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Dorrity TJ, Shin H, Gertie JA, Chung H. The Sixth Sense: Self-nucleic acid sensing in the brain. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:53-83. [PMID: 38763702 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Our innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a first line of defense to detect microbial ligands and initiate an immune response. Viral nucleic acids are key ligands for the activation of many PRRs and the induction of downstream inflammatory and antiviral effects. Initially it was thought that endogenous (self) nucleic acids rarely activated these PRRs, however emerging evidence indicates that endogenous nucleic acids are able to activate host PRRs in homeostasis and disease. In fact, many regulatory mechanisms are in place to finely control and regulate sensing of self-nucleic acids by PRRs. Sensing of self-nucleic acids is particularly important in the brain, as perturbations to nucleic acid sensing commonly leads to neuropathology. This review will highlight the role of nucleic acid sensors in the brain, both in disease and homeostasis. We also indicate the source of endogenous stimulatory nucleic acids where known and summarize future directions for the study of this growing field.
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Key Words
- Brain
- DNA sensing PRRs: cGAS, AIM2, TLR9
- Neurodegeneration: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stroke, Traumatic brain injury
- Neurodevelopment
- Neuroinflammation
- Nuecleic acid immunity
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- RNA sensing PRRs: MDA5, RIG-I, PKR, TLR3, TLR7/8
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heegwon Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hachung Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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Beardmore R, Durkin M, Zayee-Mellick F, Lau LC, Nicoll JAR, Holmes C, Boche D. Changes in the locus coeruleus during the course of Alzheimer's disease and their relationship to cortical pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e12965. [PMID: 38374720 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the locus coeruleus (LC) undergoes early and extensive neuronal loss, preceded by abnormal intracellular tau aggregation, decades before the onset of clinical disease. Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI has been proposed as a method to image these changes during life. Surprisingly, human post-mortem studies have not examined how changes in LC during the course of the disease relate to cerebral pathology following the loss of the LC projection to the cortex. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine markers for 4G8 (pan-Aβ) and AT8 (ptau), LC integrity (neuromelanin, dopamine β-hydroxylase [DβH], tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]) and microglia (Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR) in the LC and related temporal lobe pathology of 59 post-mortem brains grouped by disease severity determined by Braak stage (0-II, III-IV and V-VI). The inflammatory environment was assessed using multiplex assays. RESULTS Changes in the LC with increasing Braak stage included increased neuronal loss (p < 0.001) and microglial Iba1 (p = 0.005) together with a reduction in neuromelanin (p < 0.001), DβH (p = 0.002) and TH (p = 0.041). Interestingly in LC, increased ptau and loss of neuromelanin were detected from Braak stage III-IV (p = 0.001). At Braak stage V/VI, the inflammatory environment was different in the LC vs TL, highlighting the anatomical heterogeneity of the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report the first quantification of neuromelanin during the course of AD and its relationship to AD pathology and neuroinflammation in the TL. Our findings of neuromelanin loss early in AD and before the neuroinflammatory reaction support the use of neuromelanin-MRI as a sensitive technique to identify early changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Beardmore
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Durkin
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Faizan Zayee-Mellick
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Laurie C Lau
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Hartnell IJ, Woodhouse D, Jasper W, Mason L, Marwaha P, Graffeuil M, Lau LC, Norman JL, Chatelet DS, Buee L, Nicoll JAR, Blum D, Dorothee G, Boche D. Glial reactivity and T cell infiltration in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology. Brain 2024; 147:590-606. [PMID: 37703311 PMCID: PMC10834257 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau (FTLD-tau) is a group of tauopathies that underlie ∼50% of FTLD cases. Identification of genetic risk variants related to innate/adaptive immunity have highlighted a role for neuroinflammation and neuroimmune interactions in FTLD. Studies have shown microglial and astrocyte activation together with T cell infiltration in the brain of THY-Tau22 tauopathy mice. However, this remains to be confirmed in FTLD-tau patients. We conducted a detailed post-mortem study of FTLD-tau cases including 45 progressive supranuclear palsy with clinical frontotemporal dementia, 33 Pick's disease, 12 FTLD-MAPT and 52 control brains to characterize the link between phosphorylated tau (pTau) epitopes and the innate and adaptive immunity. Tau pathology was assessed in the cerebral cortex using antibodies directed against: Tau-2 (phosphorylated and unphosphorylated tau), AT8 (pSer202/pThr205), AT100 (pThr212/pSer214), CP13 (pSer202), PHF1 (pSer396/pSer404), pThr181 and pSer356. The immunophenotypes of microglia and astrocytes were assessed with phenotypic markers (Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR, CD64, CD32a, CD16 for microglia and GFAP, EAAT2, glutamine synthetase and ALDH1L1 for astrocytes). The adaptive immune response was explored via CD4+ and CD8+ T cell quantification and the neuroinflammatory environment was investigated via the expression of 30 inflammatory-related proteins using V-Plex Meso Scale Discovery. As expected, all pTau markers were increased in FTLD-tau cases compared to controls. pSer356 expression was greatest in FTLD-MAPT cases versus controls (P < 0.0001), whereas the expression of other markers was highest in Pick's disease. Progressive supranuclear palsy with frontotemporal dementia consistently had a lower pTau protein load compared to Pick's disease across tau epitopes. The only microglial marker increased in FTLD-tau was CD16 (P = 0.0292) and specifically in FTLD-MAPT cases (P = 0.0150). However, several associations were detected between pTau epitopes and microglia, supporting an interplay between them. GFAP expression was increased in FTLD-tau (P = 0.0345) with the highest expression in Pick's disease (P = 0.0019), while ALDH1L1 was unchanged. Markers of astrocyte glutamate cycling function were reduced in FTLD-tau (P = 0.0075; Pick's disease: P < 0.0400) implying astrocyte reactivity associated with a decreased glutamate cycling activity, which was further associated with pTau expression. Of the inflammatory proteins assessed in the brain, five chemokines were upregulated in Pick's disease cases (P < 0.0400), consistent with the recruitment of CD4+ (P = 0.0109) and CD8+ (P = 0.0014) T cells. Of note, the CD8+ T cell infiltration was associated with pTau epitopes and microglial and astrocytic markers. Our results highlight that FTLD-tau is associated with astrocyte reactivity, remarkably little activation of microglia, but involvement of adaptive immunity in the form of chemokine-driven recruitment of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Hartnell
