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Ma X, Beard AM, Burgess SA, Darlak M, Newman JA, Nogle LM, Pietrafitta MJ, Smith DA, Wang X, Yue L. General Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Noncanonical Amino Acids with C( sp3)-Rich Benzene Bioisosteres. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5010-5018. [PMID: 38532573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have seen novel modalities emerge for the treatment of human diseases resulting in an increase in beyond rule of 5 (bRo5) chemical matter. As a result, synthetic innovations aiming to enable rapid access to complex bRo5 molecular entities have become increasingly valuable for medicinal chemists' toolkits. Herein, we report the general synthesis of a new class of noncanonical amino acids (ncAA) with a cyclopropyl backbone to achieve conformational constraint and bearing C(sp3)-rich benzene bioisosteres. We also demonstrate preliminary studies toward utilities of these ncAA as building blocks for medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Adam M Beard
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Samantha A Burgess
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Miroslawa Darlak
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Justin A Newman
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lisa M Nogle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark J Pietrafitta
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lei Yue
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Bjerager J, Magnø M, Chen X, Belmouhand M, Aass HCD, Reppe S, Heegaard S, Larsen M, Utheim TP. Heritability of tear fluid cytokines in healthy twins. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:145-153. [PMID: 38387783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular surface disease is common and it is associated with elevated concentration levels of cytokines in tear fluid. Studies of the normal variation in tear fluid inflammatory markers are lacking. New knowledge may help guide research into ocular surface disease biomarkers and therapeutics. METHODS In this prospective twin cohort study, healthy individuals were recruited from a population-based registry. Tear fluid was collected with the Schirmer test strips was submerged in phosphate buffered saline and stored at -80° before undergoing 27-cytokine multiplex immunoassay analysis. Broad-sense heritability (h2) of cytokine concentrations was analyzed. RESULTS 90 participants (23 monozygotic and 22 dizygotic twin pairs) were included. Data availability allowed for heritability analysis of 15 cytokines, and a h2 >50% was seen for 10 cytokines. A statistical power of >80% was achieved for heritability analyses of the cytokines interferon gamma induced protein 10 (h2 = 94.8%), eotaxin (89.8%), interleukin 7 (86.6%), interleukin 1β (82.2%) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (68.2%). CONCLUSIONS The tear fluid concentration of several analyzed cytokines was found to be highly heritable. A considerable amount of the inter-individual variation observed for the concentration of certain tear fluid cytokines can be linked to hereditary factors that cannot easily be modified by changing factors in the environment of patients. This suggests that a higher success in ocular surface disease drug discovery may be anticipated for drugs that have targets in specific populations, and points to the importance of emphasizing known preventive measures of ocular surface disease and examinations of close relatives of patients with ocular surface disease, such as dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bjerager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Morten Magnø
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Berenji E, Valipour Motlagh A, Fathi M, Esmaeili M, Izadi T, Rezvanian P, Zanjirband M, Safaeinejad Z, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Discovering therapeutic possibilities for polycystic ovary syndrome by targeting XIST and its associated ceRNA network through the analysis of transcriptome data. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6180. [PMID: 38486041 PMCID: PMC10940664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulates many physiological processes by acting as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). The dysregulation of lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) has been shown in various human disorders. However, its role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is yet to be explored. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of XIST in the pathogenesis of PCOS, specifically through dataset functional analysis. GEO PCOS datasets including RNA-seq, microarray, and miRNA-seq in granulosa cells (GCs) and blood, were examined and comprehensively analyzed. Enrichment analysis, ROC curve constructions, lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network analyses, and qRT-PCR validation were performed followed by a series of drug signature screenings. Our results revealed significant dysregulation in the expression of 1131 mRNAs, 30 miRNAs, and XIST in GCs of PCOS patients compared to healthy individuals. Of the120 XIST-correlated upregulated genes, 25 were enriched in inflammation-related pathways. Additionally, 5 miRNAs were identified as negative regulators of XIST-correlated genes. Accordingly, a ceRNA network containing XIST-miRNAs-mRNAs interactions was constructed. Furthermore, 6 genes, including AQP9, ETS2, PLAU, PLEK, SOCS3, and TNFRSF1B served as both GCs and blood-based biomarkers. By analyzing the number of interactions among XIST, miRNAs, and mRNAs, we pinpointed ETS2 as the pivotal gene within the ceRNA network. Our findings reveal a novel XIST- hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, and hsa-miR-1271-5p-ETS2 axis that comprehensively elucidates the XIST-associated mechanism underlying PCOS onset. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed the, overexpression of both XIST and ETS2 . Furthermore, our results demonstrated that XIST and ETS2 were correlated with some assisted reproductive technologies outcomes. Finally, we identified two novel compounds including, methotrexate/folate and threonine using drug-gene interaction databases for PCOS management. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular etiology, diagnosis, and potential therapeutic interventions for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Berenji
- ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Valipour Motlagh
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Fathi
- ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Izadi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parsa Rezvanian
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Zanjirband
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Safaeinejad
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran.
