1
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Varagnolo S, Hatton RA. Condensation Coefficient Modulation: An Unconventional Approach to the Fabrication of Transparent and Patterned Silver Electrodes for Photovoltaics and Beyond. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:7140-7151. [PMID: 39301422 PMCID: PMC11412282 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Silver is the metal of choice for the fabrication of highly transparent grid electrodes for photovoltaics because it has the highest electrical conductivity among metals together with high stability toward oxidation in air. Conventional methods for fabricating silver grid electrodes involve printing the metal grid from costly colloidal solutions of nanoparticles, selective removal of metal by etching using harmful chemicals, or electrochemical deposition of the silver, an inherently chemical intensive and slow process. This Spotlight highlights an emerging approach to the fabrication of transparent and patterned silver electrodes that can be applied to glass and flexible plastic substrates or directly on top of a device, based on spatial modulation of silver vapor condensation. This counterintuitive approach has been possible since the discovery in 2019 that thin films of perfluorinated organic compounds are highly resistant to the condensation of silver vapor, so silver condenses only where the perfluorinated layer is not. The beauty of this approach lies in its simplicity and versatility because vacuum evaporation is a well-established and widely available deposition method for silver and the shape and dimensions of metallized regions depend only on the method used to pattern the perfluorinated layer. The aim of this Spotlight is to describe this approach and summarize its electronic applications to date with particular emphasis on organic photovoltaics, a rapidly emerging class of thin-film photovoltaics that requires a flexible alternative to the conventional conducting oxide electrodes currently used to allow light into the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Varagnolo
- School of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA Milton Keynes, U.K
| | - Ross A Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
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2
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Wei J, Wang Z, Pan F, Yuan T, Fang Y, Gao C, Ping H, Wang Y, Zhao S, Fu Z. Biosustainable Multiscale Transparent Nanocomposite Films for Sensitive Pressure and Humidity Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37122-37130. [PMID: 38953852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Light weight, thinness, transparency, flexibility, and insulation are the key indicators for flexible electronic device substrates. The common flexible substrates are usually polymer materials, but their recycling is an overwhelming challenge. Meanwhile, paper substrates are limited in practical applications because of their poor mechanical and thermal stability. However, natural biomaterials have excellent mechanical properties and versatility thanks to their organic-inorganic multiscale structures, which inspired us to design an organic-inorganic nanocomposite film. For this purpose, a bio-inspired multiscale film was developed using cellulose nanofibers with abundant hydrophilic functional groups to assist in dispersing hydroxyapatite nanowires. The thickness of the biosustainable film is only 40 μm, and it incorporates distinctive mechanical properties (strength: 52.8 MPa; toughness: 0.88 MJ m-3) and excellent optical properties (transmittance: 80.0%; haze: 71.2%). Consequently, this film is optimal as a substrate employed for flexible sensors, which can transmit capacitance and resistance signals through wireless Bluetooth, showing an ultrasensitive response to pressure and humidity (for example, responding to finger pressing with 5000% signal change and exhaled water vapor with 4000% signal change). Therefore, the comprehensive performance of the biomimetic multiscale organic-inorganic composite film confers a prominent prospect in flexible electronics devices, food packaging, and plastic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Tianyu Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlai Fang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Caiqin Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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3
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Waldman L, Haunert DP, Carson JD, Weiskopf N, Waldman JV, LeBlanc G. Maintaining Electrochemical Performance of Flexible ITO-PET Electrodes under High Strain. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29732-29738. [PMID: 39005794 PMCID: PMC11238234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electrode materials, particularly indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have attracted the attention of researchers for a wide variety of applications. However, there has been limited attention to the effects of electrode flexibility during electrochemical processes. In this research article, we studied how bending commercially available ITO-PET electrodes impacts the electrodeposition process of polyaniline (PANI). Thicker ITO layers start cracking at a normalized strain of 0.10 (bending radius of 10 mm), and cracking becomes detrimental to full deposition at a normalized strain of 0.16 or higher (bending radius of 6 mm or lower). Thinner ITO layers were evaluated as electrodes in electrochemical applications; however, the higher resistance of these electrodes prevented uniform electrodeposition of PANI. In order to overcome the issues of cracking, conductive thin films and copper tape were explored as low-cost methods for electrically bridging cracks in the electrode. While conductive thin films reduced the resistance effect, copper tape was found to fully restore the original electrochemical activity as measured by chronoamperometry and enable uniform electrodeposition at a bending radius as low as 3 mm. This strategy was then demonstrated by performing electrochromic bleaching of PANI under high-strain conditions. These studies illustrate some of the limitations of ITO-PET electrodes and strategies for overcoming these limitations for future applications that require a high degree of flexibility in a transparent electrode substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
J. Waldman
- Mechanical
Engineering, University of Tulsa, 800 S Tucker Dr., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104-9700, United States
| | - Daniel P. Haunert
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Jack D. Carson
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Nate Weiskopf
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Julia V. Waldman
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
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4
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Cui A, Liu S, Hong S, Li H, Wang L, Yang S. Chemical bath deposition of SnO 2films on PEN/ITO substrates for efficient flexible perovskite solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:375401. [PMID: 38861979 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) have achieved significant success. However, high-quality tin dioxide (SnO2) electron transport layers (ETLs) fabricated via chemical bath deposition (CBD) have not been achieved on flexible PEN/ITO substrates. This limitation is primarily due to the corrosion of the poor-quality ITO layer by the strongly acidic CBD solution. Here, we analyzed the reasons for the poor corrosion resistance of ITO films on PEN substrate from multiple perspectives, such as element composition, microstructure, and crystallinity. Then, we proposed a modified CBD method for SnO2films suitable for flexible PEN/ITO substrates. We employed SnCl2·2H2O as the tin source and regulated the pH of the CBD solution by NH3·H2O, which effectively avoided the corrosion of the ITO layer by the CBD solution and achieved high-quality SnO2films on the ITO layers. Compared to the commercial SnO2dispersion, the SnO2films prepared by this method have smaller grains and higher transmittance. As a result, we achieved an unprecedented power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.71% for f-PSCs fabricated on PEN/ITO substrates with SnO2ETLs by CBD method. This breakthrough facilitates the development of high-performance f-PSCs by a low-cost and large-scale chemical bath deposition of high-quality ETLs on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Along Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai 201899, People's Republic of China
| | - Suolan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai 201899, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai 201899, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai 201899, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Songwang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 588 Heshuo Road, Shanghai 201899, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kaisha A, Caffrey D, Ainabayev A, Toktarbaiuly O, Ibraimov M, Wang H, Nuraje N, Shvets IV. Examining the Desirable Properties of ZnSnO y by Annealing Treatment with a Real-Time Observation of Resistivity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26205-26212. [PMID: 38911774 PMCID: PMC11191124 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In this report, 38 nm-thick amorphous zinc-tin oxide (a-ZTO) films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron cosputtering. a-ZTO films were annealed by in situ monitoring of the sheet resistance improvements during the annealing process. A sharp drop in the slope of the sheet resistance curve was observed. The activation energies for the sheet resistance slope were calculated. The activation energy of the reaction for a sharp drop in the slope is much higher than the activation energy for the rest of the slope. Based on the activation energy values, six annealing temperatures were selected to saturate the highest conductivity at lower annealing temperatures and to identify the effects associated with annealing time. We found a direct correlation between annealing temperatures and the duration of the annealing treatment. a-ZTO films with a high conductivity of 320 S/cm were achieved by annealing at a temperature of 220 °C. It is noteworthy that the annealing temperature of 220 °C has clearly replaced the temperature of 300 °C. An irreversible decrease in resistivity was observed for all films. The conduction mechanism of films before and after annealing was determined. We confirm that all films individually exhibit semiconducting and metallic behaviors in the conduction mechanism before and after the lowest resistivity saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitkazy Kaisha
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- National
Nanotechnology Laboratory of Open Type (NNLOT), Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Renewable
Energy Laboratory National Laboratory Astana (NLA), Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - David Caffrey
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ardak Ainabayev
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Physics
Department School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Qabanbay Batyr Avenue 53, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Olzat Toktarbaiuly