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Declan Woodhouse
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - William Jasper
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Pavan Marwaha
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Manon Graffeuil
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Laurie C Lau
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton, Southampton O16 6YD, UK
| | - Jeanette L Norman
- Histochemistry Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Luc Buee
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172—Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille 59045, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEX DISTALZ, Lille 59000, France
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172—Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille 59045, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEX DISTALZ, Lille 59000, France
| | - Guillaume Dorothee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris 75012, France
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Gui Y. Neuronal ApoE4 in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic targets. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1199434. [PMID: 37333457 PMCID: PMC10272394 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1199434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a gene located on chromosome 19 that encodes three alleles (e2, e3, and e4) that give rise to the ApoE subtypes E2, E3, and E4, respectively. E2 and E4 have been linked to increased plasma triglyceride concentrations and are known to play a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism. The prominent pathological features of AD mainly include senile plaques formed by amyloid β (Aβ42) aggregation and neuronal fibrous tangles (NFTs), and the deposited plaques are mainly composed of Aβ hyperphosphorylation and truncated head. In the central nervous system, the ApoE protein is primarily derived from astrocytes, but ApoE is also produced when neurons are stressed or affected by certain stress, injury, and aging conditions. ApoE4 in neurons induces Aβ and tau protein pathologies, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, impairing learning and memory functions. However, how neuronal ApoE4 mediates AD pathology remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that neuronal ApoE4 may lead to greater neurotoxicity, which increases the risk of AD development. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of neuronal ApoE4 and explains how neuronal ApoE4 mediates Aβ deposition, pathological mechanisms of tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Amin J, Holmes C, Dorey RB, Tommasino E, Casal YR, Williams DM, Dupuy C, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Neuroinflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies: a human post-mortem study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:267. [PMID: 32747635 PMCID: PMC7400566 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia, behind Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now established that cerebral inflammation has a key role in the aetiology and progression of AD, but this has yet to be confirmed in DLB. We aimed to determine the neuroinflammatory profile in the cerebral cortex of a large cohort of DLB cases. Thirty post-mortem confirmed DLB cases and twenty-nine matched controls were immunolabelled (Brodmann area 21) and quantified for: neuropathology-αSYN, Aβ, P-tau; microglial phenotype-Iba1, HLA-DR, CD68, FcƴR (CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16); presence of T lymphocytes-CD3; and anti-inflammatory markers-IL4R, CHI3L1. Status spongiosis, as a marker of neuropil degeneration, was quantified using Haematoxylin and Eosin staining. We found no significant difference between groups in protein load for Iba1, HLA-DR, CD68, CD64, CD32b, IL4R, or CHI3L1, despite increased neuropathology in DLB. CD32a load was significantly lower, and CD16 load higher, in DLB compared with controls. There was no difference in status spongiosis between groups. Significantly more DLB cases than controls showed T-lymphocyte recruitment. Overall, we conclude that microglial activation is not a prominent feature of DLB, and that this may be associated with the relatively modest neuropil degeneration observed in DLB. Our findings, based on the largest post-mortem cohort to date exploring neuroinflammation in DLB, demonstrate a dissociation between protein deposition, neurodegeneration and microglial activation. The relative preservation of cortical structures in DLB suggests the dementia could be more amenable to potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Amin
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert B Dorey
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emanuele Tommasino
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yuri R Casal
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daisy M Williams
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Charles Dupuy
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Bond S, Lopez-Lloreda C, Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Jordan-Sciutto KL. The Integrated Stress Response and Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α in Neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:123-143. [PMID: 31913484 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposed molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative pathogenesis are varied, precluding the development of effective therapies for these increasingly prevalent disorders. One of the most consistent observations across neurodegenerative diseases is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). eIF2α is a translation initiation factor, involved in cap-dependent protein translation, which when phosphorylated causes global translation attenuation. eIF2α phosphorylation is mediated by 4 kinases, which, together with their downstream signaling cascades, constitute the integrated stress response (ISR). While the ISR is activated by stresses commonly observed in neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, it is a canonically adaptive signaling cascade. However, chronic activation of the ISR can contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes such as neuronal death, memory impairments, and protein aggregation via apoptotic induction and other maladaptive outcomes downstream of phospho-eIF2α-mediated translation inhibition, including neuroinflammation and altered amyloidogenic processing, plausibly in a feed-forward manner. This review examines evidence that dysregulated eIF2a phosphorylation acts as a driver of neurodegeneration, including a survey of observations of ISR signaling in human disease, inspection of the overlap between ISR signaling and neurodegenerative phenomenon, and assessment of recent encouraging findings ameliorating neurodegeneration using developing pharmacological agents which target the ISR. In doing so, gaps in the field, including crosstalk of the ISR kinases and consideration of ISR signaling in nonneuronal central nervous system cell types, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bond