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Morales LC, Rajendran A, Ansari A, Kc R, Nasrullah M, Kiti K, Yotsomnuk P, Kulka M, Meenakshi Sundaram DN, Uludağ H. Biodistribution of Therapeutic Small Interfering RNAs Delivered with Lipid-Substituted Polyethylenimine-Based Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1436-1449. [PMID: 38291705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as a powerful tool to manipulate gene expression in vitro. However, their potential therapeutic application encounters significant challenges, such as degradation in vivo, limited cellular uptake, and restricted biodistribution, among others. This study evaluates the siRNA delivery efficiency of three different lipid-substituted polyethylenimine (PEI)-based carriers, named Leu-Fect A-C, to different organs in vivo, including xenograft tumors, when injected into the bloodstream of mice. The siRNA analysis was undertaken by stem-loop RT-PCR, followed by qPCR or digital droplet PCR. Formulating siRNAs with a Leu-Fect series of carriers generated nanoparticles that effectively delivered the siRNAs into K652 and MV4-11 cells, both models of leukemia. The Leu-Fect carriers were able to successfully deliver BCR-Abl and FLT3 siRNAs into leukemia xenograft tumors in mice. All three carriers demonstrated significantly enhanced siRNA delivery into organs other than the liver, including the xenograft tumors. Preferential biodistribution of siRNAs was observed in the lungs and spleen. Among the delivery systems, Leu-Fect A exhibited the highest biodistribution into organs. In conclusion, lipid-substituted PEI-based delivery systems offer improvements in addressing pharmacokinetic challenges associated with siRNA-based therapies, thus opening avenues for their potential translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Morales
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Amarnath Rajendran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Aysha Ansari
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Remant Kc
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohammad Nasrullah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kitipong Kiti
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Panadda Yotsomnuk
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang,Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | | | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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Harney É, Sirak K, Sedig J, Micheletti S, Curry R, Ancona Esselmann S, Reich D. Ethical considerations when co-analyzing ancient DNA and data from private genetic databases. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1447-1453. [PMID: 37541241 PMCID: PMC10502734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA studies have begun to explore the possibility of identifying identical DNA segments shared between historical and living people. This research requires access to large genetic datasets to maximize the likelihood of identifying previously unknown, close genetic connections. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies, such as 23andMe, Inc., manage by far the largest and most diverse genetic databases that can be used for this purpose. It is therefore important to think carefully about guidelines for carrying out collaborations between researchers and such companies. Such collaborations require consideration of ethical issues, including policies for sharing ancient DNA datasets, and ensuring reproducibility of research findings when access to privately controlled genetic datasets is limited. At the same time, they introduce unique possibilities for returning results to the research participants whose data are analyzed, including those who are identified as close genetic relatives of historical individuals, thereby enabling ancient DNA research to contribute to the restoration of information about ancestral connections that were lost over time, which can be particularly meaningful for families and groups where such history has not been well documented. We explore these issues by describing our experience designing and carrying out a study searching for genetic connections between 18th- and 19th-century enslaved and free African Americans who labored at Catoctin Furnace, Maryland, and 23andMe research participants. We share our experience in the hope of helping future researchers navigate similar ethical considerations, recognizing that our perspective is part of a larger conversation about best ethical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin Harney
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94043, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jakob Sedig
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Roslyn Curry
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94043, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Fenaux J, Fang X, Huang YM, Melero C, Bonnans C, Lowe EL, Palumbo T, Lay C, Yi Z, Zhou A, Poggio M, Chung WJ, Majeed SR, Glatt D, Chen A, Schmidt M, Lee CC. 23ME-00610, a genetically informed, first-in-class antibody targeting CD200R1 to enhance antitumor T cell function. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2217737. [PMID: 37288324 PMCID: PMC10243377 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2217737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has revolutionized cancer treatment; however, only a subset of patients benefit long term. Therefore, methods for identification of novel checkpoint targets and development of therapeutic interventions against them remain a critical challenge. Analysis of human genetics has the potential to inform more successful drug target discovery. We used genome-wide association studies of the 23andMe genetic and health survey database to identify an immuno-oncology signature in which genetic variants are associated with opposing effects on risk for cancer and immune diseases. This signature identified multiple pathway genes mapping to the immune checkpoint comprising CD200, its receptor CD200R1, and the downstream adapter protein DOK2. We confirmed that CD200R1 is elevated on tumor-infiltrating immune cells isolated from cancer patients compared to the matching peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We developed a humanized, effectorless IgG1 antibody (23ME-00610) that bound human CD200R1 with high affinity (KD <0.1 nM), blocked CD200 binding, and inhibited recruitment of DOK2. 23ME-00610 induced T-cell cytokine production and enhanced T cell-mediated tumor cell killing in vitro. Blockade of the CD200:CD200R1 immune checkpoint inhibited tumor growth and engaged immune activation pathways in an S91 tumor cell model of melanoma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Fenaux