- Renewable
Energy Laboratory National Laboratory Astana (NLA), Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Margulan Ibraimov
- Faculty
of Physics and Technology, 71 Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials,
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of
Graphene (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Nurxat Nuraje
- Renewable
Energy Laboratory National Laboratory Astana (NLA), Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr 53, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Department
of Chemical & Materials Engineering School of Engineering &
Digital Science, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor V. Shvets
- School
of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and
Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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6
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Kirk BP, Bjuggren JM, Andersson GG, Dastoor P, Andersson MR. Printing and Coating Techniques for Scalable Organic Photovoltaic Fabrication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2511. [PMID: 38893776 PMCID: PMC11173114 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Within recent years, there has been an increased interest towards organic photovoltaics (OPVs), especially with their significant device performance reaching beyond 19% since 2022. With these advances in the device performance of laboratory-scaled OPVs, there has also been more attention directed towards using printing and coating methods that are compatible with large-scale fabrication. Though large-area (>100 cm2) OPVs have reached an efficiency of 15%, this is still behind that of laboratory-scale OPVs. There also needs to be more focus on determining strategies for improving the lifetime of OPVs that are suitable for scalable manufacturing, as well as methods for reducing material and manufacturing costs. In this paper, we compare several printing and coating methods that are employed to fabricate OPVs, with the main focus towards the deposition of the active layer. This includes a comparison of performances at laboratory (<1 cm2), small (1-10 cm2), medium (10-100 cm2), and large (>100 cm2) active area fabrications, encompassing devices that use scalable printing and coating methods for only the active layer, as well as "fully printed/coated" devices. The article also compares the research focus of each of the printing and coating techniques and predicts the general direction that scalable and large-scale OPVs will head towards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P. Kirk
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Jonas M. Bjuggren
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Paul Dastoor
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
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7
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Chen Z, Gengenbach U, Koker L, Huang L, Mach TP, Reichert KM, Thelen R, Ungerer M. Systematic Investigation of Novel, Controlled Low-Temperature Sintering Processes for Inkjet Printed Silver Nanoparticle Ink. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306865. [PMID: 38126669 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Functional inks enable manufacturing of flexible electronic devices by means of printing technology. Silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) ink is widely used for printing conductive components. A sintering process is required to obtain sufficient conductivity. Thermal sintering is the most commonly used method, but the heat must be carefully applied to avoid damaging low-temperature substrates such as polymer films. In this work, two alternative sintering methods, damp heat sintering and water sintering are systematically investigated for inkjet-printed Ag tracks on polymer substrates. Both methods allow sintering polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) capped Ag NPs at 85°C. In this way, the resistance is significantly reduced to only 1.7 times that of the samples on polyimide sintered in an oven at 250°C. The microstructure of sintered Ag NPs is analyzed. Taking the states of the capping layer under different conditions into account, the explanation of the sintering mechanism of Ag NPs at low temperatures is presented. Overall, both damp heat sintering and water sintering are viable options for achieving high conductivity of printed Ag tracks. They can broaden the range of substrates available for flexible electronic device fabrication while mitigating substrate damage risks. The choice between them depends on the specific application and the substrate used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Chen
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gengenbach
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Liane Koker
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Liyu Huang
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tim P Mach
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Martin Reichert
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Richard Thelen
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Ungerer
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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8
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Jafarzadeh F, Castriotta LA, Legrand M, Ory D, Cacovich S, Skafi Z, Barichello J, De Rossi F, Di Giacomo F, Di Carlo A, Brown T, Brunetti F, Matteocci F. Flexible, Transparent, and Bifacial Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Using the Wide-Band Gap FAPbBr 3 Perovskite Absorber. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17607-17616. [PMID: 38557000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer impressive performance and flexibility, thanks to their simple, low-temperature deposition methods. Their band gap tunability allows for a wide range of applications, transitioning from opaque to transparent devices. This study introduces the first flexible, bifacial PSCs using the FAPbBr3 perovskite. We investigated the impact of optimizing electron and hole transport layers on the cells' bifaciality, transparency, and stability. PSCs achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.8 and 18.7% under 1 sun and indoor light conditions (1200 lx), respectively, showing up to 98% bifaciality factor and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 55%. Additionally, a P1-P2-P3 laser ablation scheme has been developed on the flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate for perovskite solar modules showing a PCE of 4.8% and high geometrical fill factor (97.8%). These findings highlight the potential of flexible, bifacial PSCs for diverse applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), agrivoltaics, automotive technology, wearable sensors, and Internet of things (IoT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Jafarzadeh
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Angelo Castriotta
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marie Legrand
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Daniel Ory
- Électricité de France (EDF), R&D, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stefania Cacovich
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Zeynab Skafi
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Barichello
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Rossi
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Giacomo
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- CNR-ISM Istituto di Struttura della Materia, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Matteocci
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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9
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Sekar K, Doineau R, Mayarambakam S, Schmaltz B, Poulin-Vittrant G. Control of ZnO nanowires growth in flexible perovskite solar cells: A mini-review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24706. [PMID: 38322830 PMCID: PMC10844130 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their excellent properties, Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NW) have been attractive and considered as a promising electron-transporting layer (ETL) in flexible Perovskite Solar Cells (FPSCs). Since the first report on ZnO NWs-based FPSCs giving 2.6 % power conversion efficiency (in 2013), great improvements have been made, allowing to reach up to∼15 % nowadays. However, some issues still need to be addressed, especially on flexible substrates, to achieve uniform and well-aligned ZnO NWs via low-cost chemical solution techniques. Several parameters, such as the growing method (time, temperature, precursors concentration), addition of seed layer (thickness, roughness, annealing temperature) and substrate (rigid or flexible), play a crucial role in ZnO NWs properties (i.e., length, diameter, density and aspect ratio). In this review, these parameters allowing to control the properties of ZnO NWs, like the growth techniques, utilization of seed layers and the growing method (time or precursors concentration) have been summarized. Then, a particular focus on the ZnO NW's role in FPSCs as well as the use of these results on the development of ZnO NWs-based FPSCs have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthick Sekar
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 37071 Tours, France
| | - Raphaël Doineau
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 37071 Tours, France
| | | | - Bruno Schmaltz
- PCM2E EA 6299, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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10
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Jinno H, Shivarudraiah SB, Asbjörn R, Vagli G, Marcato T, Eickemeyer FT, Pfeifer L, Yokota T, Someya T, Shih CJ. Indoor Self-Powered Perovskite Optoelectronics with Ultraflexible Monochromatic Light Source. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304604. [PMID: 37656902 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered skin optoelectronics fabricated on ultrathin polymer films is emerging as one of the most promising components for the next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) technology. However, a longstanding challenge is the device underperformance owing to the low process temperature of polymer substrates. In addition, broadband electroluminescence (EL) based on organic or polymer semiconductors inevitably suffers from periodic spectral distortion due to Fabry-Pérot (FP) interference upon substrate bending, preventing advanced applications. Here, ultraflexible skin optoelectronics integrating high-performance solar cells and monochromatic light-emitting diodes using solution-processed perovskite semiconductors is presented. n-i-p perovskite solar cells and perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting diodes (PNC-LEDs), with power-conversion and current efficiencies of 18.2% and 15.2 cd A-1 , respectively, are demonstrated on ultrathin polymer substrates with high thermal stability, which is a record-high efficiency for ultraflexible perovskite solar cell. The narrowband EL with a full width at half-maximum of 23 nm successfully eliminates FP interference, yielding bending-insensitive spectra even under 50% of mechanical compression. Photo-plethysmography using the skin optoelectronic device demonstrates a signal selectivity of 98.2% at 87 bpm pulse. The results presented here pave the way to inexpensive and high-performance ultrathin optoelectronics for self-powered applications such as wearable displays and indoor IoT sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Jinno
