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Pantic O, Spasojevic M, Dzunuzovic E, Nikolic MS, Savic S, Markovic M, Spasojevic P. The Effect of Glycol Derivatives on the Properties of Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152970. [PMID: 35893934 PMCID: PMC9330890 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of the present study was to prepare fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with comparable properties to the commercial formulations. The focus was set on the determination of the optimal prepolymer formulation using the same set of diacids (itaconic and succinic acid) and different diols (propylene glycol, isosorbide and neopentyl glycol) or its equimolar mixtures, keeping the fixed molar ratio of 1:1:2.1 in all feed compositions. Instead of commonly used styrene, bio-based dimethyl itaconate was used as a reactive diluent (RD). The rheology of the obtained resins was studied in detail. The effect of the used diol on structural (FTIR), thermal (DSC), thermomechanical (DMA), and mechanical (tensile) properties was explained. The properties of UPRs were found to be highly dependent on the diol used in the prepolymer formulation. The UPR with an equimolar ratio of propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol was shown to be the most promising candidate to compete with the commercial petroleum-based resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pantic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Milica Spasojevic
- Innovative Centre of Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Enis Dzunuzovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.D.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Marija S. Nikolic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.D.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Sanja Savic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (O.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Maja Markovic
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Pavle Spasojevic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetog Save 65, 32000 Cacak, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381643331668
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Li K, Li Z, Liu J, Wen S, Liu L, Zhang L. Designing the cross-linked network to tailor the mechanical fracture of elastomeric polymer materials. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Gogoi G, Chowdhury C, Maji TK. Effect of nanoclay on the properties of rosin derivative cross‐linked green composite based on chicken feather fiber and modified vegetable oil. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gitashree Gogoi
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
| | | | - Tarun K. Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences Tezpur University Tezpur Assam India
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4
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Chen J, Liu H, Zhang W, Lv L, Liu Z. Thermosets resins prepared from soybean oil and lignin derivatives with high biocontent, superior thermal properties, and biodegradability. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Hua Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of New Anticorrosion Material Shanghai 200237 China
- Sino Polymer Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Lina Lv
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zuozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Specially Functional Polymers and Related Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of New Anticorrosion Material Shanghai 200237 China
- Sino Polymer Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200237 China
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Thakur VK, Wang L, Gu J, Gao Z, Fan B, Wu Q, Kessler MR. Bio-based reactive diluents as sustainable replacements for styrene in MAESO resin. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13780-13788. [PMID: 35539344 PMCID: PMC9079840 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00339d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Four different biorenewable methacrylated/acrylated monomers, namely, methacrylated fatty acid (MFA), methacrylated eugenol (ME), isobornyl methacrylate (IM), and isobornyl acrylate (IA) were employed as reactive diluents (RDs) to replace styrene (St) in a maleinated acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (MAESO) resin to produce bio-based thermosetting resins using free radical polymerization. The curing kinetics, gelation times, double bond conversions, thermal–mechanical properties, and thermal stabilities of MAESO-RD resin systems were characterized using DSC, rheometer, FT-IR, DMA, and TGA. The results indicate that all four RD monomers possess high bio-based carbon content (BBC) ranging from 63.2 to 76.9% and low volatilities (less than 7 wt% loss after being held isothermally at 30 °C for 5 h). Moreover, the viscosity of the MAESO-RD systems can be tailored to acceptable levels to fit the requirements for liquid molding techniques. Because of the introduction of RDs to the MAESO resin, the reaction mixtures showed an improved reactivity and an accelerated reaction rate. FT-IR results showed that almost all the C
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C double bonds within MAESO-RD systems were converted. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the MAESO-RDs ranged from 44.8 to 100.8 °C, thus extending the range of application. More importantly, the Tg of MAESO-ME resin (98.1 °C) was comparable to that of MAESO-St resin (100.8 °C). Overall, this work provided four potential RDs candidates to completely replace styrene in the MAESO resin, with the ME monomer being the most promising one. This paper reports four promising, sustainable reactive diluents to completely replace styrene for a commercially available MAESO resin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
| | - Yuzhan Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Center
| | - Liwei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Jiyou Gu
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Fan
- College of Material Science and Engineering
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Michael R. Kessler
