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Oda A, Kamei Y, Hiroma T, Nakamura T. Static lung compliance suggests successful ECMO decannulation in neonates. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:861-862. [PMID: 33991159 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arata Oda
- Division of Neonatology, Nagano Children's Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kamei
- Division of Neonatology, Nagano Children's Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takehiko Hiroma
- Division of Neonatology, Nagano Children's Hospital, Nagano, Japan
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Acute Neonatal Respiratory Failure. PEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION 2015. [PMCID: PMC7193706 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation is one of the most common reasons for admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Respiratory failure is the inability to maintain either normal delivery of oxygen to the tissues or normal removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the respiratory workload and ventilatory strength and endurance. Definitions are somewhat arbitrary but suggested laboratory criteria for respiratory failure include two or more of the following: PaCO2 > 60 mmHg, PaO2 < 50 mmHg or O2 saturation <80 % with an FiO2 of 1.0 and pH < 7.25 (Wen et al. 2004).
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Ijsselstijn H, van Heijst AFJ. Long-term outcome of children treated with neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: increasing problems with increasing age. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38:114-21. [PMID: 24580767 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As more and more critically ill neonates survive, it becomes important to evaluate long-term morbidity. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of medical and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children who as neonates received treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Most patients-except those with congenital diaphragmatic hernia-have normal lung function and normal growth at older age. Maximal exercise capacity is below normal and seems to deteriorate over time in the CDH population. Gross motor function problems have been reported until school age. Although mental development is usually favorable within the first years and cognition is normal at school age, many children experience problems with working speed, spatial ability tasks, and memory. In conclusion, children who survived neonatal treatment with ECMO often encounter neurodevelopmental problems at school age. Long-term follow-up is needed to recognize problems early and to offer appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Ijsselstijn
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, Rotterdam NL-3015 GJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Arno F J van Heijst
- Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Antithrombin III administration in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia during the first three days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1837-42. [PMID: 24074654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of Antithrombin III (ATIII) on blood product requirement in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). METHODS A retrospective case control study of neonates presenting with or without congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) requiring ECMO between 2006 and 2010 was performed. Patient demographics, laboratory data, and information on blood products administered were compared in patients treated before (n=37) and after (n=38) a protocol for antithrombin-III (ATIII) administration was implemented. RESULTS During the first three days on ECMO patients with CDH received less fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets after ATIII administration was introduced (78.1 ± 19.2 ml/kg vs. 27.8 ± 6.2 ml/kg, p<0.007 and 67.8 ± 8.6 ml/kg vs. 47.8 ± 8.4 ml/kg, p=0.05 respectively), while FFP and platelet administration in patients without CDH was not different between the two periods. Patients both with and without CDH received less packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions after the ATIII protocol was introduced (230 ± 51.5 ml/kg vs. 73.8 ± 9.7 ml/kg, p<0.002 and 173.2 ± 22.2 ml/kg vs. 66.0 ± 6.6 ml/kg, p<0.001, respectively). Finally, cryoprecipitate administered was not different in patients with and without CDH between the two periods (13 ± 2.9 ml/kg vs. 15.9 ± 7.2 ml/kg, p=NS and 6.1 ± 1.8 ml/kg vs. 3.4 ± 0.6 ml/kg, p=NS, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Introduction of routine ATIII administration was associated with decreases in FFP, platelet, and PRBC exposure in neonates with CDH and decreases in PRBC transfusions in neonates without CDH during the first three days of ECMO support.
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Inspiratory capacity at inflation hold in ventilated newborns: a surrogate measure for static compliance of the respiratory system. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13:560-7. [PMID: 22460774 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e31823c99f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study appropriateness of respiratory system compliance calculation using an inflation hold and compare it with ventilator readouts of pressure and tidal volume as well as with measurement of compliance of the respiratory system with the single-breath-single-occlusion technique gained with a standard lung function measurement. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. SETTING Level III neonatal unit of a university hospital. SUBJECTS Sixty-seven newborns, born prematurely or at term, ventilated for a variety of pathologic conditions. INTERVENTIONS A standardized sigh maneuver with a predefined peak inspiratory pressure of 30 cm H2O, termed inspiratory capacity at inflation hold, was applied. Using tidal volume, exhaled from inspiratory pause down to ambient pressure, as displayed by the ventilator, and predefined peak inspiratory pressure, compliance at inspiratory capacity at inflation hold conditions could be calculated as well as ratio of tidal volume and ventilator pressure using tidal volume and differential pressure at baseline ventilator settings: peak inspiratory pressure minus positive end-expiratory pressure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS For the whole cohort, the equation for the regression between tidal volume at inspiratory capacity at inflation hold and compliance of the respiratory system was: compliance of the respiratory system = 0.052 * tidal volume at inspiratory capacity at inflation hold - 0.113, and compliance at inspiratory capacity at inflation hold conditions was closely related to the standard lung function measurement method of compliance of the respiratory system (R = 0.958). In contrast, ratio of tidal volume and ventilator pressure per kilogram calculated from the ventilator readouts and displayed against compliance of the respiratory system per kilogram yielded a broad scatter throughout the whole range of compliance; both were only weakly correlated (R = 0.309) and also the regression line was significantly different from the line of identity (p < .05). Peak inspiratory pressure at study entry did not affect the correlation between compliance at inspiratory capacity at inflation hold conditions and compliance of the respiratory system. CONCLUSIONS After a standard sigh maneuver, inspiratory capacity at inflation hold and the derived quantity compliance at inspiratory capacity at inflation hold conditions can be regarded as a valid, accurate, and reliable surrogate measure for standard compliance of the respiratory system in contrast to ratio of tidal volume and ventilator pressure calculated from the ventilator readouts during ongoing mechanical ventilation at respective ventilator settings.