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmussen Asbjörn
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Vagli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Marcato
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Felix Thomas Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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11
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Liu J, Ye T, Yu D, Liu SF, Yang D. Recoverable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells for Next-Generation Portable Power Sources. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307225. [PMID: 37345965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) with excellent recoverability show a wide range of potential applications in portable power sources. The recoverability of FPSCs requires outstanding bendability of each functional layer, including the flexible substrates, electrodes, perovskite light absorbers, and charge transport materials. This review highlights the recent progress and practical applications of high-recoverability FPSCs, and illustrates the routes toward improvement of the recoverability and environmental stability through the choice of flexible substrates and the preparation of high-quality perovskite films, as well as the optimization of charge-selective contacts. In addition, we explore the intrinsic properties of each functional layer from the physical perspective and analyze how to select suitable functional layers. Additionally, some effective strategies are summarized, including material modification engineering of selective contacts, additives and interface engineering of interlayers, which can release mechanical stress and increase the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and recoverability of the FPSCs. The challenges of making high-performance FPSCs with long-term stability and high recoverability are discussed. Finally, future applications and perspectives for FPSCs are discussed, aiming to promote more extensive commercialization processes for lightweight and durable FPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Dongqu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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12
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Quintana A, Zarco C, Dix N, Sánchez F, Fina I, Fontcuberta J. Robust Antiferromagnetic FeRh Films on Mica. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:5043-5049. [PMID: 37779891 PMCID: PMC10540149 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
FeRh shows an antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition above room temperature, which permits its use as an antiferromagnetic memory element. However, its antiferromagnetic order is sensitive to small variations in crystallinity and composition, challenging its integration into flexible devices. Here, we show that flexible FeRh films of high crystalline quality can be synthesized by using mica as a substrate, followed by a mechanical exfoliation of the mica. The magnetic and transport data indicate that the FeRh films display a sharp antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition. Magnetotransport data allow for the observation of two distinguishable resistance states, which are written after a field-cooling procedure. It is shown that the memory states are robust under the application of magnetic fields of up to 10 kOe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Quintana
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Zarco
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nico Dix
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Florencio Sánchez
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ignasi Fina
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Fontcuberta
- Institut de Ciència
de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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14
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Li X, Yu H, Liu Z, Huang J, Ma X, Liu Y, Sun Q, Dai L, Ahmad S, Shen Y, Wang M. Progress and Challenges Toward Effective Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:206. [PMID: 37651002 PMCID: PMC10471566 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy systems based on flexible photovoltaic technology such as perovskite embedded with exceptional flexibility and a superior power-to-mass ratio is enormous. The photoactive layer, i.e., the perovskite thin film, as a critical component of flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs), still faces long-term stability issues when deformation occurs due to encountering temperature changes that also affect intrinsic rigidity. This literature investigation summarizes the main factors responsible for the rapid destruction of F-PSCs. We focus on long-term mechanical stability of F-PSCs together with the recent research protocols for improving this performance. Furthermore, we specify the progress in F-PSCs concerning precise design strategies of the functional layer to enhance the flexural endurance of perovskite films, such as internal stress engineering, grain boundary modification, self-healing strategy, and crystallization regulation. The existing challenges of oxygen-moisture stability and advanced encapsulation technologies of F-PSCs are also discussed. As concluding remarks, we propose our viewpoints on the large-scale commercial application of F-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixuan Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Dai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahzada Ahmad
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, University of Basque Country Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yan Shen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Malik H, Niazi MBK, Miran W, Tawfeek AM, Jahan Z, Kamel EM, Ahmed N, Saeed Akhtar M. Algal-based wood as a green and sustainable alternative for environmentally friendly & flexible electronic devices membrane bioreactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139213. [PMID: 37331660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic are usually constructed from non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous materials. Due to the frequent upgrading or discarding of electronic devices, which contributes significantly to environmental pollution, there is a high demand for electronics made from renewable and biodegradable materials with less harmful components. To this end, due to their flexibility, strong mechanical, and optical properties, wood-based electronics have become very appealing as substrates especially for flexible electronics and optoelectronics. However, incorporating numerous features including high conductivity and transparency, flexibility, and mechanical robustness into an environmentally friendly electronic device remains very challenging. Herein, authors have provided the techniques used to fabricate sustainable wood based flexible electronics coupled with their chemical, mechanical, optical, thermal, thermomechanical, and surface properties for various applications. Additionally, the synthesis of a conductive ink based on lignin and the development of translucent wood as a substrate are covered. Future developments and broader applications of wood-based flexible materials are discussed in the final section of the study, with an emphasis on their potential in fields including wearable electronics, renewable energy, and biomedical devices. This research improves upon prior efforts by demonstrating new ways to simultaneously attain better mechanical and optical qualities and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizbullah Malik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Waheed Miran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Tawfeek
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaib Jahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Emadeldin M Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Nouman Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Bellchambers P, Henderson C, Abrahamczyk S, Choi S, Lee JK, Hatton RA. High Performance Transparent Silver Grid Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics Fabricated by Selective Metal Condensation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300166. [PMID: 36912419 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silver grid electrodes on glass and flexible plastic substrates with performance that exceeds that of commercial indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass are reported and show their suitability as a drop-in replacement for ITO glass in solution-processed organic photovoltaics (OPVs). When supported on flexible plastic substrates these electrodes are stable toward repeated bending through a small radius of curvature over tens of thousands of cycles. The grid electrodes are fabricated by the unconventional approach of condensation coefficient modulation using a perfluorinated polymer shown to be far superior to the other compounds used for this purpose to date. The very narrow line width and small grid pitch that can be achieved also open the door to the possibility of using grid electrodes in OPVs without a conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) layer to span the gaps between grid lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlie Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Seungsoo Choi
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Ross A Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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17
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Myja H, Yang Z, Goldthorpe IA, Jones AJB, Musselman KP, Grundmann A, Kalisch H, Vescan A, Heuken M, Kümmell T, Bacher G. Silver nanowire electrodes for transparent light emitting devices based on WS 2monolayers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34. [PMID: 37040718 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/accbc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers with their direct band gap in the visible to near-infrared spectral range have emerged over the past years as highly promising semiconducting materials for optoelectronic applications. Progress in scalable fabrication methods for TMDCs like metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and the ambition to exploit specific material properties, such as mechanical flexibility or high transparency, highlight the importance of suitable device concepts and processing techniques. In this work, we make use of the high transparency of TMDC monolayers to fabricate transparent light-emitting devices (LEDs). MOCVD-grown WS2is embedded as the active material in a scalable vertical device architecture and combined with a silver nanowire (AgNW) network as a transparent top electrode. The AgNW network was deposited onto the device by a spin-coating process, providing contacts with a sheet resistance below 10 Ω sq-1and a transmittance of nearly 80%. As an electron transport layer we employed a continuous 40 nm thick zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, which was grown by atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD), a precise tool for scalable deposition of oxides with defined thickness. With this, LEDs with an average transmittance over 60% in the visible spectral range, emissive areas of several mm2and a turn-on voltage of around 3 V are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Myja
