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El Hariri El Nokab M, Sebakhy KO. Solid State NMR Spectroscopy a Valuable Technique for Structural Insights of Advanced Thin Film Materials: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1494. [PMID: 34200088 PMCID: PMC8228666 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR has proven to be a versatile technique for studying the chemical structure, 3D structure and dynamics of all sorts of chemical compounds. In nanotechnology and particularly in thin films, the study of chemical modification, molecular packing, end chain motion, distance determination and solvent-matrix interactions is essential for controlling the final product properties and applications. Despite its atomic-level research capabilities and recent technical advancements, solid-state NMR is still lacking behind other spectroscopic techniques in the field of thin films due to the underestimation of NMR capabilities, availability, great variety of nuclei and pulse sequences, lack of sensitivity for quadrupole nuclei and time-consuming experiments. This article will comprehensively and critically review the work done by solid-state NMR on different types of thin films and the most advanced NMR strategies, which are beyond conventional, and the hardware design used to overcome the technical issues in thin-film research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha El Hariri El Nokab
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Khaled O. Sebakhy
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Unravelling the Miscibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s: A Novel Polymer Class for the Formulation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163587. [PMID: 32781768 PMCID: PMC7465563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers are still the most popular carrier for the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The advantage of this type of carrier is the fast drug release upon dissolution of the water-soluble polymer and thus the initial high degree of supersaturation of the poorly soluble drug. Nevertheless, the risk for precipitation due to fast drug release is a phenomenon that is frequently observed. In this work, we present an alternative carrier system for ASDs where a water-soluble and water-insoluble carrier are combined to delay the drug release and thus prevent this onset of precipitation. Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s were selected as a polymer platform since the solution properties of this polymer class depend on the length of the alkyl sidechain. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) behaves as a water-soluble polymer at body temperature, while poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PPrOx) and poly(2-sec-butyl-2-oxazoline) (PsecBuOx) are insoluble at body temperature. Since little was known about the polymer’s miscibility behaviour and especially on how the presence of a poorly-water soluble drug impacted their miscibility, a preformulation study was performed. Formulations were investigated with X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PEtOx/PPrOx appeared to form an immiscible blend based on DSC and this was even more pronounced after heating. The six drugs that were tested in this work did not show any preference for one of the two phases. PEtOx/PsecBuOx on the other hand appeared to be miscible forming a homogeneous blend between the two polymers and the drugs.
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3
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Dera R, Diliën H, Adriaensens P, Guedens W, Cleij TJ. An Efficient Thermal Elimination Pathway toward Phosphodiester Hydrogels via a Precursor Approach. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dera
- IMOHasselt University 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor EngineeringFaculty of Science and EngineeringMaastricht University Urmonderbaan 22, Chemelot Center Court Gebouw 200 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Cleij
- Sensor EngineeringFaculty of Science and EngineeringMaastricht University Urmonderbaan 22, Chemelot Center Court Gebouw 200 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
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4
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Ma L, Zhang S, Wang J, Xu Y, Hou J. Recent advances in non-fullerene organic solar cells: from lab to fab. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14337-14352. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05528j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The key factors for OSC materials toward application mainly include high performance, thickness tolerance, low cost, simple fabrication processing, high stability, and an environmentally-friendly nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ye Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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5
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Wang G, Adil MA, Zhang J, Wei Z. Large-Area Organic Solar Cells: Material Requirements, Modular Designs, and Printing Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805089. [PMID: 30506830 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The printing of large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) has become a frontier for organic electronics and is also regarded as a critical step in their industrial applications. With the rapid progress in the field of OSCs, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) for small-area devices is approaching 15%, whereas the PCE for large-area devices has also surpassed 10% in a single cell with an area of ≈1 cm2 . Here, the progress of this fast developing area is reviewed, mainly focusing on: 1) material requirements (materials that are able to form efficient thick active layer films for large-area printing); 2) modular designs (effective designs that can suppress electrical, geometric, optical, and additional losses, leading to a reduction in the PCE of the devices, as a consequence of substrate area expansion); and 3) printing methods (various scalable fabrication techniques that are employed for large-area fabrication, including knife coating, slot-die coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, pad printing, and brush coating). By combining thick-film material systems with efficient modular designs exhibiting low-efficiency losses and employing the right printing methods, the fabrication of large-area OSCs will be successfully realized in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah Adil