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lopez-Lloreda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Gannon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Boche D, Nicoll JAR. Invited Review - Understanding cause and effect in Alzheimer's pathophysiology: Implications for clinical trials. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:623-640. [PMID: 32643143 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is multi-faceted, including extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), accumulation of tau within neurons, glial activation and loss of neurons and synapses. From a neuropathological perspective, usually at a single time-point and often at the end-stage of the disease, it is challenging to understand the cause and effect relationships between these components. There are at least four ways of trying to unravel these relationships. First, genetic studies demonstrate mutations that influence Aβ production, but not tau, can initiate AD; whereas genetic variants influencing AD risk are related to innate immunity and lipid metabolism. Second, studies at early time points show that pathology begins decades before the onset of dementia and indicate different anatomical locations for initiation of Aβ and tau accumulation. Third, cause and effect can be studied in experimental models, but most animal models do not fully replicate AD pathology. However, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to study live human neurons has introduced a new perspective. Fourth, clinical trials may alter AD pathology giving insights into cause and effect relationships. Therefore, a sequence of (i) neocortical Aβ accumulation followed by (ii) a microglial inflammatory reaction to Aβ, causing neuritic dystrophy which promotes (iii) spread of tau from the limbic system to the neocortex with (iv) progressive tau accumulation and spread resulting in (v) neurodegeneration, explains the evidence. It is proposed that different therapeutic targets are required for different stages of the disease process: Aβ for primary prevention, microglia for secondary prevention, and tau for established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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8
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Nicoll JAR, Buckland GR, Harrison CH, Page A, Harris S, Love S, Neal JW, Holmes C, Boche D. Persistent neuropathological effects 14 years following amyloid-β immunization in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2020; 142:2113-2126. [PMID: 31157360 PMCID: PMC6598630 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a 15-year post-mortem neuropathological follow-up of patients in the first trial of amyloid-β immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Twenty-two participants of a clinical trial of active amyloid-β42 immunization (AN1792, Elan Pharmaceuticals) or placebo were studied. Comprehensive post-mortem neuropathological assessments were performed from 4 months to 15 years after the trial. We analysed the relationships between the topographical distribution of amyloid-β removal from the cerebral cortex and tau pathology, cerebrovascular territories, plasma anti-AN1792 antibody titres and late cognitive status. Seventeen of 22 (77%) participants had Alzheimer’s neuropathological change, whereas 5 of 22 (23%) had alternative causes for dementia (progressive supranuclear palsy = 1, Lewy body disease = 1, vascular brain injury = 1, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration = 2). Nineteen of the 22 participants had received the active agent, three the placebo. Fourteen of 16 (88%) patients with Alzheimer’s disease receiving the active agent had evidence of plaque removal (very extensive removal = 5, intermediate = 4, very limited = 5, no removal = 2). Of particular note, two Alzheimer’s patients who died 14 years after immunization had only very sparse or no detectable plaques in all regions examined. There was a significant inverse correlation between post-vaccination peripheral blood anti-AN1792 antibody titres and post-mortem plaque scores (ρ = − 0.664, P = 0.005). Cortical foci cleared of plaques contained less tau than did cortex with remaining plaques, but the overall distribution of tangles was extensive (Braak V/VI). In conclusion, patients with Alzheimer’s disease actively immunized against amyloid-β can remain virtually plaque-free for 14 years. The extent of plaque removal is related to the immune response. This long duration of efficacy is important in support of active immunization protocols as therapy for, or potentially prevention of, neurodegeneration-associated protein accumulations. Inclusion of patients without Alzheimer’s disease in Alzheimer’s therapy trials is a problem for assessing the efficacy of treatment. Despite modification of Alzheimer’s pathology, most patients had progressed to severe dementia, notably including the five with very extensive plaque removal, possibly due to continued tau propagation. Neuropathology follow-up of patients in therapeutic trials provides valuable information on the causes of dementia and effects of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - George R Buckland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Charlotte H Harrison
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Scott Harris
- Public Health Sciences and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - James W Neal
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Patterns of Expression of Purinergic Receptor P2RY12, a Putative Marker for Non-Activated Microglia, in Aged and Alzheimer's Disease Brains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020678. [PMID: 31968618 PMCID: PMC7014248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered a key pathological process in neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies have defined phenotypes of reactive microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, with different antigenic markers to identify those potentially causing inflammatory damage. We took an alternative approach with the goal of characterizing the distribution of purinergic receptor P2RY12-positive microglia, a marker previously defined as identifying homeostatic or non-activated microglia. We examined the expression of P2RY12 by dual-color light and fluorescence immunohistochemistry using sections of middle temporal gyrus from AD, high plaque and low plaque non-demented cases in relation to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and phosphorylated tau, markers of pathology, and HLA-DR, IBA-1, CD68, and progranulin, microglial phenotype markers. In low plaque cases, P2RY12-positive microglia mostly had non-activated morphologies, while the morphologies of P2RY12-positive microglia in AD brains were highly variable, suggesting its expression could encompass a wider range of phenotypes than originally hypothesized. P2RY12 expression by microglia differed depending on the types of plaques or tangles they were associated with. Areas of inflammation characterized by lack of P2RY12-positive microglia around mature plaques could be observed, but many diffuse plaques showed colocalization with P2RY12-positive microglia. Based on these results, P2RY12 expression by microglia should not be considered solely a marker of resting microglia as P2RY12 immunoreactivity was identifying microglia positive for CD68, progranulin and to a limited extent HLA-DR, markers of activation.