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Zhiqiao Yang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Irene A Goldthorpe
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander J B Jones
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevin P Musselman
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering and WIN, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Annika Grundmann
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Kalisch
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrei Vescan
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Heuken
- Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- AIXTRON SE, D-52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - Tilmar Kümmell
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Bacher
- Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik and CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
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18
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Chavan GT, Kim Y, Khokhar MQ, Hussain SQ, Cho EC, Yi J, Ahmad Z, Rosaiah P, Jeon CW. A Brief Review of Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO): The Influence of Different Deposition Techniques on the Efficiency of Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1226. [PMID: 37049320 PMCID: PMC10096935 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Global-warming-induced climate changes and socioeconomic issues increasingly stimulate reviews of renewable energy. Among energy-generation devices, solar cells are often considered as renewable sources of energy. Lately, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are playing a significant role as back/front contact electrodes in silicon heterojunction solar cells (SHJ SCs). In particular, the optimized Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) has served as a capable TCO material to improve the efficiency of SHJ SCs, due to excellent physicochemical properties such as high transmittance, electrical conductivity, mobility, bandgap, and a low refractive index. The doped-ITO thin films had promising characteristics and helped in promoting the efficiency of SHJ SCs. Further, SHJ technology, together with an interdigitated back contact structure, achieved an outstanding efficiency of 26.7%. The present article discusses the deposition of TCO films by various techniques, parameters affecting TCO properties, characteristics of doped and undoped TCO materials, and their influence on SHJ SC efficiency, based on a review of ongoing research and development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh T. Chavan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youngkuk Kim
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Quddamah Khokhar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Shahzada Qamar Hussain
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Eun-Chel Cho
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsin Yi
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Applied College, Mahala Campus, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pitcheri Rosaiah
- Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Chan-Wook Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
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19
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Enhanced performance of flexible quantum dot light-emitting diodes using a low-temperature processed PTAA hole transport layer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3780. [PMID: 36882468 PMCID: PMC9992373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature processing is important for improving the stability and performance of flexible quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). In this study, QLEDs were fabricated using poly[bis(4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) as a suitable hole transport layer (HTL) material owing to its low-temperature processability and vanadium oxide as the low-temperature solution-processable hole injection layer material. The maximum luminance and highest current efficiency of the QLEDs on a glass substrate with an optimal PTAA HTL was 8.9 × 104 Cd/m2 and 15.9 Cd/A, respectively, which was comparable to that of conventional devices. The QLEDs on a flexible substrate showed a maximum luminance of 5.4 × 104 Cd/m2 and highest current efficiency of 5.1 Cd/A. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies were used to investigate the chemical state and interfacial electronic structure according to the materials and the state changes of the HTL, respectively. The interfacial electronic structure showed that PTAA exhibited a better hole transport ability owing to its low hole injection barrier ([Formula: see text]). Moreover, QLEDs with a PTAA HTL could operate as photosensors under reverse bias conditions. These results indicate that the low-temperature-processed PTAA HTL is suitable for improving the performance of flexible QLEDs.
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20
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Mularso KT, Jeong JY, Han GS, Jung HS. Recent Strategies for High-Performing Indoor Perovskite Photovoltaics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:259. [PMID: 36678012 PMCID: PMC9865625 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of digital technology has made our lives more advanced as a society familiar with the Internet of Things (IoT). Solar cells are among the most promising candidates for power supply in IoT sensors. Perovskite photovoltaics (PPVs), which have already attained 25% and 40% power conversion efficiencies for outdoor and indoor light, respectively, are the best candidates for self-powered IoT system integration. In this review, we discuss recent research progress on PPVs under indoor light conditions, with a focus on device engineering to achieve high-performance indoor PPVs (Id-PPVs), including bandgap optimization and defect management. Finally, we discuss the challenges of Id-PPVs development and its interpretation as a potential research direction in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvian T. Mularso
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gill Sang Han
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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21
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Chowdhury TA, Bin Zafar MA, Sajjad-Ul Islam M, Shahinuzzaman M, Islam MA, Khandaker MU. Stability of perovskite solar cells: issues and prospects. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1787-1810. [PMID: 36712629 PMCID: PMC9828105 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though power conversion efficiency has already reached 25.8%, poor stability is one of the major challenges hindering the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Several initiatives, such as structural modification and fabrication techniques by numerous ways, have been employed by researchers around the world to achieve the desired level of stability. The goal of this review is to address the recent improvements in PSCs in terms of structural modification and fabrication procedures. Perovskite films are used to provide a broad range of stability and to lose up to 20% of their initial performance. A thorough comprehension of the effect of the fabrication process on the device's stability is considered to be crucial in order to provide the foundation for future attempts. We summarize several commonly used fabrication techniques - spin coating, doctor blade, sequential deposition, hybrid chemical vapor, and alternating layer-by-layer. The evolution of device structure from regular to inverted, HTL free, and ETL including the changes in material utilization from organic to inorganic, as well as the perovskite material are presented in a systematic manner. We also aimed to gain insight into the functioning stability of PSCs, as well as practical information on how to increase their operational longevity through sensible device fabrication and materials processing, to promote PSC commercialization at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzi Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Bangladesh
| | - Md Arafat Bin Zafar
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Bangladesh
| | - Md Sajjad-Ul Islam
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Bangladesh
| | - M Shahinuzzaman
- Institute of Fuel Research and Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University DIU Rd Dhaka 1341 Bangladesh
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22
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Khamidy NI, Aflaha R, Nurfani E, Djamal M, Triyana K, Wasisto HS, Rianjanu A. Influence of dopant concentration on the ammonia sensing performance of citric acid-doped polyvinyl acetate nanofibers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4956-4966. [PMID: 36440647 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01382g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chemical modification of polymer nanofiber-based ammonia sensors by introducing dopants into the active layers has been proven as one of the low-cost routes to enhance their sensing performance. Herein, we investigate the influence of different citric acid (CA) concentrations on electrospun polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) nanofibers coated on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducers as gravimetric ammonia sensors. The developed CA-doped PVAc nanofiber sensors are tested against various concentrations of ammonia vapors, in which their key sensing performance parameters (i.e., sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and repeatability) are studied in detail. The sensitivity and LOD values of 1.34 Hz ppm-1 and 1 ppm, respectively, can be obtained during ammonia exposure assessment. Adding CA dopants with a higher concentration not only increases the sensor sensitivity linearly, but also prolongs both response and recovery times. This finding allows us to better understand the dopant concentration effect, which subsequently can result in an appropriate strategy for manufacturing high-performance portable nanofiber-based sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Istiqomah Khamidy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung 35365, Lampung, Indonesia.
| | - Rizky Aflaha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara PO Box BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Eka Nurfani
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung 35365, Lampung, Indonesia.
| | - Mitra Djamal
- Department of Physics, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung 35365, Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Kuwat Triyana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara PO Box BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | | | - Aditya Rianjanu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung 35365, Lampung, Indonesia.
- Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung 35365, Lampung, Indonesia
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23
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Piskarev MS, Zinoviev AV, Skryleva EA, Senatulin BR, Gilman AB, Kuznetsov AA. Low-Temperature Plasma-Induced Changes in the Surface Chemical Composition of Polyethylene Naphthalate Films. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143922060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Thio SK, Park SY. A review of optoelectrowetting (OEW): from fundamentals to lab-on-a-smartphone (LOS) applications to environmental sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3987-4006. [PMID: 35916120 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) has been extensively explored as an active-type technology for small-scale liquid handling due to its several unique advantages, including no requirement of mechanical components, low power consumption, and rapid response time. However, conventional EWOD devices are often accompanied with complex fabrication processes for patterning and wiring of 2D arrayed electrodes. Furthermore, their sandwich device configuration makes integration with other microfluidic components difficult. More recently, optoelectrowetting (OEW), a light-driven mechanism for effective droplet manipulation, has been proposed as an alternative approach to overcome these issues. By utilizing optical addressing on a photoconductive surface, OEW can dynamically control an electrowetting phenomenon without the need for complex control circuitry on a chip, while providing higher functionality and flexibility. Using commercially available spatial light modulators such as LCD displays and smartphones, millions of optical pixels are readily generated to modulate virtual electrodes for large-scale droplet manipulations in parallel on low-cost OEW devices. The benefits of the OEW mechanism have seen it being variously explored in its potential biological and biochemical applications. This review article presents the fundamentals of OEW, discusses its research progress and limitations, highlights various technological advances and innovations, and finally introduces the emergence of the OEW technology as portable smartphone-integrated environmental sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Kuan Thio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Sung-Yong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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25
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Biswas S, Lee Y, Jang H, Han S, Kim H. Improved mechanical stability of indium zinc tin oxide based flexible transparent electrode through interlayer treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Biswas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Jang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Selim Han
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
- AI Robot R&D Department Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) Ansan South Korea
| | - Hyeok Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Smart Sensor System of Seoul (CS4) University of Seoul Seoul Republic of Korea
- Central Business, SENSOMEDI Cheongju‐si Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sensor System, SENSOMEDI, Seoul Biohub Seoul Republic of Korea
- Energy Flex Seoul Republic of Korea
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26
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Singh G. Single shot polarimetric characterization of the polymer based flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Singh
- Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala India
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27
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Chou E, Sui Y, Chong H, Brancel C, Lewandowski JJ, Zorman CA, Wnek GE. Critical Salt Loading in Flexible Poly(vinyl alcohol) Sensors Fabricated by an Inkjet Printing and Plasma Reduction Method. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1437. [PMID: 36144061 PMCID: PMC9506290 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a low-temperature inkjet printing and plasma treatment method using silver nitrate ink that allows the fabrication of conductive silver traces on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film with good fidelity and without degrading the polymer substrate. In doing so, we also identify a critical salt loading in the film that is necessary to prevent the polymer from reacting with the silver nitrate-based ink, which improves the resolution of the silver trace while simultaneously lowering its sheet resistance. Silver lines printed on PVA film using this method have sheet resistances of around 0.2 Ω/□ under wet/dry and stretched/unstretched conditions, while PVA films without prior treatment double in sheet resistance upon wetting or stretching the substrate. This low resistance of printed lines on salt-treated films can be preserved under multiple bending cycles of 0-90° and stretching cycles of 0-6% strain if the polymer is prestretched prior to inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Chou
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yongkun Sui
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hao Chong
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christina Brancel
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John J. Lewandowski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christian A. Zorman
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gary E. Wnek
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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28
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Mattinen M, Gity F, Coleman E, Vonk JFA, Verheijen MA, Duffy R, Kessels WMM, Bol AA. Atomic Layer Deposition of Large-Area Polycrystalline Transition Metal Dichalcogenides from 100 °C through Control of Plasma Chemistry. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:7280-7292. [PMID: 36032554 PMCID: PMC9404538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2, are intensely studied for applications in electronics. However, the difficulty of depositing large-area films of sufficient quality under application-relevant conditions remains a major challenge. Herein, we demonstrate deposition of polycrystalline, wafer-scale MoS2, TiS2, and WS2 films of controlled thickness at record-low temperatures down to 100 °C using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. We show that preventing excess sulfur incorporation from H2S-based plasma is the key to deposition of crystalline films, which can be achieved by adding H2 to the plasma feed gas. Film composition, crystallinity, growth, morphology, and electrical properties of MoS x films prepared within a broad range of deposition conditions have been systematically characterized. Film characteristics are correlated with results of field-effect transistors based on MoS2 films deposited at 100 °C. The capability to deposit MoS2 on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates showcases the potential of our process for flexible devices. Furthermore, the composition control achieved by tailoring plasma chemistry is relevant for all low-temperature plasma-enhanced deposition processes of metal chalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika Mattinen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Farzan Gity
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Emma Coleman
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Joris F. A. Vonk
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eurofins
Materials Science Netherlands, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ray Duffy
- Tyndall
National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Wilhelmus M. M. Kessels
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth A. Bol
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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29
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Wang Y, Wang T, Liu Y, Geng HZ, Zhang L. Environment-friendly AgNWs/Ti3C2Tx transparent conductive film based on natural fish gelatin for degradable electronics. Front Chem 2022; 10:973115. [PMID: 35991595 PMCID: PMC9388723 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.973115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the electronic waste (E-waste) has become the most serious environmental trouble because of the iteration of electronic products. Transparent conductive films (TCFs) are the key component of flexible electronic devices, so the development of devices based on degradable TCFs has become an important way to alleviate the problem of E-waste. Gelatin, one of the most prevalent natural biomacromolecules, has drawn increasing attention due to its good film-forming ability, superior biocompatibility, excellent degradability, and commercial availability at a relatively low cost, but has few applications in flexible electronics. Here, we report a method for preparing flexible TCF based on naturally degradable material-fish gelatin, in which silver nanowires and Ti3C2Tx flakes were used as conductive fillers. The obtained TCF has low roughness (RMS roughness = 5.62 nm), good photoelectric properties (Rs = 25.2 Ω/sq., T = ca.85% at 550 nm), strong interfacial adhesion and good degradability. Moreover, the film showed excellent application in the field of EMI shielding and green light OLED device. We believe that these TCFs will shine in the smart wearable field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Ultrasonic Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Materials Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
- Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Zhongyuan Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Materials Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhang Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Zhang Geng, ; Lianzhong Zhang,
| | - Lianzhong Zhang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Ultrasonic Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Zhang Geng, ; Lianzhong Zhang,
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30
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Shukla DK, Dey A, Singh A, Tripathi SN, Bonda S, Saha S, Iyer PK, Srivastava VK, Jasra RV. Disentangled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene thin film as a transparent substrate for flexible flat panel display. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devesh K. Shukla