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Huang YC, Liu WS, Tsao CS, Wang L. Mechanistic Insights into the Effect of Polymer Regioregularity on the Thermal Stability of Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40310-40319. [PMID: 31594303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stability is a bottleneck toward commercialization of polymer solar cells (PSCs). The effect of PCBM aggregation on a multilength scale on the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) structure, performance, and thermal stability of PSCs is studied here by grazing-incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The evolution of hierarchical BHJ structures of a blend film tuned by regioregularity of polymers from the as-cast state to the thermally unstable state is systematically investigated. The thermal stability of PSCs with high polymer regioregularity values can be improved because of the good mutual interaction between polymer crystallites and fullerene aggregates. The insights obtained from this study provide an approach to manipulate the film structure on a multilength scale and to enhance the thermal stability of P3HT-based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 24301 , Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Si Tsao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Longtan, Taoyaun 32546 , Taiwan
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7
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Wadsworth A, Moser M, Marks A, Little MS, Gasparini N, Brabec CJ, Baran D, McCulloch I. Critical review of the molecular design progress in non-fullerene electron acceptors towards commercially viable organic solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1596-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical analysis of the molecular design strategies employed in the recent progress of non-fullerene electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Mark S. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern)
| | - Derya Baran
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KSC Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division
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8
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Pramanik SK, Seneca S, Peters M, D'Olieslaeger L, Reekmans G, Vanderzande D, Adriaensens P, Ethirajan A. Morphology-dependent pH-responsive release of hydrophilic payloads using biodegradable nanocarriers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36869-36878. [PMID: 35558930 PMCID: PMC9088891 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of functional nanocarriers with stimuli-responsive properties has advanced tremendously to serve biomedical applications such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine. However, the development of biodegradable nanocarriers that can be loaded with hydrophilic compounds and ensure its controlled release in response to changes in the surrounding environment still remains very challenging. Herein, we achieved such demands via the preparation of aqueous core nanocapsules using a base-catalyzed interfacial reaction employing a diisocyanate monomer and functional monomers/polymers containing thiol and hydroxyl functionalities at the droplet interface. pH-responsive poly(thiourethane–urethane) nanocarriers with ester linkages were synthesized by incorporating polycaprolactone diol, which is susceptible to hydrolytic degradation via ester linkages, as a functional monomer in the reaction formulation. We could demonstrate that by systematically varying the number of biodegradable segments, the morphology of the nanocarriers can be tuned without imparting the efficient encapsulation of hydrophilic payload (>85% encapsulation efficiency) and its transfer from organic to aqueous phase. The developed nanocarriers allow for a fast release of hydrophilic payload that depends on pH, the number of biodegradable segments and nanocarrier morphology. Succinctly put, this study provides important information to develop pH-responsive nanocarriers with tunable morphology, using interfacial reactions in the inverse miniemulsion process, by controlling the number of degradable segments to adjust the release profile depending on the type of application envisaged. The morphology and release properties of aqueous core nanocapsules for the pH-responsive release of hydrophilic payload was investigated by systematically varying the number of biodegradable segments.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Senne Seneca
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Martijn Peters
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Lien D'Olieslaeger
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Gunter Reekmans
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Belgium
- IMEC
- Associated Lab IMOMEC
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9