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Franco-Bocanegra DK, George B, Lau LC, Holmes C, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Microglial motility in Alzheimer's disease and after Aβ42 immunotherapy: a human post-mortem study. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:174. [PMID: 31703599 PMCID: PMC6842157 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial function is highly dependent on cell motility, with baseline motility required for homeostatic surveillance activity and directed motility to migrate towards a source of injury. Experimental evidence suggests impaired microglial motility in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and therefore we have investigated whether the expression of proteins associated with motility is altered in AD and affected by the Aβ immunotherapy using post-mortem brain tissue of 32 controls, 44 AD cases, and 16 AD cases from our unique group of patients immunised against Aβ42 (iAD). Sections of brain were immunolabelled and quantified for (i) the motility-related microglial proteins Iba1, cofilin 1 (CFL1), coronin-1a (CORO1A) and P2RY12, and (ii) pan-Aβ, Aβ42 and phosphorylated tau (ptau). The neuroinflammatory environment was characterised using Meso Scale Discovery multiplex assays. The expression of all four motility-related proteins was unmodified in AD compared with controls, whereas Iba1 and P2RY12, the homeostatic markers, were increased in the iAD group compared with AD. Iba1 and P2RY12 showed significant positive correlations with Aβ in controls but not in the AD or iAD groups. Pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins were increased in AD, whereas immunotherapy appears to result in a slightly less pro-inflammatory environment. Our findings suggest that as Aβ appears during the ageing process, the homeostatic Iba1 and P2RY12 –positive microglia respond to Aβ, but this response is absent in AD. Aβ-immunisation promoted increased Iba1 and P2RY12 expression, likely reflecting increased baseline microglial motility but without restoring the profile observed in controls.
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11
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Gourmaud S, Thomas P, Thomasseau S, Tible M, Abadie C, Paquet C, Hugon J. Brimapitide Reduced Neuronal Stress Markers and Cognitive Deficits in 5XFAD Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:665-674. [PMID: 29660941 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulations of amyloid-β (Aβ42) and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, associated with neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. Several studies indicate that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is implicated in the pathological features of AD. We have investigated in 5XFAD mice, the therapeutic effects of Brimapitide, a JNK-specific inhibitory peptide previously tested with higher concentrations in another AD model (TgCRND8). Three-month-old 5XFAD and wild-type littermate mice were treated by intravenous injections of low doses (10 mg/kg) of Brimapitide every 3 weeks, for 3 or 6 months (n = 6-9 per group). Cognitive deficits and brain lesions were assessed using Y-maze, fear-conditioning test, and histological and biochemical methods. Chronic treatment of Brimapitide for 3 months resulted in a reduction of Aβ plaque burden in the cortex of 5XFAD treated mice. After 6 months of treatment, cognitive deficits were reduced but also a significant reduction of cell death markers and the pro-inflammatory IL-1β cytokine in treated mice were detected. The Aβ plaque burden was not anymore modified by the 6 months of treatment. In addition to modulating cognition and amyloid plaque accumulation, depending on the treatment duration, Brimapitide seems experimentally to reduce neuronal stress in 5XFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gourmaud
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France.,Present address: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Claire Paquet
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France.,Research Memory Centre, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital, University Paris Diderot AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France.,Research Memory Centre, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital, University Paris Diderot AP-HP, Paris, France
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12
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Paquet C, Nicoll JAR, Love S, Mouton‐Liger F, Holmes C, Hugon J, Boche D. Downregulated apoptosis and autophagy after anti-Aβ immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:603-610. [PMID: 29027727 PMCID: PMC8028546 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aβ immunization of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in the AN1792 (Elan Pharmaceuticals) trial caused Aβ removal and a decreased density of neurons in the cerebral cortex. As preservation of neurons may be a critical determinant of outcome after Aβ immunization, we have assessed the impact of previous Aβ immunization on the expression of a range of apoptotic proteins in post-mortem human brain tissue. Cortex from 13 AD patients immunized with AN1792 (iAD) and from 27 nonimmunized AD (cAD) cases was immunolabeled for proapoptotic proteins implicated in AD pathophysiology: phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK), activated caspase3 (a-casp3), phosphorylated GSK3β on tyrosine 216 (GSK3βtyr216 ), p53 and Cdk5/p35. Expression of these proteins was analyzed in relation to immunization status and other clinical data. The antigen load of all of these proapoptotic proteins was significantly lower in iAD than cAD (P < 0.0001). In cAD, significant correlations (P < 0.001) were observed between: Cdk5/p35 and GSK3βtyr216 ; a-casp3 and Aβ42 ; p53 and age at death. In iAD, significant correlations were found between GSK3βtyr216 and a-casp3; both spongiosis and neuritic curvature ratio and Aβ42 ; and Cdk5/p35 and Aβ-antibody level. Although neuronal loss was increased by immunization with AN1792, our present findings suggest downregulation of apoptosis in residual neurons and other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Paquet
- UMRS, INSERM, U942, F‐75010ParisFrance
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/Centre Memoire de Ressources et de Recherches Paris Nord Ile de France AP‐HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F‐75010ParisFrance
| | - James AR Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cellular PathologyUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Seth Love
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - François Mouton‐Liger
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- Inserm, U1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F‐75013ParisFrance
| | - Clive Holmes
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Memory Assessments and Research Centre, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health Foundation TrustSouthampton United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Hugon
- UMRS, INSERM, U942, F‐75010ParisFrance
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/Centre Memoire de Ressources et de Recherches Paris Nord Ile de France AP‐HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F‐75010ParisFrance
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most severe neurodegenerative diseases among elderly people.
