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TAKAHARA A, ISHIGE R, HIRAI T, NISHIBORI M, HIGAKI Y, YAMAZOE K, HARADA Y. Characterization of Soft Materials by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Based Scattering and Spectroscopic Techniques. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2022. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.71.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi TAKAHARA
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technologies, Kyushu University
| | - Ryohei ISHIGE
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Tomoyasu HIRAI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology
| | - Maiko NISHIBORI
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University
| | - Yuji HIGAKI
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Oita University
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Gao X, Yamamoto K, Hirai T, Ohta N, Uchiyama T, Watanabe T, Imai H, Sugawara S, Shinohara K, Uchimoto Y. Impact of the Composition of Alcohol/Water Dispersion on the Proton Transport and Morphology of Cast Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomer Thin Films. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14130-14137. [PMID: 34124435 PMCID: PMC8190810 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion of perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers in catalyst inks is an important factor that controls the performance of catalyst layers in membrane electrode assemblies of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Herein, the effects of water/alcohol compositions on the morphological properties and proton transport are examined by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The thin films cast by a high water/alcohol ratio Nafion dispersion have high proton conductivity and well-defined hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation, which indicates that the proton conductivity and morphology of the Nafion thin films are strongly influenced by the state of dispersion. This finding is expected to further understand the morphology and proton transport properties of Nafion thin films with different water/alcohol ratios, which has implications for the performance of the Pt/Nafion interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of
Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Hideto Imai
- Nissan
Analysis and Research Center, 1, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Seiho Sugawara
- Fuel
Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center Technology Research Association, 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shinohara
- Fuel
Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center Technology Research Association, 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
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Takahara A, Higaki Y, Hirai T, Ishige R. Application of Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy to Soft Matter. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071624. [PMID: 32708350 PMCID: PMC7407237 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Light produced by synchrotron radiation (SR) is much brighter than that produced by conventional laboratory X-ray sources. The photon energy of SR X-ray ranges from soft and tender X-rays to hard X-rays. Moreover, X-rays become element sensitive with decreasing photon energy. By using a wide energy range and high-quality light of SR, different scattering and spectroscopic methods were applied to various soft matters. We present five of our recent studies performed using specific light properties of a synchrotron facility, which are as follows: (1) In situ USAXS study to understand the deformation behavior of colloidal crystals during uniaxial stretching; (2) structure characterization of semiconducting polymer thin films along the film thickness direction by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering using tender X-rays; (3) X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis of the formation mechanism of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT); (4) soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopic analysis of water structure in polyelectrolyte brushes; and (5) X-ray photon correlation spectroscopic analysis of the diffusion behavior of polystyrene-grafted nanoparticles dispersed in a polystyrene matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishige
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (Y.H.); (T.H.); (R.I.)
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, E4-5, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Gao X, Yamamoto K, Hirai T, Uchiyama T, Ohta N, Takao N, Matsumoto M, Imai H, Sugawara S, Shinohara K, Uchimoto Y. Morphology Changes in Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer from Thickness and Thermal Treatment Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3871-3878. [PMID: 32168455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphological changes of Nafion thin films with thicknesses from 10 to 200 nm on Pt substrate with various annealing histories (unannealed to 240 °C) were systematically investigated using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). The results revealed that the hydrophilic ionic domain and hydrophobic backbone in Nafion thin films changed significantly when the annealing treatment exceeded the cluster transition temperature, which decreased proton conductivity, due to the constrained hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation, and increased the crystalline-rich domain. This research contributed to the understanding of ionomer thermal stability in the catalyst layer, which is subjected to thermal annealing during the hot-pressing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Graduated School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Graduated School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uchiyama
- Graduated School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Naoki Takao
- Nissan Analysis and Research Center, 1, Natsushimacho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Masashi Matsumoto
- Nissan Analysis and Research Center, 1, Natsushimacho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Hideto Imai
- Nissan Analysis and Research Center, 1, Natsushimacho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Seiho Sugawara
- Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center Technology Research Association, 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shinohara
- Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center Technology Research Association, 2-3-26, Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduated School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Zuo B, Bai L, Li Z, Xu H, Li Y, Wang X. A Nanoconfinement Effect Imposed by the Limited End-to-End Distance of the Grafted Chains on a Molecular Aggregation of Polymer Brushes with Crystalline Side Groups. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Kamitani K, Hamada A, Yokomachi K, Ninomiya K, Uno K, Mukai M, Konishi Y, Ohta N, Nishibori M, Hirai T, Takahara A. Depth-Resolved Characterization of Perylenediimide Side-Chain Polymer Thin Film Structure Using Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction with Tender X-rays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8516-8521. [PMID: 29950098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with a perylenediimide (PDI) side chain (PAc12PDI) consist of two kinds of crystalline structures with various types of orientations in a thin film. Understanding the population of the microcrystalline structure and its orientation along the thickness is strongly desired. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction (GIWAXD) measurements with hard X-rays, which are generally chosen as λ = 0.1 nm, are a powerful tool to evaluate the molecular aggregation structure in thin films. A depth-resolved analysis for the outermost surface of the polymeric materials using conventional GIWAXD measurements, however, has limitations on depth resolution because the X-ray penetration depth dramatically increases above the critical angle. Meanwhile, tender X-rays (λ = 0.5 nm) have the potential advantage that the penetration depth gradually increases above the critical angle, leading to precise characterization for the population of crystallite distribution along the thickness. The population of the microcrystalline states in the PAc12PDI thin film was precisely characterized utilizing GIWAXD measurements using tender X-rays. The outermost surface of the PAc12PDI thin film is occupied by a monoclinic lattice with a = 2.38 nm, b = 0.74 nm, c = 5.98 nm, and β = 108.13°, while maintaining the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. Additionally, the presence of solid substrate controls the formation of the crystallite with unidirectional orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8 , Sayo , Hyogo 679-5198 , Japan
| | - Maiko Nishibori
- Research Center for Synchrotron Light Applications , Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasugakoen , Kasuga , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Takahara
- Research Center for Synchrotron Light Applications , Kyushu University , 6-1 Kasugakoen , Kasuga , Fukuoka 816-8580 , Japan
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