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Xu C, Li M, Peng J, Zhang Y, Li H, Zheng G, Wang D. Case report: A case report and literature review of complete trisomy 9. Front Genet 2023; 14:1241245. [PMID: 37719705 PMCID: PMC10500842 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1241245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete trisomy 9 is a rare and lethal chromosomal anomaly characterized by multisystem dysmorphism and central nervous system (CNS) malformations. This study presents a case of complete trisomy 9 with an unusual phenotypic association and investigates the genetic pathways involved in this chromosomal abnormality. Trisomy 9 leads to a wide range of organ abnormalities, and this research contributes to a better understanding of the phenotype associated with this rare aneuploidy. The literature on the phenotypes of fetuses with various systems affected by complete trisomy 9 was reviewed and summarized. Correct diagnosis and appropriate counseling based on the characteristics of previous reports of fetuses with trisomy 9 is essential in maternity care and clinical management. To provide guidance and help for clinical diagnosis, this study aimed to explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of trisomy 9 syndrome to improve clinicians' understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Xu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaoyuan Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan People’s Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine,Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianming Peng
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guobing Zheng
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Degang Wang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Fuma K, Kotani T, Nakamura N, Ushida T, Kajiyama H. Severe Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia With Trisomy 9: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus 2022; 14:e28395. [PMID: 36168364 PMCID: PMC9506681 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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3
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Li M, Glass J, Du X, Dubbs H, Harr MH, Falk M, Smolarek T, Hopkin RJ, Zackai E, Sheppard SE. Trisomy 9 mosaic syndrome: Sixteen additional patients with new and/or less commonly reported features, literature review, and suggested clinical guidelines. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2374-2383. [PMID: 33969943 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 9 mosaic syndrome (T9M) is a rare condition characterized by multiorgan system involvement including craniofacial dysmorphisms, cardiac, genitourinary (GU), skeletal, and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Although more than 100 cases have been reported in the literature, a comprehensive review has not been performed nor have clinical guidelines been established. Therefore, we describe the clinical features of 16 additional patients, review features of previously reported individuals, and suggest clinical guidelines. Our findings expand the clinical phenotype of T9M, including novel features of amblyopia, astigmatism, corectopia of pupil, posterior embryotoxon, and diaphragmatic eventration. Most patients had prenatal and perinatal issues, particularly from respiratory, growth, and feeding standpoints. Although small birth parameters were common, long-term growth trends varied widely. An association with advanced parental ages was also identified. The spectrum of growth and development was wide, ranging from nonverbal patients to those able to participate in educational programs with age-appropriate peers. The severity of clinical outcomes was unrelated to blood lymphocyte mosaicism levels. Microarray analysis had a higher diagnostic rate compared to standard karyotype analysis and should be utilized if this diagnosis is suspected. Future longitudinal studies will be key to monitor long-term outcomes of individuals with T9M and determine best practices for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rush Medical College and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Glass
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoli Du
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Holly Dubbs
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaret Horton Harr
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marni Falk
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa Smolarek
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah E Sheppard
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dhangar S, Korgaonkar S, Vundinti BR. Partial trisomy 9 (9pter->9q22.1) and partial monosomy 14 (14pter- >14q11.2) due to paternal translocation t(9;14)(q22.1;q11.2) in a case of Dysmorphic features. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2019; 8:72-77. [PMID: 30881863 PMCID: PMC6409116 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2019.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 9 including mosaic and partial trisomy is less frequently seen chromosomal abnormality in live born children. The pure or partial trisomy 9 frequently been reported in prenatal diagnosis and product of conception. However few studies reported partial trisomy 9 in live born children. In addition data on genotype and phenotype correlation of partial trisomy is not well understood except few case reports. Here we report a case of partial trisomy 9 and monosomy 14 with a 46,XY,der(9)t(9;14)(q22.1;q11.2)pat,-14 karyotype in a 5-year old dysmorphic child. The proband was confirmed as trisomic for 9pter->9q22.1 and monosomic for 14pter->q11.2 due to paternal t(9;14)(q22.1;q11.2) balanced translocation using a combination of conventional and molecular cytogenetic (fluorescence in situ hybridization, array-comparative genomic hybridization) techniques. The clinical features similar to pure trisomy 9 is due to duplication of the large region of chromosome 9. However, the present report of partial trisomy 9 and monosomy 14 is a novel case report and showing comparatively longer survival which have not been previously reported in the literature. The parent of the proband was counseled for the future pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babu Rao Vundinti
- National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai, India
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Babu Rao Vundinti, National Institute of Immuno-haematology (ICMR), 13th floor, new multistoried building, K.E.M Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India. E-mail:
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López‐Félix J, Flores‐Gallegos L, Garduño‐Zarazúa L, Leis‐Márquez T, Juárez‐García L, Meléndez‐Hernández R, Castelazo‐Morales E, Mayén‐Molina D. Partial trisomy 9: prenatal diagnosis and recurrence within same family. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:986-992. [PMID: 28588852 PMCID: PMC5457999 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 9 can be suspected and confirmed in the prenatal period since the 11–13.6 weeks of screening. In cases of partial trisomy 9, the diagnosis is important especially to counseling the couple due to the increased likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.
