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Pal R, Teli G, Akhtar MJ, Matada GSP. Synthetic product-based approach toward potential antileishmanial drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115927. [PMID: 37976706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease and is categorized as a tropically neglected disease (NTD) with no effective vaccines available. The available chemotherapeutics against leishmaniasis are associated with an increase in the incidence of toxicity and drug resistance. Consequently, targeting metabolic pathways and enzymes of parasites which differs from the mammalian host can be exploited to treat and overcome the resistance. The classical methods of identifying the structural fragments and the moieties responsible for the biological activities from the standard compounds and their modification are options for developing more effective novel compounds. Significant progress has been made in refining the development of potent non-toxic molecules and addressing the limitations of the current treatment available. Several examples of synthetic product-based approach utilizing their core heterocyclic rings including furan, pyrrole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, quinazoline, quinoline, pyrimidine, coumarin, indole, acridine, oxadiazole, purine, chalcone, carboline, phenanthrene and metal containing derivatives and their structure-activity relationships are discussed in this review. It also analyses the groups/fragments interacting with the host cell receptors and will support the medicinal chemists with novel antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
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Lafi O, Essid R, Lachaud L, Jimenez C, Rodríguez J, Ageitos L, Mhamdi R, Abaza L. Synergistic antileishmanial activity of erythrodiol, uvaol, and oleanolic acid isolated from olive leaves of cv. Chemlali. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:395. [PMID: 37970450 PMCID: PMC10643720 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the antileishmanial activity of biomolecules obtained from Olea europaea L. leaves and twigs recovered from eight Tunisian cultivars. The extraction was first carried out with 80% methanol, and then the obtained extract was fractionated using three solvents of increasing polarity: cyclohexane (CHX), dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antileishmanial activity was determined against leishmanial strains responsible for cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The cyclohexane fraction of the leaves of cv. Chemlali from the region of Sidi-Bouzid exhibited the strongest leishmanicidal activity against all the tested leishmanial strains. The inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 16.5, 14.5, and 7.4 μg mL-1 for Leishmania mexicana (cutaneous), Leishmania braziliensis (mucocutaneous), and Leishmania donovani (visceral), respectively. Interestingly, low cytotoxicity was observed on THP-1 cells with selective indexes (SI) ranging from 22.8 to 50.5. HPLC-HRMS and full-house NMR analysis allowed the identification of three triterpenic compounds, oleanolic acid (IC50 = 64.1 μg mL-1), erythrodiol (IC50 = 52.0 µg mL-1), and uvaol (IC50 = 53.8 μg mL-1). Antileishmanial activity of uvaol and oleanolic acid has been previously reported. However, this work constitutes the first report of the antileishmanial activity of erythrodiol which showed combinatorial interaction with uvaol (IC50 = 26.1 μg mL-1) against Leishmania tropica. The mixture of the three compounds, as major ones, exhibited an enhanced activity against Leishmania tropica (IC50 = 16.3 µg mL-1) compared to erythrodiol alone or the combination of uvaol and erythrodiol. This finding is of great importance and needs further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03825-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Lafi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Olive, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, The University of Tunis El Manar, 20 Street of Tolede, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Essid
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- UMR, Univ Montpellier (IRD-CNRS), MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, CHU Montpellier, 39 Av. Charles Flahault, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Lucía Ageitos
- CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ridha Mhamdi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Olive, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Leila Abaza
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Olive, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Pal R, Teli G, Akhtar MJ, Matada GSP. The role of natural anti-parasitic guided development of synthetic drugs for leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115609. [PMID: 37421889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease and categorised as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). Each year, between 70,0000 and 1 million new cases are believed to occur. There are approximately 90 sandfly species which can spread the Leishmania parasites (over 20 species) causing 20,000 to 30,000 death per year. Currently, leishmaniasis has no specific therapeutic treatment available. The prescribed drugs with several drawbacks including high cost, challenging administration, toxicity, and drug resistance led to search for the alternative treatment with less toxicity and selectivity. Introducing the molecular features like that of phytoconstituents for the search of compounds with less toxicity is another promising approach. The current review classifies the synthetic compounds according to the core rings present in the natural phytochemicals for the development of antileishmanial agents (2020-2022). Considering the toxicity and limitations of synthetic analogues, natural compounds are at the higher notch in terms of effectiveness and safety. Synthesized compounds of chalcones (Compound 8; IC50: 0.03 μM, 4.7 folds more potent than Amphotericin B; IC50: 0.14 μM), pyrimidine (compound 56; against L. tropica; 0.04 μM and L. infantum; 0.042 μM as compared to glucantime: L. tropica; 8.17 μM and L. infantum; 8.42 μM), quinazoline and (compound 72; 0.021 μM, 150 times more potent than miltefosine). The targeted delivery against DHFR have been demonstrated by one of the pyrimidine compounds 62 with an IC50 value of 0.10 μM against L. major as compared to the standard trimethoprim (IC50: 20 μM). The review covers the medicinal importance of antileishmanial agents from synthetic and natural sources such as chalcone, pyrazole, coumarins, steroids, and alkaloidal-containing drugs (indole, quinolines, pyridine, pyrimidine, carbolines, pyrrole, aurones, and quinazolines). The efforts of introducing the core rings present in the natural phytoconstituents as antileishmanial in the synthetic compounds are discussed with their structural activity relationship. The perspective will support the medicinal chemists in refining and directing the development of novel molecules phytochemicals-based antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
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Schioppa L, Fall F, Ortiz S, Poupaert JH, Quetin-Leclercq J. A Validated HPLC-PDA-HRMS Method to Investigate the Biological Stability and Metabolism of Antiparasitic Triterpenic Esters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237154. [PMID: 34885738 PMCID: PMC8659078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are commonly found in medicinal plants with well-known antiparasitic effects. Previous research on C-3 and C-27 triterpenic esters showed effective and selective in vitro antiparasitic activities and in vivo effectiveness by parenteral routes. The aim of this study was to determine triterpenic esters' stability in different biological-like media and the main microsomal degradation products. An HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated to simultaneously analyze and quantify bioactive triterpenic esters in methanol (LOQ: 2.5 and 1.25-100 µg/mL) and plasma (LOQ: 5-125 µg/mL). Overall, both triterpenic esters showed a stable profile in aqueous and buffered solutions as well as in entire plasma, suggesting gaining access to the ester function is difficult for plasma enzymes. Conversely, after 1 h, 30% esters degradation in acidic media was observed with potential different hydrolysis mechanisms. C-3 (15 and 150 µM) and C-27 esters (150 µM) showed a relatively low hepatic microsomal metabolism (<23%) after 1 h, which was significantly higher in the lowest concentration of C-27 esters (15 µM) (>40% degradation). Metabolic HPLC-PDA-HRMS studies suggested hydrolysis, hydroxylation, dehydration, O-methylation, hydroxylation and/or the reduction of hydrolyzed derivatives, depending on the concentration and the position of the ester link. Further permeability and absorption studies are required to better define triterpenic esters pharmacokinetic and specific formulations designed to increase their oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schioppa
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.F.); (S.O.); (J.Q.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fanta Fall
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.F.); (S.O.); (J.Q.-L.)
| | - Sergio Ortiz
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.F.); (S.O.); (J.Q.-L.)
| | - Jacques H. Poupaert
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group (CMFA), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.04, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Joelle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.F.); (S.O.); (J.Q.-L.)
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