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Liang X, Zhu J, Zhao Z, Zheng F, Zhang H, Wei J, Ji Y, Ji Y. The pag Gene of pXO1 Is Involved in Capsule Biosynthesis of Bacillus anthracis Pasteur II Strain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:203. [PMID: 28603695 PMCID: PMC5445325 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule and anthrax toxins are major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis. Genes responsible for capsule biosynthesis are located on pXO2, whereas genes encoding the toxins, which are composed of edema factors, lethal factors, and protective antigens (PA), are located on pXO1. In this study, we found that the pag null mutation not only eliminated the production of the protective antigen, it also eliminated the ability of the B. anthracis Pasteur II strain to form capsules. qPCR analysis revealed that the deletion of pag decreased the transcription levels of the capABCD operon and its regulatory genes acpA and acpB. The introduction of the acpA or acpB plasmid complemented the effect of the pag null mutation on capsule formation. Taken together, the above results suggest that PA probably affects capsule biosynthesis by altering the expression of acpA and acpB. In addition, we found that the deletion mutation of pag remarkably attenuated bacterial pathogenicity in a mouse model of infection. Our results indicate that besides encoding the protective antigen, the pag gene of pXO1 is also involved in the modulation of capsule biosynthesis. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation mechanisms of capsule formation in B. anthracis Pasteur II strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of BiotechniquesNanjing, China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Huadong Medical Institute of BiotechniquesNanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Jianchun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Yon Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China
| | - Yinduo Ji
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, United States
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Experimental Validation of Bacillus anthracis A16R Proteogenomics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14608. [PMID: 26423727 PMCID: PMC4589699 DOI: 10.1038/srep14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a zoonosis that causes serious disease and is of significant concern as a biological warfare agent. Validating annotated genes and reannotating misannotated genes are important to understand its biology and mechanisms of pathogenicity. Proteomics studies are, to date, the best method for verifying and improving current annotations. To this end, the proteome of B. anthracis A16R was analyzed via one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, we identified 3,712 proteins, including many regulatory and key functional proteins at relatively low abundance, representing the most complete proteome of B. anthracis to date. Interestingly, eight sequencing errors were detected by proteogenomic analysis and corrected by resequencing. More importantly, three unannotated peptide fragments were identified in this study and validated by synthetic peptide mass spectrum mapping and green fluorescent protein fusion experiments. These data not only give a more comprehensive understanding of B. anthracis A16R but also demonstrate the power of proteomics to improve genome annotations and determine true translational elements.
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Chenau J, Fenaille F, Caro V, Haustant M, Diancourt L, Klee SR, Junot C, Ezan E, Goossens PL, Becher F. Identification and validation of specific markers of Bacillus anthracis spores by proteomics and genomics approaches. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:716-32. [PMID: 24379445 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative bacteria of anthrax, an acute and often fatal disease in humans. The infectious agent, the spore, represents a real bioterrorism threat and its specific identification is crucial. However, because of the high genomic relatedness within the Bacillus cereus group, it is still a real challenge to identify B. anthracis spores confidently. Mass spectrometry-based tools represent a powerful approach to the efficient discovery and identification of such protein markers. Here we undertook comparative proteomics analyses of Bacillus anthracis, cereus and thuringiensis spores to identify proteoforms unique to B. anthracis. The marker discovery pipeline developed combined peptide- and protein-centric approaches using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry experiments using a high resolution/high mass accuracy LTQ-Orbitrap instrument. By combining these data with those from complementary bioinformatics approaches, we were able to highlight a dozen novel proteins consistently observed across all the investigated B. anthracis spores while being absent in B. cereus/thuringiensis spores. To further demonstrate the relevance of these markers and their strict specificity to B. anthracis, the number of strains studied was extended to 55, by including closely related strains such as B. thuringiensis 9727, and above all the B. cereus biovar anthracis CI, CA strains that possess pXO1- and pXO2-like plasmids. Under these conditions, the combination of proteomics and genomics approaches confirms the pertinence of 11 markers. Genes encoding these 11 markers are located on the chromosome, which provides additional targets complementary to the commonly used plasmid-encoded markers. Last but not least, we also report the development of a targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method involving the selection reaction monitoring mode for the monitoring of the 4 most suitable protein markers. Within a proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate the value of this approach for the further high throughput and specific detection of B. anthracis spores within complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Chenau
