1
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Wang J, Shi R, Yin Y, Luo H, Cao Y, Lyu Y, Luo H, Zeng X, Wang D. Clinical significance of small extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1334592. [PMID: 38665948 PMCID: PMC11043544 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1334592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy originating from the bile duct epithelium. It is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. The global incidence of cholangiocarcinoma is rising, and there is an urgent need for effective early diagnosis and treatment strategies to reduce the burden of this devastating tumor. Small extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microparticles, are nanoscale vesicles formed by membranes that are released both normally and pathologically from cells, mediating the intercellular transfer of substances and information. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of small extracellular vesicles in numerous biological processes, as well as the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. The present review summarizes the tumorigenic roles of small extracellular vesicles in the cholangiocarcinoma microenvironment. Owing to their unique composition, accessibility, and stability in biological fluids, small extracellular vesicles have emerged as ideal biomarkers for use in liquid biopsies for diagnosing and outcome prediction of cholangiocarcinoma. Specific tissue tropism, theoretical biocompatibility, low clearance, and strong biological barrier penetration of small extracellular vesicles make them suitable drug carriers for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the potential value of small extracellular vesicle-based therapies for cholangiocarcinoma is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Ruizi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Urology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Yun Lyu
- Departmant of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Huiwen Luo
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Xintao Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Decai Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
- Department of Urology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
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2
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Soong WJ, Wang CH, Chen C, Lee GB. Nanoscale sorting of extracellular vesicles via optically-induced dielectrophoresis on an integrated microfluidic system. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1965-1976. [PMID: 38357980 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01007d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We reported a microfluidic system for sorting of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can house DNAs, RNAs, lipids, proteins, and metabolites that are important in intercellular communication. Their presence within bodily fluids has demonstrated potential in both clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, EVs exhibit distinct subtypes categorized by their sizes, each endowed with unique biophysical properties. Despite several existing techniques for EV isolation and purification, diminished purity and prolonged processing times still hamper clinical utility; comprehensive capture of EVs remains an ongoing pursuit. To address these challenges, we devised an innovative method for automated sorting of nano-scale EVs employing optically-induced dielectrophoresis on an integrated microfluidic chip. With this approach, EVs of three distinct size categories (small: 100-150 nm, medium-sized: 150-225 nm, and large: 225-350 nm) could be isolated at a purity of 86%. This new method has substantial potential in expediting EV research and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Soong
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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3
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Li Q, Zhang J, Fang Y, Dai Y, Jia P, Shen Z, Xu S, Ding X, Zhou F. Phosphoproteome Profiling of uEVs Reveals p-AQP2 and p-GSK3β as Potential Markers for Diabetic Nephropathy. Molecules 2023; 28:5605. [PMID: 37513479 PMCID: PMC10383182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) contributes to increased morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes and presents a considerable global health challenge. However, reliable biomarkers of DN have not yet been established. Phosphorylated proteins are crucial for disease progression. However, their diagnostic potential remains unexplored. In this study, we used ultra-high-sensitivity quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify phosphoproteins in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as potential biomarkers of DN. We detected 233 phosphopeptides within the uEVs, with 47 phosphoproteins exhibiting significant alterations in patients with DN compared to those in patients with diabetes. From these phosphoproteins, we selected phosphorylated aquaporin-2 (p-AQP2[S256]) and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β[Y216]) for validation, as they were significantly overrepresented in pathway analyses and previously implicated in DN pathogenesis. Both phosphoproteins were successfully confirmed through Phos-tag western blotting in uEVs and immunohistochemistry staining in kidney sections, suggesting that phosphoprotein alterations in uEVs reflect corresponding changes within the kidney and their potential as candidate biomarkers for DN. Our research proposes the utilization of phosphoproteins in