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Cappello M, Strangis G, Cinelli P, Camodeca C, Filippi S, Polacco G, Seggiani M. From Waste Vegetable Oil to a Green Compatibilizer for HDPE/PA6 Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4178. [PMID: 37896422 PMCID: PMC10611262 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When properly compatibilized, the blending of polyethylene (PE) and polyamide (PA) leads to materials that combine low prices, suitable processability, impact resistance, and attractive mechanical properties. Moreover, the possibility of using these polymers without prior separation may be a suitable opportunity for their recycling. In this work, the use of an epoxidized waste vegetable oil (EWVO) was investigated as a green compatibilizer precursor (CP) for the reactive blending of a high-density PE (HDPE) with a polyamide-6 (PA6). EWVO was synthesized from waste vegetable cooking oil (WVO) using ion-exchange resin (Amberlite) as a heterogeneous catalyst. HDPE/PA6 blends were produced with different weight ratios (25/75, 75/25, 85/15) and amounts of EWVO (1, 2, 5 phr). Samples with WVO or a commercial fossil-based CP were also prepared for comparison. All the blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and mechanical tests. In the case of HDPE/PA6 75/25 and 85/15 blends, the addition of EWVO at 2 phr showed a satisfactory compatibilizing effect, thus yielding a material with improved mechanical properties with respect to the blend without compatibilizer. On the contrary, the HDPE/PA6 25/75 ratio yielded a material with a high degree of crosslinking that could not be further processed or characterized. In conclusion, the results showed that EWVO had a suitable compatibilizing effect in HDPE/PA6 blends with high HDPE content, while it resulted in unsuitable for blends with high content of PA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cappello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanna Strangis
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Polacco
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (M.S.)
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2
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Sun B, Dang L, Bi Q, Li R, Gong Q, Wan Z, Xu S. Effect of Different Compatibilizers on the Mechanical, Flame Retardant, and Rheological Properties of Highly Filled Linear Low-Density Polyethylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4115. [PMID: 37896358 PMCID: PMC10611112 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maleic anhydride-modified homopolymerized polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) and maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-MAH) were used as bulking agents to improve the poor processing and mechanical properties of highly filled composites due to high filler content. In this study, a series of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites were prepared by the melt blending method, and the effects of the compatibilizer on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and rheological behavior of the composites were investigated. The addition of the compatibilizer decreased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of the composites, but they were all greater than 30.00%, which belonged to the flame retardant grade. Mechanical property tests showed that the addition of the compatibilizer significantly increased the tensile and impact strengths of the LLDPE/60MH (MH addition of 60 wt%) composites. Specifically, the addition of 5 wt% POE-g-MAH increased 154.07% and 415.47% compared to the LLDPE/60MH composites, respectively. The rotational rheology test showed that the addition of the compatibilizer could effectively improve the processing flow properties of the composites. However, due to the hydrocarbon structure of the compatibilizer, its flame retardant properties were adversely affected. This study provides a strategy that can improve the processing and mechanical properties of highly filled composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qiuyan Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Rujie Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qiuhui Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhihao Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shiai Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (B.S.); (Q.B.); (R.L.); (Q.G.); (Z.W.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Elhamnia M, Motlagh GH, Jafari SH. Improved barrier properties of biodegradable
PBAT
films for packaging applications using
EVOH
: Morphology, permeability, biodegradation, and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Elhamnia
- Advanced Polymer Materials and Processing Lab (APMP), School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Azmoon Dana Plastic Co. Polymer Testing & Research Lab Tehran Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Hashemi Motlagh
- Advanced Polymer Materials and Processing Lab (APMP), School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Azmoon Dana Plastic Co. Polymer Testing & Research Lab Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Jafari
- Advanced Polymer Materials and Processing Lab (APMP), School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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4
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Yi Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Fan S, Yang J, Mao L, Lin X, Peng S, zheng W. Biaxially stretched polyamide 6/ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer films with improved oxygen barrier and mechanical properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Lozay Q, Beuguel Q, Follain N, Lebrun L, Guinault A, Miquelard-Garnier G, Tencé-Girault S, Sollogoub C, Dargent E, Marais S. Structural and Barrier Properties of Compatibilized PE/PA6 Multinanolayer Films. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:75. [PMID: 33498457 PMCID: PMC7909415 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The barrier performance and structural lightening of organic materials are increasingly desired and constitute a major challenge for manufacturers, particularly for transport and packaging. A promising technique which tends to emerge in recent years is that of multinanolayer coextrusion. The advantage is that it can produce multilayers made of thousands of very thin layers, leading to new properties due to crystalline morphology changes induced by confinement. This paper is focusing on the study of multinanolayered films with alternated polyethylene (PE), compatibilizer (PEgMA) and polyamide 6 (PA6) layers and made by a forced assembly coextrusion process equipped with layer multiplying elements (LME). PE/PA6 multilayer films consisting of 5 to 2049 layers (respectively 0 to 9 LME) were successfully obtained with well-organized multilayered structure. The evolution of the morphology and the microstructure of these two semi-crystalline polymers, when the thickness of each polymer layer decreases from micro-scale to nano-scale, was correlated to the water and gas transport properties of the PE/PA multilayers. The expected improvement of barrier properties was limited due to the on-edge orientation of crystals in very thin PE and PA6 layers. Despite this change of crystalline morphology, a slight improvement of the gas barrier properties was shown by comparing experimental results with permeabilities predicted on the basis of a serial model developed by considering a PE/PA6 interphase. This interphase observed by TEM images and the on-edge crystal orientation in multilayers were evidenced from mechanical properties showing an increase of the stiffness and the strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lozay
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Quentin Beuguel
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
| | - Alain Guinault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Sylvie Tencé-Girault
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Cyrille Sollogoub
- Laboratoire PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; (Q.B.); (A.G.); (G.M.-G.); (S.T.-G.); (C.S.)
| | - Eric Dargent
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France; (Q.L.); (N.F.); (L.L.)
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6
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Liu S, Li C, Wu H, Guo S. Novel Structure to Improve Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends: Multilayered Ribbons. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chunhai Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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7
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Tamiya T, Cui X, Hsu YI, Kanno T, Asoh TA, Uyama H. Enhancement of interfacial adhesion in immiscible polymer blend by using a graft copolymer synthesized from propargyl-terminated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Crystallization, Structures, and Properties of Different Polyolefins with Similar Grafting Degree of Maleic Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030675. [PMID: 32197387 PMCID: PMC7182872 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafting to different polyolefins with similar grafting degree can have different effects on crystallization, crystal structure, and mechanical and thermal properties. The grafting leads to a smaller crystal size, less ordered lamellar structure, and a shorter long period for HDPE, LLDPE, and PP. The grafting makes PP lamellar packing less ordered the most and almost no effect to LLDPE. The grafting does not have that much impact on the crystallization ability of the HDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE/PP blend, but appreciably reduces the crystalline ability of PP-g-MAH, due to a dramatical drop in its molecular weight during the grafting process. As a result, the grafting makes PP a very brittle material with a lowered average melting point than the corresponding neat PP, but the grafting has almost no effect on elongation at break for LLDPE and some effect on HDPE (decreased by one-third). However, the PP degradation due to MAH grafting can be avoided in the presence of PE component, i.e., making the grafting of PP and PE at the same time with HDPE/PP blend. The grafted HDPE/PP blend shows a significantly improved compatibility, which leads to overall appreciably better mechanical properties than the neat HDPE/PP blend.
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9
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Dong W, He M, Ren F, Li Y, Hanada T, Lee S, Hakukawa H, Yamahira N, Horiuchi S. Interfacial stability of compatibilizers dictated by the thermodynamic interactions in an immiscible system and the effects of micelles on the crystallization of PLLA. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Dong
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University, No.16 Xuelin Road Hangzhou 310036 China
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL), AIST, 1‐1‐1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0031 Japan
| | - Meifeng He
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University, No.16 Xuelin Road Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Fanglu Ren
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University, No.16 Xuelin Road Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University, No.16 Xuelin Road Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Takeshi Hanada
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL), AIST, 1‐1‐1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0031 Japan
| | - Sungdoke Lee
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL), AIST, 1‐1‐1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0031 Japan
| | - Hideki Hakukawa
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL), AIST, 1‐1‐1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0031 Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamahira
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL), AIST, 1‐1‐1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0031 Japan
| | - Shin Horiuchi
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL), AIST, 1‐1‐1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0031 Japan
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10
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Wang X, Lin J, Viswanath V, Olah A, Baer E. Alkaline Battery Separators with High Electrolyte Absorption from Forced Assembly Coextruded Composite Tapes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Wang
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Building 422, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Jialu Lin
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Building 422, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Vidya Viswanath
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Building 422, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Andrew Olah
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Building 422, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Eric Baer
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Building 422, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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