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Liu Z, Sa G, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Zhou J, Yang X. Regulatory role of primary cilia in oral and maxillofacial development and disease. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102389. [PMID: 38714113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia have versatile functions, such as receiving signals from the extracellular microenvironment, mediating signaling transduction, and transporting ciliary substances, in tissue and organ development and clinical disease pathogenesis. During early development (embryos within 10 weeks) in the oral and maxillofacial region, defects in the structure and function of primary cilia can result in severe craniofacial malformations. For example, mice with mutations in the cilia-related genes Kif3a and IFT88 exhibit midline expansion and cleft lip/palate, which occur due to abnormalities in the fusion of the single frontonasal prominence and maxillary prominences. In the subsequent development of the oral and maxillofacial region, we discussed the regulatory role of primary cilia in the development of the maxilla, mandible, Meckel cartilage, condylar cartilage, lip, tongue, and tooth, among others. Moreover, primary cilia are promising regulators in some oral and maxillofacial diseases, such as tumors and malocclusion. We also summarize the regulatory mechanisms of primary cilia in oral and maxillofacial development and related diseases, including their role in various signaling transduction pathways. For example, aplasia of submandibular glands in the Kif3a mutant mice is associated with a decrease in SHH signaling within the glands. This review summarizes the similarities and specificities of the role of primary cilia in tissue and organ development and disease progression in the oral and maxillofacial region, which is expected to contribute several ideas for the treatment of primary cilia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qingwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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Yamada S, Itoh T, Ikegami T, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Nakanishi H, Ishikawa R, Kita J, Nakamura Y, Takizawa Y, Okamura J, Noda Y, Iwashita T, Hariyama T, Suzuki M, Misawa K, Kawasaki H. Association between human papillomavirus particle production and the severity of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5514. [PMID: 37024540 PMCID: PMC10079853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) has a wide range of severity. We investigate the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) particle production and severity of RRP. From September 2005 to June 2021, 68 RRP samples (from 29 patients) were included. HPV type was determined. HPV viral load, physical status, and demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for p16, Ki-67, L1, and E4. We used NanoSuit-CLEM (correlative light and electron microscopy) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine the samples. The total number of surgeries in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases were 3.78 (n = 55/68, range: 1-16) and 1.30 (n = 13/68, range: 1-3), respectively (p = 0.02). IHC showed that L1 and E4 were correlated and expressed on the tumour surface. NanoSuit-CLEM and TEM revealed HPV particles in L1-positive nuclei. L1 IHC-positive cases had a shorter surgical interval (p < 0.01) and more frequent surgeries (p = 0.04). P16 IHC, viral load, and physical status were not associated with disease severity. This study visualised HPV particle production in RRP for the first time. Persistent HPV particle infection was associated with severity. We suggest L1 IHC for evaluating RRP severity in addition to the Derkay score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Toshiya Itoh
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taro Ikegami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Junya Kita
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takizawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Jun Okamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshihide Iwashita
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hariyama
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Primary Cilia Are Frequently Present in Small Cell Lung Carcinomas but Not in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinomas or Lung Carcinoids. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100007. [PMID: 37039149 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human malignant neoplasms show loss of primary cilia (PC). However, PC are known to be retained and involved in tumorigenesis in some types of neoplasms. The PC status in lung carcinomas remains largely uninvestigated. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the PC status in lung carcinomas. A total of 492 lung carcinomas, consisting of adenocarcinomas (ACs) (n = 319), squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (n = 152), and small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) (n = 21), were examined by immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody against ARL13B, a marker of PC. The PC-positive rate was markedly higher in SCLCs (81.0%) than in ACs (1.6%) and SCCs (7.9%). We subsequently performed analyses to characterize the PC-positive lung carcinomas further. PC-positive lung carcinomas were more numerous and had longer PC than normal cells. The presence of PC in these cells was not associated with the phase of the cell cycle. We also found that the PC were retained even in metastases from PC-positive lung carcinomas. Furthermore, the hedgehog signaling pathway was activated in PC-positive lung carcinomas. Because ARL13B immunohistochemistry of lung carcinoids (n = 10) also showed a statistically significantly lower rate (10.0%) of PC positivity than SCLCs, we searched for a gene(s) that might be upregulated in PC-positive SCLCs compared with lung carcinoids, but not in PC-negative carcinomas. This search, and further cell culture experiments, identified HYLS1 as a gene possessing the ability to regulate ciliogenesis in PC-positive lung carcinomas. In conclusion, our findings indicate that PC are frequently present in SCLCs but not in non-SCLCs (ACs and SCCs) or lung carcinoids, and their PC exhibit various specific pathobiological characteristics. This suggests an important link between lung carcinogenesis and PC.