uEVs as a liquid biopsy, presenting a highly feasible diagnostic tool for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Minister of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Morales-Sanfrutos J, Munoz J. UNRAVELLING THE COMPLEXITY OF THE EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE LANDSCAPE WITH ADVANCED PROTEOMICS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:89-101. [PMID: 35290757 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2052849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is rapidly advancing. This progress is fuelled by the potential applications of these agents as biomarkers and also as an attractive source to encapsulate therapeutics and other agents to target specific cells. AREAS COVERED Different types of EVs, including exosomes, and other nanoparticles have been identified in the last years with key regulatory functions in cell-cell communication. However, the techniques used for their purification possess inherent limitations, resulting in heterogeneous preparations contaminated by other EVs subtypes and nano-size structures. It is therefore urgent to deconvolute the molecular constituents present in each type of EVs in order to accurately ascribe their specific functions. In this context, proteomics can profile, not only the lumen proteins and surface markers, but also their post-translational modifications, which will inform on the mechanisms of cargo selection and sorting. EXPERT OPINION Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is now a mature technique and has started to deliver new insights in the EV field. Here, we review recent developments in sample preparation, mass spectrometry (MS) and computational analysis and discuss how these technological advances, in conjunction with improved purification protocols, could impact the proteomic characterization of the complex landscape of EVs and other secreted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Munoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Cell Signaling and Clinical Proteomics Group. Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute. 48903 Barkaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
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5
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Zhao K, Li X, Shi Y, Lu Y, Qiu P, Deng Z, Yao W, Wang J. Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma: current status and future perspectives. J Transl Med 2022; 20:117. [PMID: 35255950 PMCID: PMC8900430 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) refers to an aggressive malignancy with a high fatality rate and poor prognosis. Globally, the morbidity of CCA is increasing for the past few decades, which has progressed into a disease that gravely endangers human health. Exosomes belong to a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with diameters ranging from 40 to 150 nm that can be discharged by all living cells. As communication messengers of the intercellular network, exosomes carry a diverse range of cargoes such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolic substances, which are capable of conveying biological information across different cell types to mediate various physiological activities or pathological changes. Increasing studies have demonstrated that exosomes in the tumor microenvironment participate in regulating tumorigenesis and progression via multiple approaches in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we reviewed the current research progress of exosomes in the context of cancer and particularly highlighted their functions in modulating the development of CCA. Furthermore, the potential values of exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in CCA were overviewed as well.
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6
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Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
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7
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Weidenauer L, Quadroni M. Phosphorylation in the Charged Linker Modulates Interactions and Secretion of Hsp90β. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071701. [PMID: 34359868 PMCID: PMC8304327 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90β is a major chaperone involved in numerous cellular processes. Hundreds of client proteins depend on Hsp90β for proper folding and/or activity. Regulation of Hsp90β is critical to coordinate its tasks and is mediated by several post-translational modifications. Here, we focus on two phosphorylation sites located in the charged linker region of human Hsp90β, Ser226 and Ser255, which have been frequently reported but whose function remains unclear. Targeted measurements by mass spectrometry indicated that intracellular Hsp90β is highly phosphorylated on both sites (>90%). The level of phosphorylation was unaffected by various stresses (e.g., heat shock, inhibition with drugs) that impact Hsp90β activity. Mutating the two serines to alanines increased the amount of proteins interacting with Hsp90β globally and increased the sensitivity to tryptic cleavage in the C-terminal domain. Further investigation revealed that phosphorylation on Ser255 and to a lesser extent on Ser226 is decreased in the conditioned medium of cultured K562 cells, and that a non-phosphorylatable double alanine mutant was secreted more efficiently than the wild type. Overall, our results show that phosphorylation events in the charged linker regulate both the interactions of Hsp90β and its secretion, through changes in the conformation of the chaperone.
