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Wang H, Yang X, Liu Y, Lin L. Changes and Trends-Efficiency of Physical Blowing Agents in Polyurethane Foam Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16083186. [PMID: 37110022 PMCID: PMC10142121 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work developed a novel method for measuring the effective rate of a PBA (physical blowing agent) and solved the problem that the effective rate of a PBA could not be directly measured or calculated in previous studies. The results show that the effectiveness of different PBAs under the same experimental conditions varied widely, from approximately 50% to almost 90%. In this study, the overall average effective rates of the PBAs HFC-245fa, HFO-1336mzzZ, HFC-365mfc, HFCO-1233zd(E), and HCFC-141b are in descending order. In all experimental groups, the relationship between the effective rate of the PBA, rePBA, and the initial mass ratio of the PBA to other blending materials in the polyurethane rigid foam, w, demonstrated a trend of first decreasing and then gradually stabilizing or slightly increasing. This trend is caused by the interaction of PBA molecules among themselves and with other component molecules in the foamed material and the temperature of the foaming system. In general, the influence of system temperature dominated when w was less than 9.05 wt%, and the interaction of PBA molecules among themselves and with other component molecules in the foamed material dominated when w was greater than 9.05 wt%. The effective rate of the PBA is also related to the states of gasification and condensation when they reach equilibrium. The properties of the PBA itself determine the overall efficiency, while the balance between the gasification and condensation processes of the PBA further leads to a regular change in efficiency with respect to w around the overall average level.
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A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193974. [PMID: 36235923 PMCID: PMC9572835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.
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Hasan SM, Touchet T, Jayadeep A, Maitland DJ. Controlling Morphology and Physio-Chemical Properties of Stimulus-Responsive Polyurethane Foams by Altering Chemical Blowing Agent Content. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112288. [PMID: 35683960 PMCID: PMC9183079 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous shape memory polymer foams are currently used as components in vascular occlusion medical devices such as the IMPEDE and IMPEDE-FX Embolization Plugs. Body temperature and moisture-driven actuation of the polymeric foam is necessary for vessel occlusion and the rate of expansion is a function of physio-chemical material properties. In this study, concentrations of the chemical blowing agent for the foam were altered and the resulting effects on morphology, thermal and chemical properties, and actuation rates were studied. Lower concentration of chemical blowing agent yielded foams with thick foam struts due to less bubble formation during the foaming process. Foams with thicker struts also had high tensile modulus and lower strain at break values compared to the foams made with higher blowing agent concentration. Additionally, less blowing agent resulted in foams with a lower glass transition temperature due to less urea formation during the foaming reaction. This exploratory study provides an approach to control thermo-mechanical foam properties and morphology by tuning concentrations of a foaming additive. This work aims to broaden the applications of shape memory polymer foams for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyeda Marziya Hasan
- Shape Memory Medical Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +281-745-8366
| | - Tyler Touchet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (T.T.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Aishwarya Jayadeep
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (T.T.); (D.J.M.)
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Wang J, Liang J, Ning D, Zhang T, Wang M. A review of biomass immobilization in anammox and partial nitrification/anammox systems: Advances, issues, and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:152792. [PMID: 35033568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two biomass immobilization techniques; entrapment and carrier-based, attract increasing attention in anammox and partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the advances, outstanding issues, and future research directions in this field. The application of both entrapment and carrier-based biofilm immobilization for reactor start up, improving the nitrogen removal performance, and protecting autotrophic bacteria from environmental fluctuations in anammox and partial nitrification/anammox systems are summarized and discussed. The key characteristics of carriers for biomass immobilization are biocompatibility for supporting microbial growth, permeability for effective mass transfer, and physical/chemical stability for long-term use. Carriers without these characteristics must be improved and re-evaluated for their feasibility in applications. Lab-scale, pilot, and full-scale studies are needed to overcome the potential obstacles of preliminary studies, and to investigate the long-term performance of biomass immobilization techniques, especially using real wastewater as influent, which may introduce more complexity and threaten the carrier's immobilization. In addition, calculating the 'nitrogen removal rate normalized by the packing ratio of carriers (NRR-C)' in the immobilization system is strongly suggested to obtain a direct comparison of immobilization performance/limitations from different studies. This review will improve understanding of the major challenges of immobilization technology in anammox and PN/A systems and provide insights into the next-stage of research and full-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; College of Horticulture, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jidong Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Dingying Ning
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tengge Zhang
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Effect of surface curing temperature on depth-specific physical properties of poly(urethane-isocyanurate) foam panels in relation with local chemical composition and morphology. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Brondi C, Di Maio E, Bertucelli L, Parenti V, Mosciatti T. Competing bubble formation mechanisms in rigid polyurethane foaming. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Simulation approaches for the mechanisms of thermoset polymerization reactions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Corral-Pérez JJ, Copéret C, Urakawa A. Lewis acidic supports promote the selective hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methyl formate in the presence of methanol over Ag catalysts. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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The Use of Waste from the Production of Rapeseed Oil for Obtaining of New Polyurethane Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091431. [PMID: 31480439 PMCID: PMC6780192 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of research on obtaining new polyurethane materials modified by a by-product from vegetable oils industry—rapeseed cake. The chemical composition of rapeseed cake was examined. Rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams containing a milled rapeseed cake in their composition were obtained as part of the conducted research. Biofiller was added in amount of 30 wt.% up to 60 wt.%. Effects of rapeseed cake on the foaming process, cell structure and selected properties of foams, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, flammability, absorbability, water absorption, thermal resistance and thermal conductivity are described. The foaming process of RPU/PIR foams modified by rapeseed cake was characterized by a lower reactivity, lower foaming temperature and decrease in dielectric polarization. This resulted in a slowed formation of the polyurethane matrix. Apparent density of RPU/PIR foams with biofiller was higher than in unmodified foam. Addition of rapeseed cake did not have a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of obtained materials. However, we observed a tendency for opening the cells of modified foams and obtaining a smaller cross-sectional area of cells. This led to an increase of absorbability and water absorption of obtained materials. However, an advantageous effect of using rapeseed cake in polyurethane formulations was noted. Modified RPU/PIR foams had higher compressive strength, lower brittleness and lower flammability than reference foam.