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division Reliance Industries Ltd. Vadodara Gujarat India
| | - Anamika Dey
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam India
| | - Ashish Singh
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Anurag University Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Sandeep N. Tripathi
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park (RCP) Reliance Industries Ltd. Navi Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Sateesh Bonda
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division Reliance Industries Ltd. Vadodara Gujarat India
| | - Sukdeb Saha
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division Reliance Industries Ltd. Vadodara Gujarat India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam India
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam India
| | - Vivek K. Srivastava
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park (RCP) Reliance Industries Ltd. Navi Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Raksh Vir Jasra
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division Reliance Industries Ltd. Vadodara Gujarat India
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31
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Liu Y, Liu B, Ma CQ, Huang F, Feng G, Chen H, Hou J, Yan L, Wei Q, Luo Q, Bao Q, Ma W, Liu W, Li W, Wan X, Hu X, Han Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zou Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Meng L, Li Y, Chen Y, Tang Z, Hu Z, Zhang ZG, Bo Z. Recent progress in organic solar cells (Part II device engineering). Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Son SY, Lee G, Wang H, Samson S, Wei Q, Zhu Y, You W. Integrating charge mobility, stability and stretchability within conjugated polymer films for stretchable multifunctional sensors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2739. [PMID: 35585062 PMCID: PMC9117230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are promising semiconductors for intrinsically stretchable electronic devices. Ideally, such CPs should exhibit high charge mobility, excellent stability, and high stretchability. However, converging all these desirable properties in CPs has not been achieved via molecular design and/or device engineering. This work details the design, synthesis and characterization of a random polythiophene (RP-T50) containing ~50 mol% of thiophene units with a thermocleavable tertiary ester side chain and ~50 mol% of unsubstituted thiophene units, which, upon thermocleavage of alkyl chains, shows significant improvement of charge mobility and stability. Thermal annealing a RP-T50 film coated on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate spontaneously generates wrinkling in the polymer film, which effectively enhances the stretchability of the polymer film. The wrinkled RP-T50-based stretchable sensors can effectively detect humidity, ethanol, temperature and light even under 50% uniaxial and 30% biaxial strains. Our discoveries offer new design rationale of strategically applying CPs to intrinsically stretchable electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Stephanie Samson
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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33
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Indanone‐Based Copper(II) Molecular Materials as Potential Semiconductors for Optoelectronic Devices. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Hussain F, Fayzan Shakir HM, Ali A, Rehan ZA, Zubair Z. Development and characterization of cyclic compound-based biaxially stretched smart polymeric film for futuristic flexible electronic devices. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Dkhili M, Lucarelli G, De Rossi F, Taheri B, Hammedi K, Ezzaouia H, Brunetti F, Brown TM. Attributes of High-Performance Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells on Flexible PET versus on Glass. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:4096-4107. [PMID: 35497682 PMCID: PMC9044394 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport layers (ETLs) play a fundamental role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) through charge extraction. Here, we developed flexible PSCs on 12 different kinds of ETLs based on SnO2. We show that ETLs need to be specifically developed for plastic substrates in order to attain 15% efficient flexible cells. Recipes developed for glass substrates do not typically transfer directly. Among all the ETLs, ZnO/SnO2 double layers delivered the highest average power conversion efficiency of 14.6% (best cell 14.8%), 39% higher than that of flexible cells of the same batch based on SnO2-only ETLs. However, the cells with a single ETL made of SnO2 nanoparticles were found to be more stable as well as more efficient and reproducible than SnO2 formed from a liquid precursor (SnO2-LP). We aimed at increasing the understanding of what makes a good ETL on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. More so than ensuring electron transport (as seen from on-current and series resistance analysis), delivering high shunt resistances (R SH) and lower recombination currents (I off) is key to obtain high efficiency. In fact, R SH of PSCs fabricated on glass was twice as large, and I off was 76% lower in relative terms, on average, than those on PET, indicating considerably better blocking behavior of ETLs on glass, which to a large extent explains the differences in average PCE (+29% in relative terms for glass vs PET) between these two types of devices. Importantly, we also found a clear trend for all ETLs and for different substrates between the wetting behavior of each surface and the final performance of the device, with efficiencies increasing with lower contact angles (ranging between ∼50 and 80°). Better wetting, with average contact angles being lower by 25% on glass versus PET, was conducive to delivering higher-quality layers and interfaces. This cognizance can help further optimize flexible devices and close the efficiency gap that still exists with their glass counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Dkhili
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory
of Semiconductors, Nanostructures and Advanced Technology (LSNTA), Research and Technology Centre of Energy (CRTEn), BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Photovoltaic
Laboratory, Research and Technology Centre
of Energy (CRTEn), BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Giulia Lucarelli
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Rossi
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Babak Taheri
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Khadija Hammedi
- Laboratory
of Semiconductors, Nanostructures and Advanced Technology (LSNTA), Research and Technology Centre of Energy (CRTEn), BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Photovoltaic
Laboratory, Research and Technology Centre
of Energy (CRTEn), BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Ezzaouia
- Laboratory
of Semiconductors, Nanostructures and Advanced Technology (LSNTA), Research and Technology Centre of Energy (CRTEn), BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Photovoltaic
Laboratory, Research and Technology Centre
of Energy (CRTEn), BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Brown
- CHOSE
(Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Subramanian A, Azimi M, Leong CY, Lee SL, Santato C, Cicoira F. Solution-Processed Titanium Dioxide Ion-Gated Transistors and Their Application for pH Sensing. FRONTIERS IN ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/felec.2022.813535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an abundant metal oxide, widely used in food industry, cosmetics, medicine, water treatment and electronic devices. TiO2 is of interest for next-generation indium-free thin-film transistors and ion-gated transistors due to its tunable optoelectronic properties, ambient stability, and solution processability. In this work, we fabricated TiO2 films using a wet chemical approach and demonstrated their transistor behavior with room temperature ionic liquids and aqueous electrolytes. In addition, we demonstrated the pH sensing behavior of the TiO2 IGTs with a sensitivity of ∼48 mV/pH. Furthermore, we demonstrated a low temperature (120°C), solution processed TiO2-based IGTs on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, which were stable under moderate tensile bending.
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Dielectric, structural and mechanical properties of thermally aged biaxially oriented polymeric substrates for flexible electronics. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Semiconducting Polymer Nanowires with Highly Aligned Molecules for Polymer Field Effect Transistors. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have emerged as promising materials for next-generation electronics. However, in spite of having several advantages, such as a low cost, large area processability and flexibility, polymer-based electronics have their own limitations concerning low electrical performance. To achieve high-performance polymer electronic devices, various strategies have been suggested, including aligning polymer backbones in the desired orientation. In the present paper, we report a simple patterning technique using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold that can fabricate highly aligned nanowires of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor–acceptor-type copolymer (poly (diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-thieno [3,2-b] thiophene), DPP-DTT) for high-performance field effect transistors. The morphology of the patterns was controlled by changing the concentration of the DPP-based copolymer solution (1, 3, 5 mg mL−1). The molecular alignment properties of three different patterns were observed with a polarized optical microscope, polarized UV-vis spectroscopy and an X-ray diffractometer. DPP-DTT nanowires made with 1 mg mL−1 solution are highly aligned and the polymer field-effect transistors based on nanowires exhibit more than a five times higher charge carrier mobility as compared to spin-coated film-based devices.