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8
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Xue VW, Yang C, Wong SCC, Cho WCS. Proteomic profiling in extracellular vesicles for cancer detection and monitoring. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000094. [PMID: 33665903 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-size lipid vesicles released by cells, which play essential biological functions in intercellular communication. Increasing evidence indicates that EVs participate in cancer development, including invasion, migration, metastasis, and cancer immune modulation. One of the key mechanisms is that EVs affect different cells in the tumor microenvironment through surface-anchor proteins and protein cargos. Moreover, proteins specifically expressed in tumor-derived EVs can be applied in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Besides, the EV proteome also helps to understand drug resistance in cancers and to guide clinical medication. With the development of mass spectrometry and array-based multi-protein detection, the research of EV proteomics has entered a new era. The high-throughput parallel proteomic profiling based on these new platforms allows us to study the impact of EV proteome on cancer progression more comprehensively and to describe the proteomic landscape in cancers with more details. In this article, we review the role and function of different types of EVs in cancer progression. More importantly, we summarize the proteomic profiling of EVs based on different methods and the application of EV proteome in cancer detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Wang M, Zhao X, Huang F, Wang L, Huang J, Gong Z, Yu W. Exosomal proteins: Key players mediating pre‑metastatic niche formation and clinical implications (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 58:4. [PMID: 33649844 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a destructive characteristic of malignant tumors and the fundamental reason why malignant tumors are difficult to cure. The concept of a pre‑metastatic niche (PMN) provides a novel way to elucidate the molecular mechanism of tumor metastasis. At present, the PMN has been considered as a critical determinant priming distal sites for metastasis. Accumulating evidence has suggested that exosomes are cellular communicators serving a pivotal role in mediating tumor cell metastasis by establishing the PMN. Among exosomal cargos, non‑coding RNAs and proteins are two commonly studied components; however, the latter has received less attention. The present review aimed to summarize the findings regarding cargo proteins selectively loaded in malignant tumor‑derived exosomes. Metastasis‑associated proteins have been demonstrated to be selectively enriched in malignant tumor‑derived exosomes. Exosomal proteins promote PMN formation to mediate the site‑specific metastasis of tumor cells by inducing lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and permeability, educating stromal cells, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and suppressing the antitumor immune response. These exosomal proteins have great potential in predicting organ‑directed metastasis and prognosis, as well as in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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10
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Laschos K, Lampropoulou DI, Aravantinos G, Piperis M, Filippou D, Theodoropoulos G, Gazouli M. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma: Laboratory noise or hope? World J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 12:407-424. [PMID: 33194090 PMCID: PMC7642347 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v12.i10.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, extracellular vesicles and particularly exosomes have gained a lot of research interest due to their unique roles in several biological processes. Noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs) represent a class of functional RNA with distinct regulatory roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive type of malignancy that is very challenging to diagnose, especially in early stages; surgical resection still represents the sole potentially curative treatment option. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Hereby, we provide a comprehensive review of the most recent discoveries that focus on exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangio-carcinoma with the aim to identify new molecular players that could be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Laschos
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargiroi”, Athens 14564, Greece
| | - Dimitra Ioanna Lampropoulou
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargiroi”, Athens 14564, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Aravantinos
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargiroi”, Athens 14564, Greece
| | - Maria Piperis
- Radiation Therapy Department, Iatropolis, Athens 15231, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Filippou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Theodoropoulos
- 1st Propaedeutic University Surgery Clinic, Hippocratio General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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11
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Bai M, Fu W, Su G, Cao J, Gao L, Huang C, Ma H, Zhang J, Yue P, Bai B, Lin Y, Meng W, Li X. The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2020. [PMCID: PMC7709354 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare tumor that arises from cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells of the bile duct. The tumor is characterized by insidious onset, high degree of malignancy, poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Due to the lack of specific biomarkers, it is difficult to diagnose CCA early and evaluate prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, have emerged as having important roles in cell-to-cell communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions. Some research has found that EVs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of CCA. EVs can carry specific molecular substances such as nucleic acids and proteins, which have potential for the diagnosis and therapy of CCA. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of EVs in CCA. We highlight EVs and their functions in the physiology and pathophysiology of CCA, and discuss their therapeutic potential and their role as biomarkers.