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Barbarino M, Bottaro M, Spagnoletti L, de Santi MM, Guazzo R, Defraia C, Custoza C, Serio G, Iannelli F, Pesetti M, Aiello R, Rosati D, Zanfrini E, Luzzi L, Bellan C, Giordano A. Analysis of Primary Cilium Expression and Hedgehog Pathway Activation in Mesothelioma Throws Back Its Complex Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5216. [PMID: 36358635 PMCID: PMC9654223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a sensory organelle present on the cell surface, modulating the activity of many pathways. Dysfunctions in the PC lead to different pathologic conditions including cancer. Hedgehog signaling (Hh) is regulated by PC and the loss of its control has been observed in many cancers, including mesothelioma. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal cancer of the pleural membranes with poor therapeutic options. Recently, overexpression of the Hh transcriptional activator GL1 has been demonstrated to be associated with poor overall survival (OS) in MPM. However, unlike other cancers, the response to G-protein-coupled receptor smoothened (SMO)/Hh inhibitors is poor, mainly attributable to the lack of markers for patient stratification. For all these reasons, and in particular for the role of PC in the regulation of Hh, we investigated for the first time the status of PC in MPM tissues, demonstrating intra- and inter-heterogeneity in its expression. We also correlated the presence of PC with the activation of the Hh pathway, providing uncovered evidence of a PC-independent regulation of the Hh signaling in MPM. Our study contributes to the understanding MPM heterogeneity, thus helping to identify patients who might benefit from Hh inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Barbarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Maria Bottaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Spagnoletti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Guazzo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Defraia
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cosimo Custoza
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-DETO, University of Bari, G. Cesare 1 Sq., 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matilde Pesetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaele Aiello
- Toma Institute Srl, Via Cesare Rosaroll 24, 80139 Napoli, Italy
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Edoardo Zanfrini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Luzzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Wakai K, Azuma K, Iwamura C, Maimaiti M, Mikami K, Yoneda K, Sakamoto S, Ikehara S, Yamaguchi T, Hirahara K, Ichikawa T, Nakayama T, Ikehara Y. The new preparation method for paraffin-embedded samples applying scanning electron microscopy revealed characteristic features in asthma-induced mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9046. [PMID: 35641585 PMCID: PMC9156744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In bronchial asthma patients, mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) and fibrosis occur in the bronchial epithelium and interstitium, respectively. The mucus and collagen fibers are identified by Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS) or Sirius red stain on optical microscopy. On a scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded specimens have high insulation, thereby attenuating the scattered electron signals leading to insufficient contrast. Moreover, there were no staining methods for SEM observation, which characterizes the changes in epithelium and interstitium by enhancing the scattered electrons. In this study, we established a method of coating osmium thin film on pathological tissue specimens using plasma chemical vapor deposition technology. This method ensured the intensity of scattered electron signals and enabled SEM observation. Furthermore, we found that morphological changes in MCM and interstitial fibrosis could be characterized by Grocott stain, which we optimized to evaluate pathological remodeling in bronchial asthma. Using these techniques, we compared asthma-induced mice with Amphiregulin (Areg) knockout mice, and found that Areg induce MCM, but the production of Grocott-stain-positive substrate in the interstitium is Areg-independent. The method developed in this study provides an understanding of the pathological spatial information linked to the ultrastructural changes in cells and interstitium due to disease-related signaling abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Wakai
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Azuma
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Chiaki Iwamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kei Yoneda
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Sanae Ikehara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan.