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Li X, Tang X, Ye T, Wu D, Wang H, Wang X. Fully Printable Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells with Transfer-Printed Flexible Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18730-18738. [PMID: 28504512 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and organic solar cells (OSCs) with high performance were fabricated with transfer-printed top metal electrodes. We have demonstrated that PSCs and OSCs with the top Au electrodes fabricated by using the transfer printing method have comparable or better performance than the devices with the top Au electrodes fabricated by using the conventional thermal evaporation method. The highest PCE of the PSCs and OSCs with the top electrodes fabricated using the transfer printing method achieved 13.72% and 2.35%, respectively. It has been investigated that fewer defects between the organic thin films and Au electrodes exist by using the transfer printing method which improved the device stability. After storing the PSCs and OSCs with the transfer-printed electrodes in a nitrogen environment for 97 and 103 days without encapsulation, the PSCs and OSCs still retained 71% and 91% of their original PCEs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Tang
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tao Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xizu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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10
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Kumar Pramanik S, Losada-Pérez P, Reekmans G, Carleer R, D’Olieslaeger M, Vanderzande D, Adriaensens P, Ethirajan A. Physicochemical characterizations of functional hybrid liposomal nanocarriers formed using photo-sensitive lipids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46257. [PMID: 28406235 PMCID: PMC5390264 DOI: 10.1038/srep46257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent advances in the field of diagnostics and theranostics, liposomal technology has secured a fortified position as a potential nanocarrier. Specifically, radiation/photo-sensitive liposomes containing photo-polymerizable cross-linking lipids are intriguing as they can impart the vesicles with highly interesting properties such as response to stimulus and improved shell stability. In this work, 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DTPE) is used as a photo-polymerizable lipid to form functional hybrid-liposomes as it can form intermolecular cross-linking through the diacetylenic groups. Hybrid-liposomes were formulated using mixtures of DTPE and saturated lipids of different chain lengths (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimirystoilphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)) at different molar ratios. The physico-chemical characteristics of the liposomes has been studied before and after UV irradiation using a combination of techniques: DSC, QCM-D and solid-state NMR. The results signify the importance of a subtle modification in alkyl chain length on the phase behavior of the hybrid-liposomes and on the degree of crosslinking in the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gunter Reekmans
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Robert Carleer
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marc D’Olieslaeger
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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11
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Hansen MR, Graf R, Spiess HW. Interplay of Structure and Dynamics in Functional Macromolecular and Supramolecular Systems As Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1272-308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Litvinov VM, Guns S, Adriaensens P, Scholtens BJR, Quaedflieg MP, Carleer R, Van den Mooter G. Solid State Solubility of Miconazole in Poly[(ethylene glycol)-g-vinyl alcohol] Using Hot-Melt Extrusion. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2924-32. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Litvinov
- DSM Resolve,
P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - S. Guns
- Laboratory of Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, University
of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Adriaensens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)—Division Chemistry,
Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - R. Carleer
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)—Division Chemistry,
Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - G. Van den Mooter
- Laboratory of Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, University
of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Vogelsang J, Lupton JM. Solvent Vapor Annealing of Single Conjugated Polymer Chains: Building Organic Optoelectronic Materials from the Bottom Up. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1503-1513. [PMID: 26285629 DOI: 10.1021/jz300294m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on organic materials show a strong relationship between the morphological structure of the material and the function of the device. One of the grand challenges in improving the efficiencies of these devices is hence achieving morphological control throughout the entire course of processing. One of the most important postprocessing methods is solvent vapor annealing, which has repeatedly demonstrated its utility in improving the efficiency of organic-material-based devices by changing bulk-film morphology. This Perspective discusses the recent impact of single-molecule spectroscopy techniques in unraveling morphological changes and molecular dynamics and presents solvent vapor annealing as a tool to build organic optoelectronic materials from the bottom up. In particular, we discuss examples of how solvent vapor annealing at the single-chain level can be split into two different regimes, (i) the solvation regime, in which intrachain interactions and molecular dynamics during solvent vapor annealing can be probed, and (ii) the aggregation regime, in which the influence of interchain interactions can be probed. Finally, it will be shown that solvent vapor annealing in the aggregation regime can be used to build highly ordered mesoscopic objects with distinct properties such as long-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vogelsang