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6
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Report of a Case with Trisomy 9 Mosaicism. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:249-52. [PMID: 27217611 PMCID: PMC4876305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 9 is a rare chromosome disorder with high neonatal mortality. It is often seen in mosaic form. Most patients who survive are severely mentally retarded. The main features of this syndrome are "bulbous" nose, microphthalmia, dislocated limbs, and other anomalies of skeletal, cardiac, genitourinary, and central nervous system. Most patients have developmental and cognitive impairment. Patients with mosaicism survive longer than non-mosaics, but it was believed that the degree of mosaicism in lymphocytes or fibroblasts does not associate with survival or degree of impairment. In this report, we present a 2.5-year-old male case of mosaic trisomy 9, to show the wide range of clinical findings in this chromosome disorder. The patient had cardiac anomalies, inguinal hernia, and undescendent testes. He had low-set slightly malformed ears, deeply-set malformed eyes, small palpebral fissures, micrognathia, developmental delay and unilateral optic hypoplasia. The most prominent facial anomaly in this patient was eye anomalies. Cytogenetic analysis with G banding showed karyotype 47XY,+9 in 44% of peripheral lymphocytes examined (47XY,+9[22], 46XY[28]). His parents' karyotypes were normal. Moderate developmental delay, which was detected in this patient shows that the range of motor and cognitive impairment in this chromosomal disorder is quite broad. This fact should be considered in genetic counseling as well as prenatal diagnosis of this chromosomal disorder.
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7
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Bruns DA, Campbell E. Twenty-five additional cases of trisomy 9 mosaic: Birth information, medical conditions, and developmental status. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:997-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Campbell
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
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8
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Tonni G, Grisolia G. Ultrasound diagnosis of central nervous system anomalies (bifid choroid plexus, ventriculomegaly, Dandy-Walker malformation) associated with multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in a trisomy 9 fetus: case report with literature review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2013; 41:441-447. [PMID: 23055272 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 9 is a lethal chromosomal abnormality that rarely progresses beyond the second trimester of pregnancy. Multiple central nervous system anomalies, including bifid choroid plexus, ventriculomegaly, and Dandy-Walker malformation, associated with multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in a trisomy 9 fetus are reported. The prenatal ultrasound diagnosis has been aided by novel three-dimensional ultrasound software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tonni
- Prenatal Diagnostic Service, Guastalla Civil Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Via Donatori Sangue, 2 Guastalla, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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9
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10
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Bruns D. Presenting physical characteristics, medical conditions, and developmental status of long-term survivors with trisomy 9 mosaicism. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1033-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chen CP, Lin HM, Su YN, Chern SR, Tsai FJ, Wu PC, Lee CC, Chen YT, Lee MS, Pan CW, Wang W. Mosaic trisomy 9 at amniocentesis: prenatal diagnosis and molecular genetic analyses. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 49:341-50. [PMID: 21056321 DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(10)60071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present prenatal diagnosis and molecular genetic analyses of mosaic trisomy 9. MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS A 35-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 1, underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of her advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+9[3]/46,XX[6]. Repeat amniocentesis at 19 weeks of gestation revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+9[6]/46,XX[19]. At 22 weeks of gestation, she was referred to a tertiary medical center for genetic counseling, and amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+9[2]/46,XX[22]. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of uncultured amniocytes revealed no genomic imbalance in chromosome 9. However, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of uncultured amniocytes showed that nine (18%) of 50 cells were trisomic for chromosome 9. Polymorphic DNA marker analyses also revealed a diallelic pattern with unequal biparental inheritance of chromosome 9 and a dosage ratio of 1:18 (paternal allele:maternal allele) in the uncultured amniocytes and a dosage ratio of 1:36 in the cultured amniocytes, indicating that the euploid cell line had maternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 9. Level II ultrasound demonstrated bilateral ventriculomegaly. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered. Postnatal cytogenetic and polymorphic DNA marker analyses of the fetal and extraembryonic tissues confirmed the prenatal diagnosis. CONCLUSION Mosaic trisomy 9 carries a high risk of fetal abnormalities warranting detailed sonographic investigation of congenital malformations. Mosaic trisomy 9 can be associated with maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 9 in euploid cell lines. Array comparative genomic hybridization is limited for the detection of low-level mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, Taiwan.
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12
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Abstract
We present three cases of trisomy 9 mosaicism diagnosed by amniocentesis with ongoing pregnancies after referral to our center due to fetal abnormalities. Two cases were associated with severe fetal growth restriction (FGR), each of which resulted in an intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in the third trimester. The other case involved mild FGR with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia and resulted in a live birth with severe development delay. A major prenatal finding of trisomy 9 mosaicism is FGR. Fetuses with trisomy 9 mosaicism can rarely survive in the case of severe FGR.
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13
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Stipoljev F, Kos M, Kos M, Miskovi B, Matijevic R, Hafner T, Kurjak A. Antenatal detection of mosaic trisomy 9 by ultrasound: a case report and literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 14:65-9. [PMID: 14563095 DOI: 10.1080/jmf.14.1.65.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a fetus with mosaic trisomy 9 diagnosed by chorionic villus sampling and confirmed by cordocentesis, and compares this case with published cases in order better to define the ultrasound markers confined to trisomy 9 syndrome. Detailed fetal ultrasound examination was carried out, revealing shortened femur, placental cysts and oligohydramnios. All published trisomy 9 cases with abnormal ultrasound findings were extracted from the MEDLINE database in the period from 1973 to 2002. We found 12 non-mosaic and 13 mosaic cases, including our case. The most frequent ultrasound abnormalities included characteristic cardiac, skeletal, craniofacial and central nervous system malformations. Intrauterine growth restriction and single umbilical artery were prevalent non-specific findings in both non-mosaic and mosaic groups. Parental chromosomal variations, as in our case, were not uncommon findings. When a fetus shows structural anomalies suggesting the presence of trisomy 9, karyotyping should be performed on both chorionic villi or amniocytes and fetal blood lymphocytes to enable a correct diagnosis to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stipoljev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ultrasound manifestations of unusual trisomies-excluding trisomy 13, 18, and 21: a literature review. Ultrasound Q 2009; 25:15-24. [PMID: 19276932 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0b013e31819eea3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy is the most commonly identified chromosome abnormality, occurring in at least 4% of all clinically recognized pregnancies (1). Most of the trisomies are associated with a single additional chromosome, although 2 other types of trisomic conceptions are occasionally observed, those with 2 additional chromosomes or double trisomy and those with both a normal and trisomic cell line or mosaic trisomies. The adverse effects of trisomy on the phenotype are well established. In this review article, we consider the prevalence of the unusual trisomies (excluding 13, 18, and 21) and present a review of their ultrasound findings.