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Kim KW. Biological applications of the NanoSuit for electron imaging and X-microanalysis of insulating specimens. Appl Microsc 2022; 52:4. [PMID: 35543835 PMCID: PMC9095807 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-022-00073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is an essential tool for observing surface details of specimens in a high vacuum. A series of specimen procedures precludes the observations of living organisms, resulting in artifacts. To overcome these problems, Takahiko Hariyama and his colleagues proposed the concept of the "nanosuit" later referred to as "NanoSuit", describing a thin polymer layer placed on organisms to protect them in a high vacuum in 2013. The NanoSuit is formed rapidly by (i) electron beam irradiation, (ii) plasma irradiation, (iii) Tween 20 solution immersion, and (iv) surface shield enhancer (SSE) solution immersion. Without chemical fixation and metal coating, the NanoSuit-formed specimens allowed structural preservation and accurate element detection of insulating, wet specimens at high spatial resolution. NanoSuit-formed larvae were able to resume normal growth following FESEM observation. The method has been employed to observe unfixed and uncoated bacteria, multicellular organisms, and paraffin sections. These results suggest that the NanoSuit can be applied to prolong life in vacuo and overcome the limit of dead imaging of electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Centrosomal-associated Proteins: Potential therapeutic targets for solid tumors? Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112292. [PMID: 34700231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a special organelle in human cells and an organizing unit for microtubules and signaling molecules. In addition, the centrosome is tightly restricted during the cell cycle and forms the basal body of the cilia in ciliated cells. Centrosome abnormality is frequently observed in malignant tumors. The dysregulation of centrosome-associated proteins leads to multipolar mitosis, aneuploidy, and nondirected cell migration, and therefore promotes cancer progression. The overduplication of primary centrosome and the accumulation of chromosome, comprise the majority cause of chromosomal mis-segregation in cancer cells. This review discusses the structure and function of the centrosome and the role of its associated proteins in the progression of solid tumors. We summarized the effects of centrosome amplification abnormalities and other centrosome-related phenotypes on tumors. The mechanism of the delineation of centrosome amplification with tumor malignancy remains to be decided. A better understanding of centrosome abnormality in tumorigenesis may be useful to screen novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Ooishi M, Yamada S, Itoh T, Meguro S, Yagi H, Kosugi I, Iwashita T, Shinmura K, Misawa K, Hariyama T, Kawasaki H. Diagnosis of Ion-Exchange Resin Depositions in Paraffin Sections Using Corrective Light and Electron Microscopy-NanoSuit Method. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071193. [PMID: 34209027 PMCID: PMC8304092 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-exchange resins are commonly used to treat complications such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Gastrointestinal complications may occur as side effects of such treatments. Sodium and calcium polystyrene sulfonate (PS-Ca) are cation-exchange resins comprising an insoluble structure that binds to potassium ions in the digestive tract and exchanges them with sodium and calcium ions, respectively, to promote their elimination. PS crystals are rhomboid, refractive, and basophilic in hematoxylin and eosin staining. To differentiate PS crystals from other ion-exchange resin crystals such as sevelamer and cholestyramine, periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Congo red staining are usually performed. Here, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the NanoSuit method (CENM) was applied to perform a definitive identification of ion-exchange resins. CENM could detect sulfur in PS crystals without destroying the glass slides. Notably, PS retained its ion-exchange ability to bind potassium in paraffin sections. Differential diagnosis of anion-exchange resins, such as sevelamer and cholestyramine, was possible using these characteristics. The phosphorus:carbon ratio was higher in sevelamer than in cholestyramine after soaking paraffin sections in a phosphate solution. Therefore, CENM may be used for the differential pathological diagnosis of ion-exchange resins in paraffin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Ooishi
- Institute for NanoSuit Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.O.); (T.H.)
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (S.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Toshiya Itoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Shiori Meguro
- Department of Regenerative & Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (S.M.); (H.Y.); (I.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Haruna Yagi
- Department of Regenerative & Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (S.M.); (H.Y.); (I.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Isao Kosugi
- Department of Regenerative & Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (S.M.); (H.Y.); (I.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Toshihide Iwashita
- Department of Regenerative & Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (S.M.); (H.Y.); (I.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (S.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Takahiko Hariyama
- Institute for NanoSuit Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.O.); (T.H.)
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Institute for NanoSuit Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.O.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-53-435-2504
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