Different pathogenic factors for Alzheimer’s disease have been posited and
studied in recent decades, but no effective treatment has been found,
necessitating further studies. In this Viewpoint article, we assess studies on
the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of amyloid (Aβ) peptide and the
formation of Aβ oligomers because their accumulation in amyloid plaques in
brain tissue has become a well-studied hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. We focus
on the production of Aβ and its impact on the function of synapses and
neural circuits, and also discuss the clinical prospects for amyloid-targeted
therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiu Zhou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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14
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Wang E, Zhu H, Wang X, Gower AC, Wallack M, Blusztajn JK, Kowall N, Qiu WQ. Amylin Treatment Reduces Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Abnormal Patterns of Gene Expression in the Cerebral Cortex of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:47-61. [PMID: 27911303 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study has demonstrated that peripheral amylin treatment reduces the amyloid pathology in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models, and improves their learning and memory. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of amylin for AD was beyond reducing the amyloids in the brain, and have now directly tested the actions of amylin on other aspects of AD pathogenesis, especially neuroinflammation. A 10-week course of peripheral amylin treatment significantly reduced levels of cerebral inflammation markers, Cd68 and Iba1, in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Mechanistic studies indicated the protective effect of amylin required interaction with its cognate receptor because silencing the amylin receptor expression blocked the amylin effect on Cd68 in microglia. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we discovered that amylin treatment influenced two gene modules linked with amyloid pathology: 1) a module related to proinflammation and transport/vesicle process that included a hub gene of Cd68, and 2) a module related to mitochondria function that included a hub gene of Atp5b. Amylin treatment restored the expression of most genes in the APP cortex toward levels observed in the wild-type (WT) cortex in these two modules including Cd68 and Atp5b. Using a human dataset, we found that the expression levels of Cd68 and Atp5b were significantly correlated with the neurofibrillary tangle burden in the AD brain and with their cognition. These data suggest that amylin acts on the pathological cascade in animal models of AD, and further supports the therapeutic potential of amylin-type peptides for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haihao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam C Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Wallack
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil Kowall
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Hopperton KE, Mohammad D, Trépanier MO, Giuliano V, Bazinet RP. Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:177-198. [PMID: 29230021 PMCID: PMC5794890 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is proposed as one of the mechanisms by which Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β plaques, leads to neuronal death and dysfunction. Increases in the expression of markers of microglia, the main neuroinmmune cell, are widely reported in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, but the literature has not yet been systematically reviewed to determine whether this is a consistent pathological feature. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PsychINFO for articles published up to 23 February 2017. Papers were included if they quantitatively compared microglia markers in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease and aged controls without neurological disease. A total of 113 relevant articles were identified. Consistent increases in markers related to activation, such as major histocompatibility complex II (36/43 studies) and cluster of differentiation 68 (17/21 studies), were identified relative to nonneurological aged controls, whereas other common markers that stain both resting and activated microglia, such as ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (10/20 studies) and cluster of differentiation 11b (2/5 studies), were not consistently elevated. Studies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 that used cell counts almost uniformly identified no difference relative to control, indicating that increases in activation occurred without an expansion of the total number of microglia. White matter and cerebellum appeared to be more resistant to these increases than other brain regions. Nine studies were identified that included high pathology controls, patients who remained free of dementia despite Alzheimer's disease pathology. The majority (5/9) of these studies reported higher levels of microglial markers in Alzheimer's disease relative to controls, suggesting that these increases are not solely a consequence of Alzheimer's disease pathology. These results show that increased markers of microglia are a consistent feature of Alzheimer's disease, though this seems to be driven primarily by increases in activation-associated markers, as opposed to markers of all microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Mohammad
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M O Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 306, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. E-mail:
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16
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Gourmaud S, Mouton-Liger F, Abadie C, Meurs EF, Paquet C, Hugon J. Dual Kinase Inhibition Affords Extended in vitro Neuroprotection in Amyloid-β Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1659-1670. [PMID: 27636848 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid cascade hypothesis proposes that amyloid-beta (Aβ) neurotoxicity leads to neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and neuronal degeneration. In AD patients, anti-amyloid immunotherapies did not succeed because they were possibly administered late in AD progression. Modulating new targets associated with Aβ toxicity, such as PKR (double-stranded RNA dependent kinase), and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) is a major goal for neuroprotection. These two pro-apoptotic kinases are activated in AD brains and involved in Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. In HEK cells transfected with siRNA directed against PKR, and in PKR knockout (PKR-/-) mice neurons, we showed that PKR triggers JNK activation. Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis, measured by cleaved PARP (Poly ADP-ribose polymerase) and cleaved caspase 3 levels, was reduced in PKR-/- neurons. Two selective JNK inhibitory peptides also produced a striking reduction of Aβ toxicity. Finally, the dual inhibition of PKR and JNK nearly abolished Aβ toxicity in primary cultured neurons. These results reveal that dual kinase inhibition can afford neuroprotection and this approach is worth being tested in in vivo AD and oxidative stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eliane F Meurs
- Institut Pasteur, Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France.,Research Memory Centre, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France.,Research Memory Centre, Paris Nord Ile de France Saint Louis Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital, Paris, France
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17
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SLOH, a carbazole-based fluorophore, mitigates neuropathology and behavioral impairment in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:351-363. [PMID: 29309769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative dysfunction characterized by memory impairment and brings a heavy burden to old people both in developing and developed countries. Amyloid hypothesis reveals that aggregation and deposition of amyloid plaques are the cause of AD neurodegeneration. SLOH, a carbazole-based fluorophore, is reported to inhibit amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation in vitro. In the current study, we intended to evaluate the protective effect of SLOH in a triple transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD). 3xTg-AD (10-month-old) were treated with SLOH (0.5, 1 and 2 mg kg-1) for one month via intraperitoneal injection. After treatment, cognitive function was assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Y-maze tasks. In addition, biochemical estimations were used to examine the degree of Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice. An in vitro study was conducted on human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells to determine the activity of SLOH on tau and GSK-3β using western blot and immunofluorescence staining. One month treatment with SLOH significantly ameliorated memory impairments in 3xTg-AD mice in MWM and Y-maze tests. Moreover, SLOH treatment mitigated the level of amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation in the mouse brain. SLOH also reduced tau hyperphosphorylation and down-regulated GSK-3β activity in Aβ induced neurotoxic SH-SY5Y cells. The promising results in mitigating amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation and ameliorating cognitive deficits following one-month treatment suggest that SLOH could be a potential multi-target molecule for the AD treatment.