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Ågren J, Hamidjaja RA, Hansen T, Ruuls R, Thierry S, Vigre H, Janse I, Sundström A, Segerman B, Koene M, Löfström C, Van Rotterdam B, Derzelle S. In silico and in vitro evaluation of PCR-based assays for the detection of Bacillus anthracis chromosomal signature sequences. Virulence 2013; 4:671-85. [PMID: 24005110 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a zoonotic pathogen that is relatively common throughout the world and may cause life threatening diseases in animals and humans. There are many PCR-based assays in use for the detection of B. anthracis. While most of the developed assays rely on unique markers present on virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, relatively few assays incorporate chromosomal DNA markers due to the close relatedness of B. anthracis to the B. cereus group strains. For the detection of chromosomal DNA, different genes have been used, such as BA813, rpoB, gyrA, plcR, S-layer, and prophage-lambda. Following a review of the literature, an in silico analysis of all signature sequences reported for identification of B. anthracis was conducted. Published primer and probe sequences were compared for specificity against 134 available Bacillus spp. genomes. Although many of the chromosomal targets evaluated are claimed to be specific to B. anthracis, cross-reactions with closely related B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains were often observed. Of the 35 investigated PCR assays, only 4 were 100% specific for the B. anthracis chromosome. An interlaboratory ring trial among five European laboratories was then performed to evaluate six assays, including the WHO recommended procedures, using a collection of 90 Bacillus strains. Three assays performed adequately, yielding no false positive or negative results. All three assays target chromosomal markers located within the lambdaBa03 prophage region (PL3, BA5345, and BA5357). Detection limit was further assessed for one of these highly specific assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Ågren
- National Veterinary Institute; Department of Bacteriology; Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raditijo A Hamidjaja
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Centre for Infectious Disease Control; Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Trine Hansen
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Robin Ruuls
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre; Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Thierry
- University Paris-Est Anses; Animal Health Laboratory; Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Håkan Vigre
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Ingmar Janse
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Centre for Infectious Disease Control; Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Sundström
- National Veterinary Institute; Department of Bacteriology; Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Segerman
- National Veterinary Institute; Department of Bacteriology; Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miriam Koene
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre; Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotta Löfström
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg, Denmark
| | - Bart Van Rotterdam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Centre for Infectious Disease Control; Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sylviane Derzelle
- University Paris-Est Anses; Animal Health Laboratory; Maisons-Alfort, France
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Denman B, Goodman SR. Emerging and neglected tropical diseases: translational application of proteomics. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:972-6. [PMID: 21737579 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges of identifying and controlling emerging diseases impact individual health, as well as political, social and economic situations. In this review we discuss the role of proteomics for investigation of pathogen discovery, outbreak investigation, bio-defense, disease control, host-pathogen dynamics and vaccine development of emerging and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In the future the discipline of proteomics may help define multiple aspects of emerging and NTDs with respect to personalized medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Denman
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Relationship Between Plasmid Loss and Gene Expression in Bacillus Thuringiensis. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Curing the Plasmid pXO2 from Bacillus anthracis A16 Using Plasmid Incompatibility. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:703-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium representing the etiological cause of anthrax, a rare lethal disease of animals and humans. Development of anthrax countermeasures has gained increasing attention owing to the potential use of B. anthracis spores as a bioterror weapon. The various forms of infection by B. anthracis are characterized both by toxemia and septicemia, both of which are the result of spore entry into the host followed by their germination into rapidly multiplying, toxin-producing bacilli. Following the publication of the bacterial genome, proteomic studies were carried out to determine the protein composition of the spore and identify exposed vegetative (membrane-located or secreted) proteins. These studies included comparison of strains differing in their virulence, cultured under different conditions and, in some cases, were complemented by serological inspection, which addressed expression during infection of proteomically identified proteins and their immunogenicity. The proteomic approach emerged as a valuable strategy for the generation of a pool of potential B. anthracis protein targets for further evaluation in detection, diagnostics, therapy and prophylaxis, and contributed to the elucidation of some aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Chitlaru
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, PO Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Avigdor Shafferman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, PO Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
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Park SH, Kwon SJ, Lee SJ, Kim YC, Hwang KY, Kang YH, Lee KJ. Identification of Immunogenic Antigen Candidate for Chlamydophila pneumoniae Diagnosis. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2933-43. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ha Park
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kwon
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Kim
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ho Kang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Jun Lee
- Laboratory of Pathogenic proteomics, Division of Bacterial Respiratory, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul, Korea, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Josic D, Kovač S. Application of proteomics in biotechnology – Microbial proteomics. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:496-509. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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