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Panic VV, Seslija SI, Popovic IG, Spasojevic VD, Popovic AR, Nikolic VB, Spasojevic PM. Simple One-Pot Synthesis of Fully Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Resins Based on Itaconic Acid. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3881-3891. [PMID: 29064227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the preparation of fully biobased unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), the replacement of styrene with alternate nonpetroleum-based monomers turned out to be one of the most challenging tasks. Its complexity lies in the fact that reactive diluents (RD) have to have low viscosity and volatility, good compatibility with prepolymer, and capability to homopolymerize and copolymerize with its unsaturations. In this context, we directed our efforts to develop fully biobased UPRs using the dialkyl itaconates as an alternative to styrene. Therefore, a series of 100% biobased UPRs were prepared from itaconic acid and 1,2-propandiol and diluted by dialkyl itaconates. The resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, volatility, and viscosity measurements, while the cured samples were characterized by dynamic mechanical properties, thermomechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis data, and tensile tests. The influence of RD structure on the properties of cured samples was discussed in detail. It was shown that the prepared resins had evaporation rates of dialkyl itaconates of several orders of magnitude less compared to styrene. The cured resins with dimethyl itaconate showed comparable or even better thermal and mechanical properties compared to the one with styrene. This investigation showed that itaconic acid and dialkyl itaconates are promising bioresources for the preparation of fully biobased UPRs for mass consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna V Panic
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , 4 Karnegijeva Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja I Seslija
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , 12 Njegoseva Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka G Popovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , 4 Karnegijeva Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk D Spasojevic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar R Popovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B Nikolic
- Innovation Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle M Spasojevic
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade , 4 Karnegijeva Street, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , 65 Svetog Save Street, 32000 Cacak, Serbia
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7
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Bassett AW, La Scala JJ, Stanzione JF. Richard P. Wool's contributions to sustainable polymers from 2000 to 2015. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Bassett
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Rowan University; Glassboro New Jersey 08028
| | - John J. La Scala
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory; RDRL-WM; Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland 21005
| | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Rowan University; Glassboro New Jersey 08028
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8
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Zhao J, Yu P, Dong S. The Influence of Crosslink Density on the Failure Behavior in Amorphous Polymers by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E234. [PMID: 28773360 PMCID: PMC5502881 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The crosslink density plays a key role in the mechanical response of the amorphous polymers in previous experiments. However, the mechanism of the influence is still not clear. In this paper, the influence of crosslink density on the failure behavior under tension and shear in amorphous polymers is systematically studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The present results indicate that the ultimate stresses and the broken ratios (the broken bond number to all polymer chain number ratios) increase, as well as the ultimate strains decrease with increasing crosslink density. The strain concentration is clearer with the increase of crosslink density. In other words, a higher crosslink density leads to a higher strain concentration. Hence, the higher strain concentration further reduces the fracture strain. This study implies that the mechanical properties of amorphous polymers can be dominated for different applications by altering the molecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Peishi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Shuhong Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqi Ma
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute; University of Science and Technology of China; Suzhou 215123 PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
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10
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Paluvai NR, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Fabrication and evaluation of acrylated epoxidized castor oil-toughened diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A nanocomposites. CAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjuna Reddy Paluvai
- Advanced Research School for Technology & Product Simulation (ARSTPS); Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); Chennai India
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM); Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); Bhubaneswar India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Advanced Research School for Technology & Product Simulation (ARSTPS); Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); Chennai India
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM); Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); Bhubaneswar India
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- Advanced Research School for Technology & Product Simulation (ARSTPS); Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); Chennai India
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM); Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET); Bhubaneswar India
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11
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Cousinet S, Ghadban A, Fleury E, Lortie F, Pascault JP, Portinha D. Toward replacement of styrene by bio-based methacrylates in unsaturated polyester resins. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Paluvai NR, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Cure kinetics of exfoliated bio-based epoxy/clay nanocomposites developed from acrylated epoxidized castor oil and diglycidyl ether bisphenol A networks. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314566052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A bio-based epoxy monomer was synthesized by acrylation of epoxidized castor oil (ECO). Subsequently, acrylated ECO (AECO)-toughened diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) nanocomposites were prepared via sol–gel process with the addition of organically treated montmorillonite nanoclays. In this study, the curing kinetics of anhydride-cured DGEBA/AECO monomer with and without clays was studied by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The apparent activation energy obtained by Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method was reduced from 63 to 59 kJ mol−1 and 69 to 61 kJ mol−1, respectively, with the addition of 1 wt% clay to the DGEBA/10 wt% AECO and DGEBA/20 wt% AECO systems, respectively. The two-parameter Šesták–Berggren autocatalytic model was used to obtain the reaction orders m and n, respectively. The curves obtained by the Málek method show good agreement with the experimental data for bio-based epoxy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjuna Reddy Paluvai