- §Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- §Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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14
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Karakus M, Apaydın DH, Yıldız DE, Toppare L, Cirpan A. Benzotriazole and benzothiadiazole containing conjugated copolymers for organic solar cell applications. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Claes S, Vandezande P, Mullens S, Adriaensens P, Peeters R, Maurer FH, Van Bael MK. Crosslinked poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] membranes: Characterization and pervaporation of aqueous tetrahydrofuran mixtures. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Mens R, Demir F, Van Assche G, Van Mele B, Vanderzande D, Adriaensens P. Influence of the processing solvent on the photoactive layer nanomorphology of P3HT/PC60
BM solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Mens R, Chambon S, Bertho S, Reggers G, Ruttens B, D'Haen J, Manca J, Carleer R, Vanderzande D, Adriaensens P. Description of the nanostructured morphology of [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) by XRD, DSC and solid-state NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:242-247. [PMID: 21491481 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PCBM or [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester is nowadays still one of the most successful electron acceptors for plastic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices. In this study, a set of complementary techniques, i.e. solid-state NMR, XRD and DSC, is proposed as a fast and sensitive tool to screen the morphology of PCBM specimens with different preparation histories. Based on proton NMR relaxation decay time values, an interval can be derived that situates the average crystal dimensions and which can further be refined on the basis of XRD patterns and DSC thermograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Mens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Mens R, Bertho S, Chambon S, D'Haen J, Lutsen L, Manca J, Gelan J, Vanderzande D, Adriaensens P. Solid-state NMR as a tool to describe and quantify the morphology of photoactive layers used in plastic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li C, Liu M, Pschirer NG, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Polyphenylene-Based Materials for Organic Photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6817-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100052z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and BASF SE, Research Specialty Chemicals, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Miaoyin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and BASF SE, Research Specialty Chemicals, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Neil G. Pschirer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and BASF SE, Research Specialty Chemicals, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and BASF SE, Research Specialty Chemicals, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, and BASF SE, Research Specialty Chemicals, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Kumar A, Invernale MA, Jang SY, Sotzing GA. Poly(terthiophene)s from copolymer precursors via solid-state oxidative conversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cheng YJ, Yang SH, Hsu CS. Synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic solar cell applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5868-923. [PMID: 19785455 DOI: 10.1021/cr900182s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2211] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsin-Chu 30049, Taiwan.
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Krebs FC, Fyenbo J, Jørgensen M. Product integration of compact roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cell modules: methods and manufacture using flexographic printing, slot-die coating and rotary screen printing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deibel C, Strobel T, Dyakonov V. Origin of the efficient polaron-pair dissociation in polymer-Fullerene blends. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:036402. [PMID: 19659300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.036402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The separation of photogenerated polaron pairs in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells is the intermediate but crucial step between exciton dissociation and charge transport to the electrodes. In state-of-the-art devices, above 80% of all polaron pairs are separated at fields of below 10(7) V/m. In contrast, considering just the Coulomb binding of the polaron pair, electric fields above 10(8) V/m would be needed to reach similar yields. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we performed kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of polaron-pair dissociation in donor-acceptor blends, considering delocalized charge carriers along conjugated polymer chain segments. We show that the resulting fast local charge carrier transport can indeed explain the high experimental quantum yields in polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Deibel
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Van Lokeren L, Gotzen NA, Pieters R, Van Assche G, Biesemans M, Willem R, Van Mele B. Phase Behavior in Blends of Ethylene Oxide-Propylene Oxide Copolymer and Poly(ether sulfone) Studied by Modulated-Temperature DSC and NMR Relaxometry. Chemistry 2008; 15:1177-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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