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Hejna A, Barczewski M, Kosmela P, Aniśko J, Szulc J, Skórczewska K, Piasecki A, Kuang T. More than just a beer - Brewers' spent grain, spent hops, and spent yeast as potential functional fillers for polymer composites. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 180:23-35. [PMID: 38503031 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Beer is among the most popular beverages in the world, with the production distributed uniformly between the biggest continents, so the utilization of brewing by-products is essential on a global scale. Among their potential recipients, the plastics industry offers extensive range of potential products. Herein, the presented study investigated the application of currently underutilized solid brewing by-products (brewers' spent grain, spent hops, spent yeast) as fillers for highly-filled poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites, providing the first direct connection between spent hops or spent yeast and the polymer composites. Comprehensive by-product characterization revealed differences in chemical composition. The elemental C:O ratio, protein content, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity varied from 1.40 to 1.89, 12.9 to 32.4 wt%, and 2.41 to 10.24 mg/g, respectively, which was mirrored in the composites' structure and performance. Morphological analysis pointed to the composition-driven hydrophilicity gap limiting interfacial adhesion for high shares of brewers' spent grain and spent hops, due to high hydrophilicity induced by carbohydrate content. Phytochemicals and other components of applied by-products stimulated composites' oxidative resistance, shifting oxidation onset temperature from 261 °C for matrix over 360 °C for high spent yeast shares. Simultaneously, spent yeast also provided compatibilizing effects for poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites, reducing complex viscosity compared to other fillers and indicating its highest affinity to poly(ε-caprolactone)due to the lowest hydrophilicity gap. The presented results indicate that the proper selection of brewing by-products and adjustment of their shares creates an exciting possibility of engineering composites' structure and performance, which can be transferred to other polymers differing with hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Aniśko
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Szulc
- Department of Food Industry Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tairong Kuang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Ma Y, Zhou T, Song H, Zhang H. Investigation of the Rheological Properties and Storage Stability of Waste Polyethylene/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate-Modified Asphalt with Crosslinking and a Silicone Coupling Agent. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093289. [PMID: 37176171 PMCID: PMC10179077 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As the market for polyethylene consumption continues to expand, the amount of waste polyethylene is also increasing. Modifying asphalt with waste polyethylene (PE) is economical and environmentally friendly. The low-temperature performance and storage stability of PE-modified asphalt has long been an insurmountable problem. The high vinyl acetate (VA) content of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and PE blended into asphalt can improve the compatibility of PE and asphalt. It compensates for the high VA content of EVA brought about by the lack of high-temperature resistance to permanent deformation but is still not conducive to the stable storage of PE at high temperatures. The effect of furfural extraction oil, a crosslinking (DCP) agent, a silicone coupling agent (KH-570), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the rheological properties and compatibility of PE/EVA-modified asphalt was investigated in this study. The conventional physical properties of PE/EVA-modified asphalt were tested after introducing furfural extraction oil, DCP, KH570, and CaCO3 to determine the correlations of these materials. In addition, frequency sweep, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) were utilized to characterize the rheological properties and fatigue behavior. The results reveal that the addition of suitable ratios of furfural extract oil, DCP, KH-570, and CaCO3 to PE/EVA-modified asphalt produces a remarkable improvement in the viscoelastic characteristics and viscosity compared with PE/EVA-modified asphalt. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy (FM) was utilized to evaluate the modification mechanism, which shows that PE/EVA undergoes significant crosslinking in asphalt, forming a three-dimensional network structure that dissolves in the asphalt. The storage stability of the PE-modified bitumen was fully determined, and its high-temperature rheology was substantially improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Gansu Provincial General Station of Agricultural Ecology and Resource Conservation Technology Extension, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Poh L, Narimissa E, Wagner MH. Modelling of Elongational Flow of HDPE Melts by Hierarchical Multi-Mode Molecular Stress Function Model. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3217. [PMID: 34641033 PMCID: PMC8512010 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient elongational data set obtained by filament-stretching rheometry of four commercial high-density polyethylene (HDPE) melts with different molecular characteristics was reported by Morelly and Alvarez [Rheologica Acta 59, 797-807 (2020)]. We use the Hierarchical Multi-mode Molecular Stress Function (HMMSF) model of Narimissa and Wagner [Rheol. Acta 54, 779-791 (2015), and J. Rheology 60, 625-636 (2016)] for linear and long-chain branched (LCB) polymer melts to analyze the extensional rheological behavior of the four HDPEs with different polydispersity and long-chain branching content. Model predictions based solely on the linear-viscoelastic spectrum and a single nonlinear parameter, the dilution modulus GD for extensional flows reveals good agreement with elongational stress growth data. The relationship of dilution modulus GD to molecular characteristics (e.g., polydispersity index (PDI), long-chain branching index (LCBI), disengagement time τd) of the high-density polyethylene melts are presented in this paper. A new measure of the maximum strain hardening factor (MSHF) is proposed, which allows separation of the effects of orientation and chain stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Poh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Technion City, Haifa 32 000, Israel;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
| | - Esmaeil Narimissa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Technion City, Haifa 32 000, Israel;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou 515063, China
| | - Manfred H. Wagner
- Polymer Engineering/Polymer Physics, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
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Poh L, Li B, Yu W, Narimissa E, Wagner MH. Modeling of nonlinear extensional and shear rheology of low‐viscosity polymer melts. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Poh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Shantou China
| | - Benke Li
- Advanced Rheology Institute, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Esmaeil Narimissa
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering Guangdong Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Shantou China
| | - Manfred H. Wagner
- Polymer Engineering/Polymer Physics Berlin Institute of Technology, TU Berlin Berlin Germany
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Deshmukh S, Burbine S, Keaney E, Banerjee SS, Panwar A, Peters C, Herndon M, Rockosi D, Mead J, Barry C. Extrusion of highly filled flexible polymer sheet. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Deshmukh
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephen Burbine
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Erin Keaney
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Shib Shankar Banerjee
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Artee Panwar
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | | | - Joey Mead
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Carol Barry
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
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Xu J, Zhang T, Jiang Y, Yang D, Qiu F, Chen Q, Yu Z. Preparation of self‐healing acrylic copolymer composite coatings for application in protection of paper cultural relics. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Xu
- School of the Materials Science & EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Functional Chemistry, Institute of Medicine & Chemical EngineeringZhenjiang College Zhenjiang 212028 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Functional Chemistry, Institute of Medicine & Chemical EngineeringZhenjiang College Zhenjiang 212028 China
| | - Dongya Yang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Zongping Yu
- Suzhou Mingda Macromolecule Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Suzhou 215234 China
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