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Zarabinia N, Lucarelli G, Rasuli R, De Rossi F, Taheri B, Javanbakht H, Brunetti F, Brown TM. Simple and effective deposition method for solar cell perovskite films using a sheet of paper. iScience 2022; 25:103712. [PMID: 35098098 PMCID: PMC8783128 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most laboratories employ spin coating with application of antisolvent to achieve high efficiency in perovskite solar cells. However, this method wastes a lot of material and is not industrially usable. Conversely, large area coating techniques such as blade and slot-die require high precision engineering both for deposition of ink and for gas or for electromagnetic drying procedures that replace, out of necessity, anti-solvent engineering. Here we present a simple and effective method to deposit uniform high-quality perovskite films with a piece of paper as an applicator at low temperatures. We fabricated solar cells on flexible PET substrates manually with 11% power conversion efficiency. Deposition after soaking the sheet of paper in a green antisolvent improved the efficiency by 82% compared to when using dry paper as applicator. This new technique enables manual film deposition without any expensive equipment and has the potential to be fully automated for future optimization and exploitation. New method for depositing perovskite films with a piece of paper is demonstrated Soaking paper applicator in antisolvent boosts efficiency of solar cells by 82% Paper possesses right porosity and smoothness for deposition of high quality films Flexible perovskite solar cell efficiency made manually via paper applicator is 11%
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Zarabinia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Giulia Lucarelli
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Reza Rasuli
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Francesca De Rossi
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Babak Taheri
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamed Javanbakht
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author
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Tang X, Li KH, Zhao Y, Sui Y, Liang H, Liu Z, Liao CH, Babatain W, Lin R, Wang C, Lu Y, Alqatari FS, Mei Z, Tang W, Li X. Quasi-Epitaxial Growth of β-Ga 2O 3-Coated Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Tape for Flexible UV Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1304-1314. [PMID: 34936328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The epitaxial growth of technically important β-Ga2O3 semiconductor thin films has not been realized on flexible substrates due to the limitations of high-temperature crystallization conditions and lattice-matching requirements. We demonstrate the epitaxial growth of β-Ga2O3(-201) thin films on flexible CeO2(001)-buffered Hastelloy tape. The results indicate that CeO2(001) has a small bi-axial lattice mismatch with β-Ga2O3(-201), inducing simultaneous double-domain epitaxial growth. Flexible photodetectors are fabricated on the epitaxial β-Ga2O3-coated tape. Measurements reveal that the photodetectors have a responsivity of 4 × 104 mA/W, with an on/off ratio reaching 1000 under 254 nm incident light and 5 V bias voltage. Such a photoelectrical performance is within the mainstream level of β-Ga2O3-based photodetectors using conventional rigid single-crystal substrates. More importantly, it remained robust against more than 20,000 bending test cycles. Moreover, the technique paves the way for the direct in situ epitaxial growth of other flexible oxide semiconductor devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuang-Hui Li
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Sui
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huili Liang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zeng Liu
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science and State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Che-Hao Liao
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedyan Babatain
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), MMH Labs, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rongyu Lin
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chuanju Wang
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Lu
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feras S Alqatari
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zengxia Mei
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science and State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Xiaohang Li
- Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The low melting temperature In-48Sn alloy is a promising candidate for flexible devices. However, the joint strength of the In-48Sn alloy on the Cu substrate was low due to the rapid diffusion of Cu into the In-rich alloy. In this study, the effect of the addition of xCu (x = 2.0 and 8.0 wt.%) on wettability, interfacial reaction, and mechanical strength of the In-Sn-xCu/Cu joint is analyzed. The results demonstrate that both the In-48Sn and In-Sn-xCu alloys exhibit good wettability on the Cu substrate and that the contact angle increases with an increase in the Cu content. Furthermore, fine grains are observed in the alloy matrix of the In-Sn-xCu/Cu joint and the interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) comprising the Cu-rich Cu6(In,Sn)5 near the Cu substrate and the Cu-deficient Cu(In,Sn)2 near the solder side. The In-Sn-2.0Cu/Cu joint with fine microstructure and a small amount of IMC in the alloy matrix shows the highest average shear strength of 16.5 MPa. Although the In-Sn-8.0Cu/Cu joint also exhibits fine grains, the presence of large number of voids and rough interfacial IMC layer causes the formation of additional stress concentration points, thereby reducing the average shear strength of the joint.
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42
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Stanculescu A, Socol M, Rasoga O, Breazu C, Preda N, Stanculescu F, Socol G, Vacareanu L, Girtan M, Doroshkevich AS. Arylenevinylene Oligomer-Based Heterostructures on Flexible AZO Electrodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7688. [PMID: 34947285 PMCID: PMC8709386 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the optical and electrical properties of flexible single and bi-layer organic heterostructures prepared by vacuum evaporation with a p-type layer of arylenevinylene oligomers, based on carbazole, 3,3' bis(N hexylcarbazole)vinylbenzene = L13, or triphenylamine, 1,4 bis [4 (N,N' diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene = L78, and an n-type layer of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyrydil)21H,23H-porphyne = TPyP. Transparent conductor films of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) with high transparency, >90% for wavelengths > 400 nm, and low resistivity, between 6.9 × 10-4 Ω·cm and 23 × 10-4 Ω·cm, were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on flexible substrates of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The properties of the heterostructures based on oligomers and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) were compared, emphasizing the effect of the surface morphology. The measurements revealed a good absorption in the visible range of the PET/AZO/arylenevinylene oligomer/TPyP heterostructures and a typical injection contact behavior with linear (ZnPc, L78) or non-linear (L13) J-V characteristics in the dark, at voltages < 0.4 V. The heterostructure PET/AZO/L78/TPyP/Al showed a current density of ~1 mA/cm2 at a voltage of 0.3 V. The correlation between the roughness exponent, evaluated from the height-height correlation function, grain shape, and electrical behavior was analyzed. Consequently, the oligomer based on triphenylamine could be a promising replacement of donor ZnPc in flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Stanculescu
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Marcela Socol
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Oana Rasoga
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Carmen Breazu
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicoleta Preda
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (M.S.); (O.R.); (C.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Florin Stanculescu
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Socol
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-36, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Loredana Vacareanu
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry, P. Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Girtan
- Laboratoire LPHIA, Université d’Angers, LUNAM 2, Bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France;
| | - Aleksandr S. Doroshkevich
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie Str., 141980 Dubna, Russia;
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43
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Kim S, Hoang VQ, Bark CW. Silicon-Based Technologies for Flexible Photovoltaic (PV) Devices: From Basic Mechanism to Manufacturing Technologies. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112944. [PMID: 34835711 PMCID: PMC8617805 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, silicon-based solar cells have been used in the photovoltaic (PV) industry because of the abundance of silicon material and the mature fabrication process. However, as more electrical devices with wearable and portable functions are required, silicon-based PV solar cells have been developed to create solar cells that are flexible, lightweight, and thin. Unlike flexible PV systems (inorganic and organic), the drawbacks of silicon-based solar cells are that they are difficult to fabricate as flexible solar cells. However, new technologies have emerged for flexible solar cells with silicon. In this paper, we describe the basic energy-conversion mechanism from light and introduce various silicon-based manufacturing technologies for flexible solar cells. In addition, for high energy-conversion efficiency, we deal with various technologies (process, structure, and materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmo Kim
- School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Van Quy Hoang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Chung Wung Bark
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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44
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Ultra-Flexible Organic Solar Cell Based on Indium-Zinc-Tin Oxide Transparent Electrode for Power Source of Wearable Devices. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102633. [PMID: 34685074 PMCID: PMC8538036 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel structure of ultra-flexible organic photovoltaics (UFOPVs) for application as a power source for wearable devices with excellent biocompatibility and flexibility. Parylene was applied as an ultra-flexible substrate through chemical vapor deposition. Indium-zinc-tin oxide (IZTO) thin film was used as a transparent electrode. The sputtering target composed of 70 at.% In2O3-15 at.% ZnO-15 at.% SnO2 was used. It was fabricated at room temperature, using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering, with an amorphous structure. UFOPVs, in which a 1D grating pattern was introduced into the hole-transport and photoactive layers were fabricated, showed a 13.6% improvement (maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE): 8.35%) compared to the reference device, thereby minimizing reliance on the incident angle of the light. In addition, after 1000 compression/relaxation tests with a compression strain of 33%, the PCE of the UFOPVs maintained a maximum of 93.3% of their initial value.
