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Recent advances on reactive Extrusion of Poly(lactic acid). Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Production of Eco-Sustainable Materials: Compatibilizing Action in Poly (Lactic Acid)/High-Density Biopolyethylene Bioblends. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by environment preservation, the increased use of eco-friendly materials such as biodegradable polymers and biopolymers has raised the interest of researchers and the polymer industry. In this approach, this work aimed to produce bioblends using poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high-density biopolyethylene (BioPE); due to the low compatibility between these polymers, this work evaluated the additional influence of the compatibilizing agents: poly (ethylene octene) and ethylene elastomer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA, respectively), polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid (PE-g-AA) and the block copolymer styrene (ethylene-butylene)-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) to the thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical, wettability and morphological properties of PLA/BioPE. Upon the compatibilizing agents’ addition, there was an increase in the degree of crystallinity observed by DSC (2.3–7.6% related to PLA), in the thermal stability as verified by TG (6–15 °C for TD10%, 6–11 °C TD50% and 112–121 °C for TD99.9% compared to PLA) and in the mechanical properties such as elongation at break (with more expressive values for the addition of POE-g-GMA and SEBS-g-MA, 9 and 10%, respectively), tensile strength (6–19% increase compared to PLA/BioPE bioblend) and a significant increase in impact strength, with evidence of plastic deformation as observed through SEM, promoted by the PLA/ BioPE phases improvement. Based on the gathered data, the added compatibilizers provided higher performing PLA/BioPE. The POE-g-GMA compatibilizer was considered to provide the best properties in relation to the PLA/BioPE bioblend, as well as the PLA matrix, mainly in relation to impact strength, with an increase of approximately 133 and 100% in relation to PLA and PLA/BioPE bioblend, respectively. Therefore, new ecological materials can be manufactured, aiming at benefits for the environment and society, contributing to sustainable development and stimulating the consumption of eco-products.
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Rodríguez LJ, Fabbri S, Orrego CE, Owsianiak M. Comparative life cycle assessment of coffee jar lids made from biocomposites containing poly(lactic acid) and banana fiber. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 266:110493. [PMID: 32310114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Composites containing bio-based materials, like banana fiber and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), are potential food-packaging materials. We carried out an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of coffee jar lids made from high density polyethylene (HDPE), PLA, and banana fiber to assess their environmental performance. We considered differences in the type of blend (content of PLA and banana fiber in the composite), origin of the banana fiber feedstock (considered as either biowaste or as a co-product from banana production) and banana fiber pretreatment conditions (either no pretreatment or pretreatment using chemicals). Irrespective of the scenario, a lid made from 40% banana fiber and equal amounts of HDPE and PLA performed significantly better in all 18 impact categories when compared to a lid made from 100% PLA. By contrast, the same lid performed significantly better in 3 impact categories only (climate change, photochemical oxidant formation and fossil depletion) when compared to a lid made from 100% HDPE. Thus, environmental performance of the biocomposite strongly depends on which polymer base is replaced by the banana fiber in the composite. Replacing PLA with banana fiber is generally expected to bring environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Joana Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Bloque Q, 170003, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Serena Fabbri
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Group, Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carlos E Orrego
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustria, Departamento de Física y Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Bloque T, 170003, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Group, Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Compatibilization and Characterization of Polylactide and Biopolyethylene Binary Blends by Non-Reactive and Reactive Compatibilization Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061344. [PMID: 32545882 PMCID: PMC7361870 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, different compatibilizing agents were used to analyze their influence on immiscible blends of polylactide (PLA) and biobased high-density polyethylene (bioPE) 80/20 (wt/wt). The compatibilizing agents used were polyethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with a content of 33% of vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and dicumyl peroxide (DPC). The influence of each compatibilizing agent on the mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of the PLA-bioPE blend was studied using different microscopic techniques (i.e., field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy with PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (AFM-QNM)). Compatibilized PLA-bioPE blends showed an improvement in the ductile properties, with EVA being the compatibilizer that provided the highest elongation at break and the highest impact-absorbed energy (Charpy test). In addition, it was observed by means of the different microscopic techniques that the typical droplet-like structure is maintained, but the use of compatibilizers decreases the dimensions of the dispersed droplets, leading to improved interfacial adhesion, being more pronounced in the case of the EVA compatibilizer. Furthermore, the incorporation of the compatibilizers caused a very marked decrease in the crystallinity of the immiscible PLA-bioPE blend.
