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Effect of Basalt Fibres on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Multi-Material Packaging. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/aluminium mix obtained after the recovery of cellulose from multilayer aseptic packaging used in the food and beverage industry is generally destined for energy recovery. In this work we propose it as a matrix for value-added composite materials. A commercially available material (EcoAllene) obtained from multilayer packaging recycling was reinforced with short natural basalt fibres up to 30 wt.% by twin screw extrusion, aiming at improving the mechanical profile of such material and widening its applications. Thermal characterizations by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the material is indeed a complex mixture of LDPE, HDPE, PP, and aluminium. Basalt fibres did not modify the melting and crystallization profile as well as the global degradation behaviour. Composites were then subjected to tensile, bending, Charpy impact tests and the fracture surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Results highlighted a beneficial effect of basalt fibres to stiffness and strength in both loading conditions, with improvements by 107% and 162% for tensile and bending strength, respectively, which were linked also to a 45% enhancement of impact strength. This increased mechanical performance is promising for their use in automotive interiors and outdoor decking applications.
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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Ronkay F, Molnár B, Szalay F, Nagy D, Bodzay B, Sajó IE, Bocz K. Development of Flame-Retarded Nanocomposites from Recycled PET Bottles for the Electronics Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E233. [PMID: 30960217 PMCID: PMC6419026 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycled polyethylene-terephthalate (rPET) nanocomposites of reduced flammability were prepared by combining aluminum-alkylphosphinate (AlPi) flame retardant (FR) and natural montmorillonite (MMT), in order to demonstrate that durable, technical products can be produced from recycled materials. During the development of the material, by varying the FR content, the ratio and the type of MMTs, rheological, morphological, mechanical and flammability properties of the nanocomposites were comprehensively investigated. Related to the differences between the dispersion and nucleation effect of MMT and organo-modified MMT (oMMT) in rPET matrix, analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties of the nanocomposites changed differently. The flexural strength and modulus were increased more significantly by adding untreated MMT than by the oMMT, however the impact strength was decreased by both types of nanofillers. The use of different type of MMTs resulted in contradictory flammability test result; time-to-ignition (TTI) during cone calorimeter tests decreased when oMMT was added to the rPET, however MMT addition resulted in an increase of the TTI also when combined with 4% FR. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the oMMT containing composites decreased independently from the FR content, however, the MMT increased it noticeably. V0 classification according to the UL-94 standard was achieved with as low as 4% FR and 1% MMT content. The applicability of the upgraded recycled material was proved by a pilot experiment, where large-scale electronic parts were produced by injection molding and characterized with respect to the commercially available counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Ronkay
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Imsys Ltd., Material Testing Laboratory, Mozaik Street 14/A., H-1033 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Molnár
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Imsys Ltd., Material Testing Laboratory, Mozaik Street 14/A., H-1033 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Szalay
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Nagy
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University ofTechnology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Brigitta Bodzay
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István E Sajó
- Environmental Analytical and Geoanalytical Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University ofPécs, Vasvári Pál str. 4., H-7622 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Bocz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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Yang Y, Niu M, Li J, Dai J. Synthesis of a novel microcapsule flame retardant and flame-retardant property of its composites with poly (ethylene terephthalate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Z, Cao N, He J, Du R, Liu Y, Zhao G. Mechanical and anticorrosion properties of furan/epoxy-based basalt fiber-reinforced composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Cao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruikui Du
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhe Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
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Jiang Y, Liang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Tu S. Preparation and biocompatibility of grafted functional β-cyclodextrin copolymers from the surface of PET films. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Raiisi-Nia MR, Aref-Azar A, Fasihi M. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber functionalization for the toughening modification of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Raiisi-Nia
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran 15875-4413 Iran
| | - Ahmad Aref-Azar
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran 15875-4413 Iran
| | - Mohammad Fasihi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology; Narmak Tehran 16765-163 Iran
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Liang M, Yao J, Chen X, Huang L, Shao Z. Silk fibroin immobilization on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films: Comparison of two surface modification methods and their effect on mesenchymal stem cells culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu T, Yu F, Yu X, Zhao X, Lu A, Wang J. Basalt fiber reinforced and elastomer toughened polylactide composites: Mechanical properties, rheology, crystallization, and morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Guo W, Wu C. Effects of different types of polyethylene on the morphology and properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyethylene compatibilized blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Mondadori NML, Nunes RCR, Zattera AJ, Oliveira RVB, Canto LB. Relationship between processing method and microstructural and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/short glass fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cheng H, Tian M, Zhang L. Toughening of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/glass fiber blends with ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene–octene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hassan MM, Mahmoud GA, Ali MA, Hegazy ESA. Thermal and morphological behavior of irradiated composite materials based on injection-moulded recycled polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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