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45
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Hermawan A, Amrillah T, Riapanitra A, Ong W, Yin S. Prospects and Challenges of MXenes as Emerging Sensing Materials for Flexible and Wearable Breath-Based Biomarker Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100970. [PMID: 34318999 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fully integrated, flexible, and functional sensing device for exhaled breath analysis drastically transforms conventional medical diagnosis to non-invasive, low-cost, real-time, and personalized health care. 2D materials based on MXenes offer multiple advantages for accurately detecting various breath biomarkers compared to conventional semiconducting oxides. High surface sensitivity, large surface-to-weight ratio, room temperature detection, and easy-to-assemble structures are vital parameters for such sensing devices in which MXenes have demonstrated all these properties both experimentally and theoretically. So far, MXenes-based flexible sensor is successfully fabricated at a lab-scale and is predicted to be translated into clinical practice within the next few years. This review presents a potential application of MXenes as emerging materials for flexible and wearable sensor devices. The biomarkers from exhaled breath are described first, with emphasis on metabolic processes and diseases indicated by abnormal biomarkers. Then, biomarkers sensing performances provided by MXenes families and the enhancement strategies are discussed. The method of fabrications toward MXenes integration into various flexible substrates is summarized. Finally, the fundamental challenges and prospects, including portable integration with Internet-of-Thing (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), are addressed to realize marketization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angga Hermawan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University 3‐15‐1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386‐8567 Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2‐1‐1 Katahira, Aoba‐ku Sendai Miyagi 980‐8577 Japan
| | - Tahta Amrillah
- Department of Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60115 Indonesia
| | - Anung Riapanitra
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto 53122 Indonesia
| | - Wee‐Jun Ong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Malaysia Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900 Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy & Catalysis Technology (CONNECT) Xiamen University Malaysia Sepang Selangor Darul Ehsan 43900 Malaysia
| | - Shu Yin
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2‐1‐1 Katahira, Aoba‐ku Sendai Miyagi 980‐8577 Japan
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Yoon KY, Park J, Jung M, Ji SG, Lee H, Seo JH, Kwak MJ, Il Seok S, Lee JH, Jang JH. NiFeO x decorated Ge-hematite/perovskite for an efficient water splitting system. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4309. [PMID: 34262036 PMCID: PMC8280122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To boost the photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of hematite photoanodes, high temperature annealing has been widely applied to enhance crystallinity, to improve the interface between the hematite-substrate interface, and to introduce tin-dopants from the substrate. However, when using additional dopants, the interaction between the unintentional tin and intentional dopant is poorly understood. Here, using germanium, we investigate how tin diffusion affects overall photoelectrochemical performance in germanium:tin co-doped systems. After revealing that germanium is a better dopant than tin, we develop a facile germanium-doping method which suppresses tin diffusion from the fluorine doped tin oxide substrate, significantly improving hematite performance. The NiFeOx@Ge-PH photoanode shows a photocurrent density of 4.6 mA cm-2 at 1.23 VRHE with a low turn-on voltage. After combining with a perovskite solar cell, our tandem system achieves 4.8% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency (3.9 mA cm-2 in NiFeOx@Ge-PH/perovskite solar water splitting system). Our work provides important insights on a promising diagnostic tool for future co-doping system design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Yong Yoon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyung Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jung
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Geun Ji
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosik Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hui Seo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jun Kwak
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Il Seok
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Yang X, Zhang M. Review of flexible microelectromechanical system sensors and devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Menglun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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48
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Li H, Wang Z, Qu Z, Liang Z, Chen Y, Ma Y, Feng X. Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Monitoring Hypoxia. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:559-567. [PMID: 34101597 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3087636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia refers to insufficient oxygen amounts at the tissue level unable to maintain adequate homeostasis. Severe hypoxia may occur in the absence of subjective breathlessness due to respiratory failure. Precise monitoring of low blood oxygen saturation is crucially desired, catering to the clinical requirements. However, current pulse oximeters cannot function well in monitoring peripheral oxygen saturation limited by the weak peripheral blood circulation at a low oxygen level. In this work, we propose a flexible hybrid electronic (FHE) with a compact structure and high sensitivity for conveniently monitoring hypoxia. This FHE is composed of 10-µm thickness semiconductors with different materials, functionalities, and sizes. Its performance is demonstrated by monitoring arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) at the body's different arteries. The absolute error is less than 2% within a SaO2 ranging from 99% to 63%. The efficient techniques presented in this work may bring light to the next-generation flexible hybrid electronics and provide potential widespread use in research and clinical applications, especially for emergency treatment.
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Barcelos DA, Leitao DC, Pereira LCJ, Gonçalves MC. What Is Driving the Growth of Inorganic Glass in Smart Materials and Opto-Electronic Devices? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2926. [PMID: 34072283 PMCID: PMC8198596 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic glass is a transparent functional material and one of the few materials that keeps leading innovation. In the last decades, inorganic glass was integrated into opto-electronic devices such as optical fibers, semiconductors, solar cells, transparent photovoltaic devices, or photonic crystals and in smart materials applications such as environmental, pharmaceutical, and medical sensors, reinforcing its influence as an essential material and providing potential growth opportunities for the market. Moreover, inorganic glass is the only material that is 100% recyclable and can incorporate other industrial offscourings and/or residues to be used as raw materials. Over time, inorganic glass experienced an extensive range of fabrication techniques, from traditional melting-quenching (with an immense diversity of protocols) to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and wet chemistry routes as sol-gel and solvothermal processes. Additive manufacturing (AM) was recently added to the list. Bulks (3D), thin/thick films (2D), flexible glass (2D), powders (2D), fibers (1D), and nanoparticles (NPs) (0D) are examples of possible inorganic glass architectures able to integrate smart materials and opto-electronic devices, leading to added-value products in a wide range of markets. In this review, selected examples of inorganic glasses in areas such as: (i) magnetic glass materials, (ii) solar cells and transparent photovoltaic devices, (iii) photonic crystal, and (iv) smart materials are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alves Barcelos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- CQE, Centro de Química Estrutural, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana C. Leitao
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias, R. Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura C. J. Pereira
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2685-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal;
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2685-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Maria Clara Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- CQE, Centro de Química Estrutural, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Marques AS, Faria RM, Freitas JN, Nogueira AF. Low-Temperature Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano S. Marques
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto M. Faria
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jilian N. Freitas
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer—CTI, 13069-901 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana F. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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