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18
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Hugon J, Mouton-Liger F, Dumurgier J, Paquet C. PKR involvement in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:83. [PMID: 28982375 PMCID: PMC5629792 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain lesions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by Aβ accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic and neuronal vanishing. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ1-42 oligomers could trigger a neurotoxic cascade with kinase activation that leads to tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Detrimental pathways that are associated with kinase activation could also be linked to the triggering of direct neuronal death, the production of free radicals, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Among these kinases, PKR (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase 2) is a pro-apoptotic enzyme that inhibits translation and that has been implicated in several molecular pathways that lead to AD brain lesions and disturbed memory formation. PKR accumulates in degenerating neurons and is activated by Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity. It might modulate Aβ synthesis through BACE 1 induction. PKR is increased in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment and can induce the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways leading to TNFα and IL1-β production. In addition, experimentally, PKR seems to down-regulate the molecular processes of memory consolidation. This review highlights the major findings linking PKR and abnormal brain metabolism associated with AD lesions. CONCLUSIONS Studying the detrimental role of PKR signaling in AD could pave the way for a neuroprotective strategy in which PKR inhibition could reduce neuronal demise and alleviate cognitive decline as well as the cumbersome burden of AD for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Hugon
- Center of Cognitive Neurology and Inserm U942 Lariboisière Hospital AP-HP University Paris Diderot, 75010, Paris, France. .,Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière FW Hospital, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, 75010, Paris, France.
| | | | - Julien Dumurgier
- Center of Cognitive Neurology and Inserm U942 Lariboisière Hospital AP-HP University Paris Diderot, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Center of Cognitive Neurology and Inserm U942 Lariboisière Hospital AP-HP University Paris Diderot, 75010, Paris, France
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19
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Tariq S, Barber PA. Dementia risk and prevention by targeting modifiable vascular risk factors. J Neurochem 2017; 144:565-581. [PMID: 28734089 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of dementia is expected to double in the next 20 years and will contribute to heavy social and economic burden. Dementia is caused by neuronal loss that leads to brain atrophy years before symptoms manifest. Currently, no cure exists and extensive efforts are being made to mitigate cognitive impairment in late life in order to reduce the burden on patients, caregivers, and society. The most common type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) often co-exists in the brain and shares common, modifiable risk factors, which are targeted in numerous secondary prevention trials. There is a growing need for non-pharmacological interventions and infrastructural support from governments to encourage psychosocial and behavioral interventions. Secondary prevention trials need to be redesigned based on the risk profile of individual subjects, which require the use of validated and standardized clinical, biological, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Multi-domain approaches have been proposed in high-risk populations that target optimal treatment; clinical trials need to recruit individuals at the highest risk of dementia before symptoms develop, thereby identifying an enriched disease group to test preventative and disease modifying strategies. The underlying aim should be to reduce microscopic brain tissue loss by modifying vascular and lifestyle risk factors over a relatively short period of time, thus optimizing the opportunity for preventing dementia in the future. Collaboration between international research groups is of key importance to the optimal use and allocation of existing resources, and the development of new techniques in preventing dementia. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tariq
- Seaman Family MR Center, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Foothills Medical Center, Room 1A10 Health Research Innovation Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Philip A Barber
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Foothills Medical Center, Room 1A10 Health Research Innovation Center, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Amylin and its G-protein-coupled receptor: A probable pathological process and drug target for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 356:44-51. [PMID: 28528968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are shown to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, because GPCRs include a large family of membrane receptors, it is unclear which specific GPCR or pathway with rational ligands can become effective therapeutic targets for AD. Amylin receptor (AmR) is a GPCR that mediates several activities, such as improving glucose metabolism, relaxing cerebrovascular structure, modulating inflammatory reactions and potentially enhancing neural regeneration. Recent studies show that peripheral treatments with amylin or its clinical analog, pramlintide, reduced several components of AD pathology, including amyloid plaques, tauopathy, neuroinflammation and other components in the brain, corresponding with improved learning and memory in AD mouse models. Because amylin shares a similar secondary structure with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), I propose that the AmR/GPCR pathway is disturbed by a large amount of Aβ in the AD brain, leading to tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neuronal death in the pathological cascade. Amylin-type peptides, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are the rational ligands to enhance this GPCR pathway and may exhibit utility as novel therapeutic agents for treating AD.