- Immuno-Oncology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xin Fang
- Computational Biology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yao-ming Huang
- Antibody and Protein Engineering, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Melero
- Antibody and Protein Engineering, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia Lay
- Immuno-Oncology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zuoan Yi
- Immuno-Oncology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aileen Zhou
- Immuno-Oncology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauro Poggio
- Immuno-Oncology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Jen Chung
- Computational Biology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dylan Glatt
- Clinical Pharmacology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alice Chen
- Immuno-Oncology, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maike Schmidt
- Biomarker Translation, 23andMe, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ghoussaini M, Nelson MR, Dunham I. Future prospects for human genetics and genomics in drug discovery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102568. [PMID: 36963162 PMCID: PMC7614359 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from human genetics supporting the therapeutic hypothesis increases the likelihood that a drug will succeed in clinical trials. Rare and common disease genetics yield a wide array of alleles with a range of effect sizes that can proxy for the effect of a drug in disease. Recent advances in large scale population collections and whole genome sequencing approaches have provided a rich resource of human genetic evidence to support drug target selection. As the range of phenotypes profiled increases and ever more alleles are discovered across world-wide populations, these approaches will increasingly influence multiple stages across the lifespan of a drug discovery programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ghoussaini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, United Kingdom; Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/MayaGhoussaini
| | | | - Ian Dunham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, United Kingdom; Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, United Kingdom; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, United Kingdom.
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Maturation and application of phenome-wide association studies. Trends Genet 2022; 38:353-363. [PMID: 34991903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10 years since its introduction, phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) have uncovered novel genotype-phenotype relationships. Along the way, PheWAS have evolved in many aspects as a study design with the expanded availability of large data repositories with genome-wide data linked to detailed phenotypic data. Advancement in methods, including algorithms, software, and publicly available integrated resources, makes it feasible to more fully realize the potential of PheWAS, overcoming the previous computational and analytical limitations. We review here the most recent improvements and notable applications of PheWAS since the second half of the decade from its inception. We also note the challenges that remain embedded along the entire PheWAS analytical pipeline that necessitate further development of tools and resources to further advance the understanding of the complex genetic architecture underlying human diseases and traits.
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Yamada Y. Nucleic Acid Drugs-Current Status, Issues, and Expectations for Exosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195002. [PMID: 34638486 PMCID: PMC8508492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nucleic acid drugs provide novel therapeutic modalities with characteristics that differ from those of small molecules and antibodies. In this review, I focus on the various mechanisms through which nucleic acid drugs act on, the status of their clinical development, and discuss several hurdles that need to be surmounted. In addition, by listing examples of how the progress in exosome biology can lead to the solution of problems in nucleic acid drug therapy, I hope that many more nucleic acid drugs including anticancer drugs will be developed in the future. Abstract Nucleic acid drugs are being developed as novel therapeutic modalities. They have great potential to treat human diseases such as cancers, viral infections, and genetic disorders due to unique characteristics that make it possible to approach undruggable targets using classical small molecule or protein/antibody-based biologics. In this review, I describe the advantages, classification, and clinical status of nucleic acid therapeutics. To date, more than 10 products have been launched, and many products have been tested in clinics. To promote the use of nucleic acid therapeutics such as antibodies, several hurdles need to be surmounted. The most important issue is the delivery of nucleic acids and several other challenges have been reported. Recent advanced delivery platforms are lipid nanoparticles and ligand conjugation approaches. With the progress of exosome biology, exosomes are expected to contribute to the solution of various problems associated with nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Yamada
- Research Management Office, Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., 1-9-2, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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