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Sánchez Zahonero J, Andrés Celma M, López García MJ. [Mosaic trisomy 9: report of a new case with a long-term survival]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008; 68:273-6. [PMID: 18358140 DOI: 10.1157/13116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trisomy 9 is an uncommon chromosome abnormality that may be seen in a mosaic or non-mosaic state. OBJECTIVE To better define the phenotype and prognosis of this disorder we report a new case of mosaic trisomy 9 with a long-term survival. CLINICAL REPORT We present the case of a female patient, born from the first pregnancy of a healthy couple. Fetal ultrasounds disclosed intrauterine growth retardation and oligohydramnios. Cesarean section was performed in the 34th week. Birth weight was 1,478 g. Neonatal examination showed: dolichocephaly; hypotelorism, microphthalmia, short palpebral fissures; broad-based nose with bulbous tip; micrognathia; low-set malformed ears; abnormal hands and feet; no other malformations. The initial karyotype determination was normal (46,XX). At 17 months of age, a second karyotype was requested because the patient developed severe psychomotor retardation. Chromosome analysis showed mosaic trisomy 9 (46,XX/47,XX, + 9). Six months later, a single upper central incisor was noted. To our knowledge, this feature has not been reported previously in the trisomy 9. The patient is now 4 years old. She shows severe psychomotor retardation, but no other complications. COMMENTS It is important to be aware of the possibility that mosaicism may exist in a patient with normal blood karyotype and abnormal phenotype. We conclude that a great number of cells is needed in order to obtain a correct karyotype diagnosis. Correct diagnosis is essential to define the prognosis and provide accurate genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sánchez Zahonero
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain.
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Ferreres JC, Planas S, Martínez-Sáez EA, Vendrell T, Peg V, Salcedo MT, Ramón Y Cajal S, Torán N. Pathological findings in the complete trisomy 9 syndrome: three case reports and review of the literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2008; 11:23-9. [PMID: 18237231 DOI: 10.2350/06-08-0143.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The term "complete trisomy 9" is used to indicate trisomy of the entire chromosome 9 without evidence of mosaicisms. It is a relatively rare chromosomal abnormality because the vast majority of affected pregnancies result in 1st trimester spontaneous abortions. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the complete trisomy 9 syndrome, based on autopsy findings. We performed an exhaustive review of the literature of complete forms of this trisomy with autopsy examination and added 3 new cases from our center with new findings not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C Ferreres
- Department of Pathology and Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d' Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nakagawa M, Hashimoto K, Ohira H, Hamanaka T, Ozaki M, Suehara N. Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9. Fetal Diagn Ther 2005; 21:68-71. [PMID: 16354979 DOI: 10.1159/000089051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal trisomy 9, especially its nonmosaic form, is a rare chromosomal abnormality and there are only 8 cases reported to have been sonographically detected in the prenatal period. We report a case of nonmosaic fetal trisomy 9, mimicking trisomy 13 on sonographic findings at 32 weeks' gestation. Although the incidence of trisomy 9 is rare, diagnosing trisomy 9 is important because the sonographic features are similar to those of trisomies 13 and 18, and cannot to be identified by routine fluorescencein situ hybridization. Because nonmosaic trisomy 9 is universally lethal, correct diagnosis and appropriate counseling is essential in patient care and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Japan
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Suzumori N, Sato T, Okada J, Nakanishi T, Shirai K, Tanemura M, Suzuki Y, Suzumori K. Prenatal findings for complete trisomy 9. Prenat Diagn 2004; 23:866-8. [PMID: 14558038 DOI: 10.1002/pd.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sepulveda W, Wimalasundera RC, Taylor MJO, Blunt S, Be C, De La Fuente S. Prenatal ultrasound findings in complete trisomy 9. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2003; 22:479-483. [PMID: 14618660 DOI: 10.1002/uog.