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21
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Ye S, Zeng R, Jiang P, Hou M, Liu F, Wang Z, Du X, Yuan J, Chen Y, Cao H, Ma L, Li C. Concentrations of antibodies against β-amyloid 40/42 monomer and oligomers in Chinese intravenous immunoglobulins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:277-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Zhu H, Xue X, Wang E, Wallack M, Na H, Hooker JM, Kowall N, Tao Q, Stein TD, Wolozin B, Qiu WQ. Amylin receptor ligands reduce the pathological cascade of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:170-181. [PMID: 28363773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Amylin is an important gut-brain axis hormone. Since amylin and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) share similar β sheet secondary structure despite not having the same primary sequences, we hypothesized that the accumulation of Aβ in the brains of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) might compete with amylin for binding to the amylin receptor (AmR). If true, adding exogenous amylin type peptides would compete with Aβ and reduce the AD pathological cascade, improving cognition. Here we report that a 10-week course of peripheral treatment with human amylin significantly reduced multiple different markers associated with AD pathology, including reducing levels of phospho-tau, insoluble tau, two inflammatory markers (Iba1 and CD68), as well as cerebral Aβ. Amylin treatment also led to improvements in learning and memory in two AD mouse models. Mechanistic studies showed that an amylin receptor antagonist successfully antagonized some protective effects of amylin in vivo, suggesting that the protective effects of amylin require interaction with its cognate receptor. Comparison of signaling cascades emanating from AmR suggest that amylin electively suppresses activation of the CDK5 pathway by Aβ. Treatment with amylin significantly reduced CDK5 signaling in a receptor dependent manner, dramatically decreasing the levels of p25, the active form of CDK5 with a corresponding reduction in tau phosphorylation. This is the first report documenting the ability of amylin treatment to reduce tauopathy and inflammation in animal models of AD. The data suggest that the clinical analog of amylin, pramlintide, might exhibit utility as a therapeutic agent for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xiehua Xue
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian, TCM University, China
| | - Erming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Wallack
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Hana Na
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Neil Kowall
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Qin Y, Gu JW. A Surgical Method to Improve the Homeostasis of CSF for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:261. [PMID: 27853433 PMCID: PMC5090002 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and increased resistance to CSF outflow are considered to be associated with aging, and are also characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These changes probably result in a decrease in the efficiency of the mechanism by which CSF removes toxic molecules such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau from the interstitial fluid space. Soluble Aβ is potently neurotoxic and dysfunctional in CSF circulation and can accelerate the progression of AD. Current therapies for AD exhibit poor efficiency; therefore, a surgical method to improve the homeostasis of CSF is worthy of investigation. To achieve this, we conceived a novel device, which consists of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, an injection port and a portable infusion pump. Artificial CSF (ACSF) is pumped into the ventricles and the ACSF composition, infusion modes and pressure threshold of shunting can be adjusted according to the intracranial pressure and CSF contents. We hypothesize that this active treatment for CSF circulation dysfunction will significantly retard the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital Chengdu, China
| | - Jian W Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General HospitalChengdu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of PLABeijing, China
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24
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Hara H, Ono F, Nakamura S, Matsumoto SE, Jin H, Hattori N, Tabira T. An Oral Aβ Vaccine Using a Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vector in Aged Monkeys: Reduction in Plaque Amyloid and Increase in Aβ Oligomers. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:1047-1059. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hara
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ono
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Shiomi, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Shiga University of Medical Science, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shin-ei Matsumoto
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haifeng Jin
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tabira
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Salameh TS, Rhea EM, Banks WA, Hanson AJ. Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and apolipoprotein E interactions as mechanisms in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1676-83. [PMID: 27470930 PMCID: PMC4999626 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216660770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased risk for Alzheimer's disease is associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. A separate literature shows the genetic risk for developing Alzheimer's disease is strongly correlated to the presence of the E4 isoform of the apolipoprotein E carrier protein. Understanding how apolipoprotein E carrier protein, lipids, amyloid β peptides, glucose, central nervous system insulin, and peripheral insulin interact with one another in Alzheimer's disease is an area of increasing interest. Here, we will review the evidence relating apolipoprotein E carrier protein, lipids, and insulin action to Alzheimer's disease and Aβ peptides and then propose mechanisms as to how these factors might interact with one another to impair cognition and promote Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Angela J Hanson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Dong W, Embury CM, Lu Y, Whitmire SM, Dyavarshetty B, Gelbard HA, Gendelman HE, Kiyota T. The mixed-lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 facilitates microglial amyloid-β degradation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:184. [PMID: 27401058 PMCID: PMC4940949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β (Aβ)-stimulated microglial inflammatory responses engage mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) regulate upstream MAPK signaling that include p38 MAPK and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). However, whether MLK-MAPK pathways affect Aβ-mediated neuroinflammation is unknown. To this end, we investigated if URMC-099, a brain-penetrant small-molecule MLK type 3 inhibitor, can modulate Aβ trafficking and processing required for generating AD-associated microglial inflammatory responses. Methods Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) and/or URMC-099-treated murine microglia were investigated for phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK)3, MKK4 (p-MKK3, p-MKK4), p38 (p-p38), and JNK (p-JNK). These pathways were studied in tandem with the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Aβ uptake and expression of scavenger receptors were measured. Protein trafficking was assessed by measures of endolysosomal markers using confocal microscopy. Results Aβ42-mediated microglial activation pathways were shown by phosphorylation of MKK3, MKK4, p38, and JNK and by expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. URMC-099 modulated microglial inflammatory responses with induction of IL-4 and IL-13. Phagocytosis of Aβ42 was facilitated by URMC-099 with up-regulation of scavenger receptors. Co-localization of Aβ and endolysosomal markers associated with enhanced Aβ42 degradation was observed. Conclusions URMC-099 reduced microglial inflammatory responses and facilitated phagolysosomal trafficking with associated Aβ degradation. These data demonstrate a new immunomodulatory role for URMC-099 to inhibit MLK and to induce microglial anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, URMC-099 may be developed further as a novel disease-modifying AD therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0646-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine M Embury
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Sarah M Whitmire
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neural Development & Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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27
