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Marlow P, Manger F, Fischer K, Sprau C, Colsmann A. Eco-friendly fabrication of organic solar cells: electrostatic stabilization of surfactant-free organic nanoparticle dispersions by illumination. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5569-5578. [PMID: 35343987 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Earlier reports have discussed the manifold opportunities that arise from the use of eco-friendly organic semiconductor dispersions as inks for printed electronics and, in particular, organic photovoltaics. To date, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) plays an outstanding role since it has been the only organic semiconductor that formed nanoparticle dispersions with sufficient stability and concentration without the use of surfactants. This work elucidates the underlying mechanisms that lead to the formation of intrinsically stable P3HT dispersions and reveals prevailing electrostatic effects to rule the nanoparticle growth. The electrostatic dispersion stability can be enhanced by photo-generation of additional charges, depending on the light intensity and its wavelength. This facile, additive-free process provides a universal handle to also stabilize surfactant-free dispersions of other semiconducting polymers, which are frequently used to fabricate organic solar cells or other optoelectronic thin-film devices. The more generalized process understanding paves the way towards a universal synthesis route for organic nanoparticle dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Marlow
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Manger
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karen Fischer
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Sprau
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Colsmann
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Aslan ST, Cevher D, Bolayır E, Hizalan Ozsoy G, Arslan Udum Y, Yıldırım E, Toppare L, Cirpan A. Synthesis of selenophene substituted benzodithiophene and fluorinated benzothiadiazole based conjugated polymers for organic solar cell applications. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Borah B, Chowhan LR. Recent advances in the transition-metal-free synthesis of quinoxalines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37325-37353. [PMID: 35496411 PMCID: PMC9043781 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines, also known as benzo[a]pyrazines, constitute an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds as a result of their widespread prevalence in natural products, biologically active synthetic drug candidates, and optoelectronic materials. Owing to their importance and chemists' ever-increasing imagination of new transformations of these products, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to finding more efficient approaches toward the synthesis of quinoxaline rings. The last decades have witnessed a marvellous outburst in modifying organic synthetic methods to create them sustainable for the betterment of our environment. The exploitation of transition-metal-free catalysis in organic synthesis leads to a new frontier to access biologically active heterocycles and provides an alternative method from the perspective of green and sustainable chemistry. Despite notable developments achieved in transition-metal catalyzed synthesis, the high cost involved in the preparation of the catalyst, toxicity, and difficulty in removing it from the final products constitute disadvantageous effects on the atom economy and eco-friendly nature of the transformation. In this review article, we have summarized the recent progress achieved in the synthesis of quinoxalines under transition-metal-free conditions and cover the reports from 2015 to date. This aspect is presented alongside the mechanistic rationalization and limitations of the reaction methodologies. The scopes of future developments are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Borah
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
| | - L Raju Chowhan
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
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Vasilopoulou M, Mohd Yusoff ARB, Daboczi M, Conforto J, Gavim AEX, da Silva WJ, Macedo AG, Soultati A, Pistolis G, Schneider FK, Dong Y, Jacoutot P, Rotas G, Jang J, Vougioukalakis GC, Chochos CL, Kim JS, Gasparini N. High efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes with below-bandgap electroluminescence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4868. [PMID: 34381038 PMCID: PMC8357948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue organic light-emitting diodes require high triplet interlayer materials, which induce large energetic barriers at the interfaces resulting in high device voltages and reduced efficiencies. Here, we alleviate this issue by designing a low triplet energy hole transporting interlayer with high mobility, combined with an interface exciplex that confines excitons at the emissive layer/electron transporting material interface. As a result, blue thermally activated delay fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes with a below-bandgap turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 41.2% were successfully fabricated. These devices also showed suppressed efficiency roll-off maintaining an EQE of 34.8% at 1000 cd m−2. Our approach paves the way for further progress through exploring alternative device engineering approaches instead of only focusing on the demanding synthesis of organic compounds with complex structures. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (TADF-OLEDs) rely on high triplet energy interlayers to confine excitons, which results in reduced performance. Here, the authors report high-performance blue TADF-OLEDs with below bandgap electroluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Terma Patriarchou Grigoriou, Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Matyas Daboczi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julio Conforto
- Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana, GPGEI, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anastasia Soultati
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Terma Patriarchou Grigoriou, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - George Pistolis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Terma Patriarchou Grigoriou, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | | | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Polina Jacoutot
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Georgios Rotas
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jin Jang
- Advanced Display Research Center, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Christos L Chochos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Tegegne NA, Abdissa Z, Mammo W. Photophysical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Thiophene and Benzodithiophene-Based Copolymers Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1151. [PMID: 33916513 PMCID: PMC8038498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three low-band-gap copolymers based on isoindigo acceptor units were designed and successfully synthesized by direct arylation polycondensation method. Two of them were benzodithiophene (BDT)-isoindigo copolymers (PBDTI-OD and PBDTI-DT) with 2-octlydodecyl (OD) and 2-decyltetradecyl (DT) substituted isoindigo units, respectively. Thiophene donor and DT-substituted isoindigo acceptor units were copolymerized to synthesize PTI-DT. The copolymers have a broad absorption range that extends to over 760 nm with a band gap ≈1.5 eV. The photophysical property studies showed that the BDT-based copolymers have non-polar ground states. Their emission exhibited the population of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in polar solvents and tightly bound excitonic state in non-polar solvents due to self-aggregation. On the contrary, the emission from the thiophene-based copolymers was only from the tightly bound excitonic state. The thermal decomposition temperature of the copolymers was above 380 °C. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the three copolymers showed a halo due to π-π stacking. A second, sharper peak was observed in the BDT-based copolymer with a longer side chain on the isoindigo unit (PBDTI-DT), and the thiophene-based copolymers with PTI-DT, exhibiting a better structural order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zelalem Abdissa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (Z.A.); (W.M.)
| | - Wendimagegn Mammo
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (Z.A.); (W.M.)
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Singh R, Chochos CL, Gregoriou VG, Nega AD, Kim M, Kumar M, Shin SC, Kim SH, Shim JW, Lee JJ. Highly Efficient Indoor Organic Solar Cells by Voltage Loss Minimization through Fine-Tuning of Polymer Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36905-36916. [PMID: 31523951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a detailed study on the optoelectronic properties, photovoltaic performance, structural conformation, morphology variation, charge carrier mobility, and recombination dynamics in bulk heterojunction solar cells comprising a series of donor-acceptor conjugated polymers as electron donors based on benzodithiophene (BDT) and 5,8-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-6,7-difluoro-2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline as a function of the BDT's thienyl substitution (alkyl (WF3), alkylthio (WF3S), and fluoro (WF3F)). The synergistic positive effects of the fluorine substituents on the minimization of the bimolecular recombination losses, the reduction of the series resistances (RS), the increment of the shunt resistances (RSh), the suppression of the trap-assisted recombination losses, the balanced charge transport, the finer nanoscale morphology, and the deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) are manifested versus the alkyl and alkylthio substituents. According to these findings, the WF3F:[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM)-based organic photovoltaic device is a rare example that features a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.34% under 500 lx indoor light-emitting diode light source with a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.69 V, due to the suppression of the voltage losses, and a PCE of 9.44% at 1 sun (100 mW/cm2) conditions, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos L Chochos
- Advent Technologies SA , Stadiou Street , Platani, Rio, Patras 26504 , Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology , National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue , Athens 11635 , Greece
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue , Athens 11635 , Greece
| | - Alkmini D Nega
- National Hellenic Research Foundation , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue , Athens 11635 , Greece
| | - Min Kim
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3 , Milan 20133 , Italy
| | - Manish Kumar
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jae Won Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
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Synthesis and Properties of Benzodithiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Metallo-Supramolecular Polymers. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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