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the prenatal ultrasound findings associated with complete trisomy 9. METHODS Cases of complete trisomy 9 diagnosed prenatally were identified by reviewing the reports from two large cytogenetics laboratories serving tertiary referral centers for prenatal diagnosis. Information on prenatal ultrasound findings and outcome was obtained in all cases. RESULTS Nine cases of complete trisomy 9 were identified. The diagnosis was made in the first trimester in four cases, in the second trimester in three and in the third trimester in two. Two fetuses underwent first-trimester ultrasound screening for aneuploidy and the nuchal translucency thickness was increased in both. All five fetuses detected in the second and third trimesters had several fetal anomalies including Dandy-Walker malformation in four cases, facial dysmorphism in four, genitourinary anomalies in three, congenital heart defects in three, ventriculomegaly in three, abnormal hands in two and megacisterna magna in one. Four fetuses were growth-restricted at the time of ultrasound evaluation. However, the two cases diagnosed in the third trimester had routine second-trimester anomaly scans reported as normal. There were no survivors in this series. CONCLUSION Fetuses with complete trisomy 9 have multiple anomalies that can be readily detected prenatally by ultrasound. These mainly include, but are not restricted to, craniofacial, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and genitourinary malformations. However, findings can be subtle and therefore missed at the routine second-trimester scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sepulveda
- of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
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20
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Yeo L, Waldron R, Lashley S, Day-Salvatore D, Vintzileos AM. Prenatal sonographic findings associated with nonmosaic trisomy 9 and literature review. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2003; 22:425-430. [PMID: 12693628 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2003.22.4.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lami Yeo
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, St Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick 08903-0591, USA
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21
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Brun JL, Mangione R, Gangbo F, Guyon F, Taine L, Roux D, Maugey-Laulom B, Horovitz J, Saura R. Feasibility, accuracy and safety of chorionic villus sampling: a report of 10741 cases. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23:295-301. [PMID: 12673633 DOI: 10.1002/pd.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility, accuracy and safety of chorionic villus sampling (CVS). METHODS Ten thousand seven hundred and forty one singleton pregnancies at risk of chromosome abnormalities (96.3%) and gene disorders (2.8%) were referred from 1990 to 1999 to the fetal medicine unit of a teaching hospital. CVS was performed transabdominally after 11 weeks, using a modified freehand ultrasonographically guided technique by 5 operators. Fetal karyotyping was obtained using a direct method before 1995 and was completed by cell culture after 1996. Failed results, feto-placental discrepancy and fetal loss were assessed. RESULTS Villi were sampled using extra-amniotic puncture (89.4%) and one sampling-device insertion (92.3%). The mean weight of the specimen was 15.2 +/- 6.0 mg. All attempts at sampling were successful, except eight (0.07%). The number of failed results following direct preparation, cell culture and both methods was 20 (0.19%), 23 (0.21%) and 2 (0.02%), respectively. Light maternal cell contamination occurred in less than 1% of the samplings after microscopic selection of the villi, and never interfered with the assessment of karyotyping. All 3 false-negative results (0.03%) were recorded after direct preparation and 2 were corrected by culture. The rate of chromosomal abnormalities confined to the placenta decreased from 1.08% before 1995 to 0.73% after 1996. True fetal mosaicisms were recorded in 7 cases (0.06%). The rate of fetal loss at <28 weeks was 1.64% in all pregnancies and 1.92% when CVS was performed before 13 weeks. Advanced maternal age was the single factor significantly associated with fetal loss. CONCLUSIONS CVS was feasible, accurate and safe in our institution, as a result of the increasing experience of the operators and the cytogeneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Brun
- Maternal and Fetal Medicine Unit, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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22
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Gérard-Blanluet M, Danan C, Sinico M, Lelong F, Borghi E, Dassieu G, Janaud JC, Odent S, Encha-Razavi F. Mosaic trisomy 9 and lobar holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:295-300. [PMID: 12210326 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The main features of trisomy 9 syndrome in mosaic and non-mosaic forms have been thoroughly described. Characteristic traits are low-set malformed ears, micrognathia, broad nose with bulbous tip, abnormal brain, congenital heart defects, abnormal hands and feet, genital abnormalities, and early death. We report a case of mosaic trisomy 9 with holoprosencephaly (HPE). The propositi was born at 37 weeks, with intra-uterine growth retardation, hypotelorism and single nostril, ventricular septal defect, anterior placement of anus, clenched hands with thumb adduction and ulnar deviation. Facial anomalies characteristic of trisomy 9 included deeply set eyes and short palpebral fissures, flat face with maxillary hypoplasia, small mouth, and low-set posteriorly angulated ears. Cytogenetic analysis showed mosaic trisomy 9 with 17% trisomic cells. Pathology confirmed lobar HPE. In literature, isolated arrhinia, related to the HPE spectrum, was reported in one case of mosaic trisomy 9. Our case raises the question of the causative role of trisomy 9 in full blown HPE.