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Taga M, Minett T, Classey J, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Ince PG, Nicoll JA, Hugon J, Boche D. Metaflammasome components in the human brain: a role in dementia with Alzheimer's pathology? Brain Pathol 2016; 27:266-275. [PMID: 27106634 PMCID: PMC5412675 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and genetic studies have identified metabolic disorders and inflammation as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence in obesity and type-2 diabetes suggests a role for a metabolic inflammasome ("metaflammasome") in mediating chronic inflammation in peripheral organs implicating IKKβ (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta), IRS1 (insulin receptor substrate 1), JNK (c-jun N-terminal kinase), and PKR (double-stranded RNA protein kinase). We hypothesized that these proteins are expressed in the brain in response to metabolic risk factors in AD. Neocortex from 299 participants from the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies was analysed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of the phosphorylated (active) form of IKKβ [pSer176/180 ], IRS1 [pS312 ], JNK [pThr183 /Tyr185 ] and PKR [pT451 ]. The data were analyzed to investigate whether the proteins were expressed together and in relation with metabolic disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's pathology and APOE genotype. We observed a change from a positive to a negative association between the proteins and hypertension according to the dementia status. Type-2 diabetes was negatively related with the proteins among participants without dementia; whereas participants with dementia and AD pathology showed a positive association with JNK. A significant association between IKKβ and JNK in participants with dementia and AD pathology was observed, but not in those without dementia. Otherwise, weak to moderate associations were observed among the protein loads. The presence of dementia was significantly associated with JNK and negatively associated with IKKβ and IRS1. Cognitive scores showed a significant positive relationship with IKKβ and a negative with IRS1, JNK and PKR. The proteins were significantly associated with pathology in Alzheimer's participants with the relationship being inverse or not significant in participants without dementia. Expression of the proteins was not related to APOE genotype. These findings highlight a role for these proteins in AD pathophysiology but not necessarily as a complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Taga
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,INSERM U942, Paris, France
| | - Thais Minett
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Classey
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Ar Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Jacques Hugon
- INSERM U942, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre Memoire de Ressources et de Recherche Paris Nord Ile de France AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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28
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Karran E, De Strooper B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: are we poised for success or failure? J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:237-252. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Karran
- Alzheimer's Research UK Research; Cambridge Cambridgeshire UK
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease; VIB-Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Neurology; University College London; London UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease; VIB-Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics; Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Neurology; University College London; London UK
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29
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Wang T, Xie XX, Ji M, Wang SW, Zha J, Zhou WW, Yu XL, Wei C, Ma S, Xi ZY, Pang GL, Liu RT. Naturally occurring autoantibodies against Aβ oligomers exhibited more beneficial effects in the treatment of mouse model of Alzheimer's disease than intravenous immunoglobulin. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:561-576. [PMID: 26907803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory loss, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and extracellular plaque deposits composed of β-amyloid (Aβ). Previous reports showed that naturally occurring autoantibodies, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), benefited patients with moderate-stage AD who carried an APOE-ε4 allele. However, the mechanism underlying the role of IVIG remains unclear. In this study, we identified naturally occurring autoantibodies against Aβ oligomers (NAbs-Aβo), which were purified by Aβ42 oligomer or Cibacron Blue affinity chromatography from IVIG and termed as Oli-NAbs and Blue-NAbs, respectively. Oli-NAbs and Blue-NAbs recognized Aβ42 oligomers or both Aβ40 and 42 oligomers, differently. Both antibodies inhibited Aβ42 aggregation and attenuated Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity. Compared with vehicles, Oli-NAbs, Blue-NAbs and IVIG significantly improved the memory and cognition, and reduced the soluble and oligomeric Aβ levels in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Further investigation showed that Blue-NAbs at increased doses effectively decreased plaque burden and insoluble Aβ levels, whereas Oli-NAbs significantly declined the microgliosis and astrogliosis, as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Therefore, high levels of these antibodies against oligomeric Aβ40 or Aβ42 were required, correspondingly, to achieve the optimal effect. NAbs-Aβo could be condensed to a high concentration by affinity chromatography and its isolation from IVIG may not interfere with the normal function of conventional IVIG as its concentration is very low. Thus, the isolated NAbs-Aβo as an extra product of plasma required low cost and the enriched NAbs-Aβo may be more feasible than IVIG for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Life Science, AnHui Agricultural University, HeFei 230036, China
| | - Xi-Xiu Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mei Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shao-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Zha
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan Ma
- Shandong Institute of Biological Products, Taian 2710000, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Xi
- Shandong Institute of Biological Products, Taian 2710000, China
| | - Guang-Li Pang
- Shandong Institute of Biological Products, Taian 2710000, China.
| | - Rui-Tian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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30
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Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease in clinical trials. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:127-38. [PMID: 26721364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to be the most common cause of dementia and is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Current treatment of the disease, essentially symptomatic, is based on three cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, affecting the glutamatergic system. Since 2003, no new drugs have been approved for treatment of AD. This article presents current directions in the search for novel, potentially effective agents for the treatment of AD, as well as selected promising treatment strategies. These include agents acting upon the beta-amyloid, such as vaccines, antibodies and inhibitors or modulators of γ- and β-secretase; agents directed against the tau protein as well as compounds acting as antagonists of neurotransmitter systems (serotoninergic 5-HT6 and histaminergic H3). Ongoing clinical trials with Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, gantenerumab, crenezumab) seem to be promising, while vaccines against the tau protein (AADvac1 and ACI-35) are now in early-stage trials. Interesting results have also been achieved in trials involving small molecules such as inhibitors of β-secretase (MK-8931, E2609), a combination of 5-HT6 antagonist (idalopirdine) with donepezil, inhibition of advanced glycation end product receptors by azeliragon or modulation of the acetylcholine response of α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by encenicline. Development of new effective drugs acting upon the central nervous system is usually a difficult and time-consuming process, and in the case of AD to-date clinical trials have had a very high failure rate. Most phase II clinical trials ending with a positive outcome do not succeed in phase III, often due to serious adverse effects or lack of therapeutic efficacy.
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