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Mansha M, Ahmad T, Ullah N, Akram Khan S, Ashraf M, Ali S, Tan B, Khan I. Photocatalytic Water-Splitting by Organic Conjugated Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100336. [PMID: 35257485 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The future challenges associated with the shortage of fossil fuels and their current environmental impacts intrigued the researchers to look for alternative ways of generating green energy. Solar-driven water splitting into oxygen and hydrogen is one of those advanced strategies. Researchers have studied various semiconductor materials to achieve potential results. However, it encountered multiple challenges such as high cost, low photostability and efficiency, and required multistep modifications. The conjugated polymers (CPs) have emerged as promising alternatives for conventional inorganic semiconductors. The CPs offer low cost, sufficient light absorption efficiency, excellent photo and chemical stability, and molecular optoelectronic tunable characteristics. Furthermore, organic CPs also present higher flexibility to tune the basic framework of the backbone of the polymers, amendments in the sidechain to incorporate desired functionalities, and much-needed porosity to serve better for photocatalytic applications. This review article summarizes the recent advancements made in visible-light-driven water splitting covering the aspects of synthetic strategies and experimental parameters employed for water splitting reactions with special emphasis on conjugated polymers such as linear CPs, planarized CPs, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ), conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and conjugated polymer-based nanocomposites (CPNCs). The current challenges and future prospects have also been described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mansha
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tauqir Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisar Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safyan Akram Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ali
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bein Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
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Jex M, Menšík M, Toman P, Pfleger J. Discrete dissociation model of photogenerated inter-chain charge transfer states in external electric field. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lukin L. Initial spatial distribution of geminate charge carriers photogenerated in doped conjugated polymers. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Menšík M, Jex M, Pfleger J, Jung J. Photogeneration of free charge carriers in π-conjugated polymers with bulky side groups. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwarz C, Bässler H, Bauer I, Koenen JM, Preis E, Scherf U, Köhler A. Does conjugation help exciton dissociation? a study on poly(p-phenylene)s in planar heterojunctions with C60 or TNF. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:922-925. [PMID: 22253146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Internal photocurrent quantum yields near 100% can be obtained from the separation of loosely bound geminate pairs when sufficiently large electric fields are applied to organic heterojunctions. The fields needed for complete electron-hole dissociation decrease to those prevailing in organic solar cells under operating conditions when well-conjugated polymers are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarz
- Experimental Physics II and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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