- Advanced Research School for Technology & Product Simulation (ARSTPS), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S. Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S. K. Nayak
- Advanced Research School for Technology & Product Simulation (ARSTPS), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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13
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Wu J, He J, Odegard GM, Zhang Z. Effect of chain architecture on the compression behavior of nanoscale polyethylene particles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:322. [PMID: 23855722 PMCID: PMC3726466 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric particles with controlled internal molecular architectures play an important role as constituents in many composite materials for a number of emerging applications. In this study, classical molecular dynamics techniques are employed to predict the effect of chain architecture on the compression behavior of nanoscale polyethylene particles subjected to simulated flat-punch testing. Cross-linked, branched, and linear polyethylene chain architectures are each studied in the simulations. Results indicate that chain architecture has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of polyethylene nanoparticles, with the network configuration exhibiting higher compressive strengths than the branched and linear architectures. These findings are verified with simulations of bulk polyethylene. The compressive stress versus strain profiles of particles show four distinct regimes, differing with that of experimental micron-sized particles. The results of this study indicate that the mechanical response of polyethylene nanoparticles can be custom-tailored for specific applications by changing the molecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Wu
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands vei 1a, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Jianying He
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands vei 1a, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Gregory M Odegard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelands vei 1a, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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14
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Lai CM, Rozman HD, Tay GS. Palm oil-based unsaturated polyester: Activation energy and swelling properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Development of High Performance Nanocomposites using Functionalized Plant Oil Resins. ELASTOMERS AND COMPOSITES 2012. [DOI: 10.7473/ec.2012.47.1.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Abstract
A novel soybean oil monoglyceride based unsaturated polyester resin (SOMGUPR) was prepared using two step polymerization with soybean oil,glycerol,1.2-propanediol,maleric anhydride and phthalic anhydride. FT-IR spectroscopy ,Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy were employed to study the chemical structure and molecular weight of this unsaturated polyester resin. The results show that 190°C is the optimal temperature to controll the extent of estification reaction.The number-average molecular weight(Mn) decrease with the increasing value of nglycerol:nsoybean oil in SMOGUPR.Also,the side reaction between SOMG and maleric anhydride has not occured as evidenced by 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
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17
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Experimental investigations and optimization of processibility of sheet moulding compound. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.2011.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sheet moulding compound (SMC) is a combination of glass fibers and filled polyester resin. It is processed by a compression moulding process and finds extensive applications in structural, automotive, electrical and electronic industries. The compression moulding process is characterized by the flow behavior of SMC under heat and pressure in the press mould. This paper is focused on the prediction of ideal processibility conditions of SMC. The qualitative aspect of a properly thickened (matured) moulding compound could be seen from its tack-free nature, which was quantitatively calibrated in terms of penetration depth, measured by a specially constructed softness indicator. The weight (wt)% of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as filler, magnesium oxide (MgO) as thickener, graphite (C) and zinc stearate [Zn (C18H35O2)2] (ZnSt) as lubricants along with the maturation time (Tm) were selected as process variables. Taguchi’s scheme of experimental design was adapted to perform the experiments. It was found that the higher levels of MgO and CaCO3 were favorable for a good penetration depth as well as a reduced maturation time. We have also found that a penetration depth of at least 5 mm was required for achieving good processability conditions of SMC. An optimization study was under taken to find the right blend of additives and fillers, at their minimal weights and in the least possible maturation time, to achieve the desired processability. This study is particularly useful in a production run to make moulded parts from SMC.
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Abstract
In this paper, a kind of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was prepared by using renewable soybean oil, glycerol, propylene glycol and anhydride as raw materials. In this process, soybean oil firstly reacted with glycerol to yield monoglyceride, then, propylene glycol partly replaced by monoglyceride reacted with anhydride to yield UPR. The effect of weight content of monoglyceride on the mechanical properties of UPR was systematically studied. Results showed that with the increase of weight content of monoglyceride, the curing exothermic peak of UPR was dropped; the curing shrinkage and flexural strength and tensile strength were decreased. But the impact strength and the tensile elongation were increased. When the weight content of monoglyceride was 40%, the impact strength and the tensile elongation could reach 102.074 kJ/m2 and 27.69%, respectively. The prepared UPR had some advantages such as low-cost, flexible and high production efficiency.
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Tanrattanakul V, Saithai P. Mechanical properties of bioplastics and bioplastic-organoclay nanocomposites prepared from epoxidized soybean oil with different epoxide contents. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Åkesson D, Skrifvars M, Walkenström P. Preparation of thermoset composites from natural fibres and acrylate modified soybean oil resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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