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de Oliveira AG, Moreno JF, de Sousa AMF, Escócio VA, de Oliveira Cavalcanti Guimarães MJ, da Silva ALN. Composites based on high-density polyethylene, polylactide and calcium carbonate: effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles as co-compatibilizers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang B, Tu Z, Wu C, Hu T, Wang X, Long S, Gong X. Effect of Poly(styrene- ran-methyl acrylate) Inclusion on the Compatibility of Polylactide/Polystyrene- b-Polybutadiene- b-Polystyrene Blends Characterized by Morphological, Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Measurements. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050846. [PMID: 31083318 PMCID: PMC6572652 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A poly(styrene-ran-methyl acrylate) (S-MA) (75/25 mol/mol), synthesized by surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization, was used as a compatibilizer for polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SBS)-toughened polylactide (PLA) blends. Upon compatibilization, the blends exhibited a refined dispersed-phase morphology, a decreased crystallinity with an increase in their amorphous interphase, improved thermal stability possibly from the thicker, stronger interfaces insusceptible to thermal energy, a convergence of the maximum decomposition-rate temperatures, enhanced magnitude of complex viscosity, dynamic storage and loss moduli, a reduced ramification degree in the high-frequency terminal region of the Han plot, and an increased semicircle radius in the Cole–Cole plot due to the prolonged chain segmental relaxation times from increases in the thickness and chain entanglement degree of the interphase. When increasing the S-MA content from 0 to 3.0 wt %, the tensile properties of the blends improved considerably until 1.0 wt %, above which they then increased insignificantly, whereas the impact strength was maximized at an optimum S-MA content of ~1.0 wt %, hypothetically due to balanced effects of the medium-size SBS particles on the stabilization of preexisting crazes and the initiation of new crazes in the PLA matrix. These observations confirm that S-MA, a random copolymer first synthesized in our laboratory, acted as an effective compatibilizer for the PLA/SBS blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Zheng Tu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Chonggang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Shijun Long
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Xinghou Gong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, and School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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Quitadamo A, Massardier V, Santulli C, Valente M. Optimization of Thermoplastic Blend Matrix HDPE/PLA with Different Types and Levels of Coupling Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2527. [PMID: 30545116 PMCID: PMC6316725 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) blends with different ratios of both polymers, namely, 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30, were produced. Polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride and a random copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate were also considered as compatibilizers to modify HDPE/PLA optimal blends and were added in the amounts of 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. Different properties of the blends were evaluated by performing tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy to analyze blend and interfaces morphology. Moreover, thermomechanical analysis through differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and infrared spectroscopy were also performed. The blend containing equal amounts of HDPE and PLA seemed to present a good balance between amount of bio-derived charge and acceptable mechanical properties. This suggests that these blends have a good potential for the production of composites with lingo-cellulosic fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Quitadamo
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Università di Roma La Sapienza, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon 69003, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Valérie Massardier
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon 69003, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Carlo Santulli
- School of Architecture and Design, Università di Camerino, Viale della Rimembranza, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Marco Valente
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Università di Roma La Sapienza, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
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Báez JE, Zhao R, Shea KJ. Synthesis of Poly(methylene-b-ε-caprolactone) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) with Linear Alkyl End Groups: Synthesis, Characterization, Phase Behavior, and Compatibilization Efficacy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Báez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ruobing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Brito GF, Agrawal P, Mélo TJA. Mechanical and Morphological Properties of PLA/BioPE Blend Compatibilized with E-GMA and EMA-GMA Copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F. Brito
- Department of Materials Engineering − Federal University of Sergipe − UFS; Cidade Universitária Prof. José de Aloísio Campos; Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Bairro Jardim Rosa Elze São Cristóvão − SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Pankaj Agrawal
- Department of Materials Engineering − Federal University of Campina Grande − UFCG; R. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Universitário Campina Grande - PB 58429-900 Brazil
| | - Tomás J. A. Mélo
- Department of Materials Engineering − Federal University of Campina Grande − UFCG; R. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Universitário Campina Grande - PB 58429-900 Brazil
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Xu Z, Liu Y, Guo S, Jie S, Li BG. Novel polyethylene-b-polyurethane-b-polyethylene triblock copolymers: Facile synthesis and application. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Suyun Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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