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23
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Tseng JJ, Chou MM, Shih-Chu Ho E. Varix of the portal vein: prenatal diagnosis in a fetus with mosaic trisomy 9 syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:495-7. [PMID: 12116313 DOI: 10.1002/pd.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Hübler A, Seidel J, Kauf E, Schramm D, Beensen V, Heller A, Liehr T, Zintl F. Insulin-like growth factor serum concentrations reflect insufficient growth in a hypoplastic infant with partial trisomy 9q in the 12th week of life. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000; 13:445-50. [PMID: 10777002 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2000.13.4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This report presents changes of IGFs and IGFBPs in a female infant with partial trisomy 9q in the 12th week of life. Studying deficient growth in this hypoplastic infant (birth weight 1405 g, birth length 36 cm) with dysmorphic features, the following changes in IGFs and IGFBPs were detected (microg/l): IGF-I: 26.5 vs 48.1 in healthy infants; IGF-II: 420 vs 728; IGFBP-2: 931 vs 524; IGFBP-3: 800 vs 1070. This demonstrates that IGFs and IGFBPs may reflect individual insufficient growth even at this early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hübler
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Germany
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25
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Wyandt HE, Lebo RV, Fenerci EY, Sadhu DN, Milunsky JM. Tandem duplication/deletion in a maternally derived chromosome 9 supernumerary derivative resulting in 9p trisomy and partial 9q tetrasomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000814)93:4<305::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Berghella V, Wapner RJ, Yang-Feng T, Mahoney MJ. Prenatal confirmation of true fetal trisomy 22 mosaicism by fetal skin biopsy following normal fetal blood sampling. Prenat Diagn 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199804)18:4<384::aid-pd263>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Van Den Berg C, Ramlakhan SK, Van Opstal D, Brandenburg H, Halley DJJ, Los FJ. Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9: cytogenetic, FISH, and DNA studies. Prenat Diagn 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199710)17:10<933::aid-pd179>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Wolstenholme J. Confined placental mosaicism for trisomies 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 16, and 22: their incidence, likely origins, and mechanisms for cell lineage compartmentalization. Prenat Diagn 1996; 16:511-24. [PMID: 8809892 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199606)16:6<511::aid-pd904>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of confined placental mosaicism (CPM) for trisomies 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 16, and 22, in diagnostic chorionic villus sampling procedures, demonstrates apparent incidences of CPM for individual trisomies of between 9 and 91 cases per 100,000 pregnancies, with trisomy 7 being the most common. More detailed analysis of the percentage of aneuploid cells present, and the distribution of abnormality between the cytotrophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm cell lineages, shows a highly specific pattern for each chromosome. Theoretical considerations, in conjunction with direct observations, indicate that the overriding influence on the patterns of cell distribution seen in CPM is the distribution of aneuploid cells laid down during blastogenesis. This in turn reflects closely the origin of mosaicism from either correction of a trisomic conception or post-fertilization somatic error. The pattern of aneuploid cells for each trisomy, as seen at the end of the first trimester and later in pregnancy, can therefore be used to predict the relative contribution of meiotic and mitotic errors to CPM, and hence the likely incidences of uniparental disomy from this source, upd(16)mat being the most common (1 in 10,000 continuing pregnancies). In addition, CPM for trisomies 2, 3, and 8 shows strong evidence of a non-random distribution of aneuploid cells between the different extra-embryonic cell lineages. Analysis of comparable data from spontaneous abortion material repeats this non-random pattern for trisomies 2 and 3, and suggests that a similar phenomenon may also be occurring for trisomy 22. A non-random distribution could be attributable to selection for or against, or intolerance of, particular trisomic cells in certain lineages, but is more probably a result of either cell lineage-specific non-disjunction or consistent uneven compartmentalization of aneuploid cells during blastocyst development.
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MESH Headings
- Chorionic Villi Sampling
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Female
- Humans
- Mosaicism
- Placenta/ultrastructure
- Pregnancy
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolstenholme
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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