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Polyurethane Foams for Thermal Insulation Uses Produced from Castor Oil and Crude Glycerol Biopolyols. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071091. [PMID: 28671592 PMCID: PMC6152006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized using a renewable polyol from the simple physical mixture of castor oil and crude glycerol. The effect of the catalyst (DBTDL) content and blowing agents in the foams’ properties were evaluated. The use of physical blowing agents (cyclopentane and n-pentane) allowed foams with smaller cells to be obtained in comparison with the foams produced with a chemical blowing agent (water). The increase of the water content caused a decrease in density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and Young’s modulus, which indicates that the increment of CO2 production contributes to the formation of larger cells. Higher amounts of catalyst in the foam formulations caused a slight density decrease and a small increase of thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and Young’s modulus values. These green foams presented properties that indicate a great potential to be used as thermal insulation: density (23–41 kg·m−3), thermal conductivity (0.0128–0.0207 W·m−1·K−1), compressive strength (45–188 kPa), and Young’s modulus (3–28 kPa). These biofoams are also environmentally friendly polymers and can aggregate revenue to the biodiesel industry, contributing to a reduction in fuel prices.
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Carriço CS, Fraga T, Pasa VM. Production and characterization of polyurethane foams from a simple mixture of castor oil, crude glycerol and untreated lignin as bio-based polyols. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eceiza I, Irusta L, Barrio A, Fernández-Berridi MJ. In situ monitoring of isophorone diisocyanate-based flexible polyurethane foams formation. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16670579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel isophorone diisocyanate-based flexible polyurethane foams were prepared by the one-step method in a computerized foam qualification system (FOAMAT). The experimental conditions to obtain this type of foams, in relation to the nature and concentration of catalysts as well as the reaction temperature, were established as no data were available in scientific literature. The chemical reactions occurring during the foam generation process were monitored in situ by attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectroscopy. The kinetics of the foam generation was fitted to an nth order model and the data showed that the foaming process adjusted to a first-order kinetics. The physical changes as pressure, foam height, and dielectric polarization were monitored by the FOAM software (FOAMAT). According to these parameters, the foaming process was divided into four steps: bubble growth, bubble packing, cell opening, and final curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Eceiza
- POLYMAT, Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
| | - L Irusta
- POLYMAT, Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
| | - A Barrio
- TECNALIA, Construction Division, Area Anardi 5, Azpeitia, Spain
| | - MJ Fernández-Berridi
- POLYMAT, Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
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14
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Zhao Y, Suppes GJ. Computational study on reaction enthalpies of urethane-forming reactions. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Galen J. Suppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
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15
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Nar M, Webber C, Anne D'Souza N. Rigid polyurethane and kenaf core composite foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mangesh Nar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle #305310 Denton Texas 76203-5017
| | - Charles Webber
- U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, Sugarcane Research Unit; 5883 USDA Road Houma Louisiana 70360
| | - Nandika Anne D'Souza
- Department of Material Science and Engineering; University of North Texas; 1155 Union Circle #305310 Denton Texas 76203-5017
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering; University of North Texas; Union Circle #311098 Denton Texas 76203-5017
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Bernal MM, Martin-Gallego M, Molenberg I, Huynen I, López Manchado MA, Verdejo R. Influence of carbon nanoparticles on the polymerization and EMI shielding properties of PU nanocomposite foams. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45607b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhao Y, Gordon MJ, Tekeei A, Hsieh FH, Suppes GJ. Modeling reaction kinetics of rigid polyurethane foaming process. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Michael J. Gordon
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Ali Tekeei
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Fu-Hung Hsieh
- Department of Biological Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Galen J. Suppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
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Verdolotti L, Colini S, Porta G, Iannace S. Effects of the addition of LiCl, LiClO4, and LiCF3SO3 salts on the chemical structure, density, electrical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam composite. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Silva MC, Takahashi JA, Chaussy D, Belgacem MN, Silva GG. Composites of rigid polyurethane foam and cellulose fiber residue. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Torres-Sánchez C, Corney J. Identification of formation stages in a polymeric foam customised by sonication via electrical resistivity measurements. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-008-9249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Zepeda Sahagún C, González Núñez R, Rodrigue D. Effects of postextrusion conditions on the morphology of foamed high-density polyethylene/polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Tesser R, Di Serio M, Sclafani A, Santacesaria E. Modeling of polyurethane foam formation. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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