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12
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Xu L, Gimple RC, Lau WB, Lau B, Fei F, Shen Q, Liao X, Li Y, Wang W, He Y, Feng M, Bu H, Wang W, Zhou S. THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED INVESTIGATION OF THE EXOSOME LANDSCAPE. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:745-762. [PMID: 32469100 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are critical intercellular messengers released upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cellular plasma membrane that deliver their cargo in the form of extracellular vesicles. Containing numerous nonrandomly packed functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs, exosomes are vital intercellular messengers that contribute to the physiologic processes of the healthy organism. During the post-genome era, exosome-oriented proteomics have garnered great interest. Since its establishment, mass spectrometry (MS) has been indispensable for the field of proteomics research and has advanced rapidly to interrogate biological samples at a higher resolution and sensitivity. Driven by new methodologies and more advanced instrumentation, MS-based approaches have revolutionized our understanding of protein biology. As the access to online proteomics database platforms has blossomed, experimental data processing occurs with more speed and accuracy. Here, we review recent advances in the technological progress of MS-based proteomics and several new detection strategies for MS-based proteomics research. We also summarize the use of integrated online databases for proteomics research in the era of big data. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bonnie Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center, Affiliate of Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Fan Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Feng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Gu X, Wang C, Deng H, Qing C, Liu R, Liu S, Xue X. Exosomal piRNA profiling revealed unique circulating piRNA signatures of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:475-484. [PMID: 32369104 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) are biliary tract cancers with poor five-year survival and high recurrence rates. Both CCA and GBC patients suffer from lack of circulating diagnostic biomarkers at the early stage. Extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, have been emerged as promising diagnostic sources for cancers due to easy and quick accessibility. Hence, identification of exosomal biomarkers provides a novel strategy for CCA and GBC diagnosis. Here, five CCA patients and four GBC patients were enrolled for exosomal small RNA sequencing. Our data showed that exosomal piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) populations were altered in the plasma of CCA and GBC patients. In comparison to healthy individuals, 694 and 323 piRNAs were upregulated in CCA and GBC, respectively, while 36 and 191 piRNAs were downregulated. Interestingly, sequencing results predicted that piR-2660989, piR-10506469, piR-20548188, piR-10822895, piR-hsa-23209, and piR-18044111 were upregulated in both CCA and GBC plasma. Importantly, we further included blood samples from 50 health individuals, 40 CCA patients, and 25 GBC patients and found that piR-10506469 were significantly increased in the exosomes of plasma from both CCA and GBC patients. Moreover, we analyzed the expression levels of differentially expressed exosomal piRNAs in the plasma of CCA and GBC patient before and after surgeries and found that piR-10506469 and piR-20548188 were significantly decreased in patients underwent surgeries. Taken together, our data revealed that exosomal piRNAs those are differentially expressed in CCA and GBC plasma may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of CCA and GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Oncology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Chong Qing
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Oncology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sanhong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
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14
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Wang C, Zhang S, Liu J, Tian Y, Ma B, Xu S, Fu Y, Luo Y. Secreted Pyruvate Kinase M2 Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis through Activating the Integrin Beta1/FAK Signaling Pathway. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1780-1797.e6. [PMID: 32049010 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived secretomes have been documented to play critical roles in cancer progression. Intriguingly, alternative extracellular roles of intracellular proteins are involved in various steps of tumor progression, which can offer strategies to fight cancer. Herein, we identify lung cancer progression-associated secretome signatures using mass spectrometry analysis. Among them, PKM2 is verified to be highly expressed and secreted in lung cancer cells and clinical samples. Functional analyses demonstrates that secreted PKM2 facilitates tumor metastasis. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis and functional validation identify integrin β1 as a receptor of secreted PKM2. Mechanistically, secreted PKM2 directly bound to integrin β1 and subsequently activated the FAK/SRC/ERK axis to promote tumor metastasis. Collectively, our findings suggest that PKM2 is a potential serum biomarker for diagnosing lung cancer and that targeting the secreted PKM2-integrin β1 axis can inhibit lung cancer development, which provides evidence of a potential therapeutic strategy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaosen Zhang
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siran Xu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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15
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [PMID: 31815633 PMCID: PMC6902437 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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16
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [DOI: doi10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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