings morphology turned out to be smoother, more homogeneous and more compact with increasing additive concentration. Furthermore, the process was scaled up to flat plates of 18 cm2 area and also on 25 cm2 parts designed with straight corners to demonstrate both the optimization of the electrolytic bath performance and its throwing power enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guinea
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Asier Salicio-Paz
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Aitor Iriarte
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Hans-Jürgen Grande
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Medina
- MTC - Maier Technology Centre Polígono Industrial Arabieta B° Kanpantxu S/N 48320 Ajangiz-Bizkaia Spain
| | - Eva García-Lecina
- CIDETEC Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa P° Miramón, 196 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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