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Respiratory support in meconium aspiration syndrome: a practical guide. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:965159. [PMID: 22518190 PMCID: PMC3299298 DOI: 10.1155/2012/965159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a complex respiratory disease of the term and near-term neonate. Inhalation of meconium causes airway obstruction, atelectasis, epithelial injury, surfactant inhibition, and pulmonary hypertension, the chief clinical manifestations of which are hypoxaemia and poor lung compliance. Supplemental oxygen is the mainstay of therapy for MAS, with around one-third of infants requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. For those ventilated, high ventilator pressures, as well as a relatively long inspiratory time and slow ventilator rate, may be necessary to achieve adequate oxygenation. High-frequency ventilation may offer a benefit in infants with refractory hypoxaemia and/or gas trapping. Inhaled nitric oxide is effective in those with pulmonary hypertension, and other adjunctive therapies, including surfactant administration and lung lavage, should be considered in selected cases. With judicious use of available modes of ventilation and adjunctive therapies, infants with even the most severe MAS can usually be supported through the disease, with an acceptably low risk of short- and long-term morbidities.
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Prospective longitudinal evaluation of lung function during the first year of life after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12:159-64. [PMID: 20581733 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181e8946e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To collect longitudinal data on lung function in the first year of life after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and to evaluate relationships between lung function and perinatal factors. Longitudinal data on lung function in the first year of life after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are lacking. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Outpatient clinic of a tertiary level pediatric hospital. PATIENTS The cohort consisted of 64 infants; 33 received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for meconium aspiration syndrome, 14 for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, four for sepsis, six for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate, and seven for respiratory distress syndrome of infancy. Evaluation was at 6 mos and 12 mos; 39 infants were evaluated at both time points . INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Functional residual capacity and forced expiratory flow at functional residual capacity were measured and expressed as z score. Mean (sem) functional residual capacities in z score were 0.0 (0.2) and 0.2 (0.2) at 6 mos and 12 mos, respectively. Mean (sem) forced expiratory flow was significantly below average (z score = 0) (p < .001) at 6 mos and 12 mos: -1.1 (0.1) and -1.2 (0.1), respectively. At 12 mos, infants with diaphragmatic hernia had a functional residual capacity significantly above normal: mean (sem) z score = 1.2 (0.5). CONCLUSIONS Infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have normal lung volumes and stable forced expiratory flows within normal range, although below average, within the first year of life. There is reason to believe, therefore, that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation either ameliorates the harmful effects of mechanical ventilation or somehow preserves lung function in the very ill neonate.
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Hermon M, Burda G, Male C, Boigner H, Ponhold W, Khoss A, Strohmaier W, Trittenwein G. Surfactant application during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation improves lung volume and pulmonary mechanics in children with respiratory failure. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2005; 9:R718-24. [PMID: 16280067 PMCID: PMC1414049 DOI: 10.1186/cc3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study was performed to determine whether surfactant application during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) improves lung volume, pulmonary mechanics, and chest radiographic findings in children with respiratory failure or after cardiac surgery. Methods This was a retrospective chart review study in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Seven patients received surfactant before weaning from ECMO was started (group S). They were compared to six patients treated with ECMO who did not receive surfactant (group C). These control patients were matched based on age, weight, and underlying diagnosis. Demographic data, ventilator settings, tidal volume, compliance of respiratory system (calculated from tidal volume/(peak inspiratory pressure – positive end-expiratory pressure), and ECMO flow were extracted. Chest radiographs were scored by two blinded and independent radiologists. Changes over time were compared between groups by repeated-measures analysis of variance (time*group interaction). Values are given as percentages of baseline values. Results The groups did not differ with regard to demographic data, duration of ECMO, ventilator settings, PICU and hospital days. After application of surfactant, mean tidal volume almost doubled in group S (from 100% before to 186.2%; p = 0.0053). No change was found in group C (100% versus 98.7%). Mean compliance increased significantly (p = 0.0067) in group S (from 100% to 176.1%) compared to group C (100% versus 97.6%). Radiographic scores tended to decrease in group S within 48 h following surfactant application. ECMO flow tended to decrease in group S within 10 h following surfactant application but not in group C. Mortality was not affected by treatment. Conclusion Surfactant application may be of benefit in children with respiratory failure treated with ECMO, but these findings need confirmation from prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hermon
- Professor of Pediatrics, Consultant in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Burda
- Consultant in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Male
- Professor of Pediatrics, Consultant in Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Boigner
- Fellow in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Ponhold
- Professor, Head of the Pediatric Radiology Department, Division of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Radiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - August Khoss
- Consultant of Pediatric Radiology, Division of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Radiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Strohmaier
- Professor of Biochemistry, Scientific Advisor, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Trittenwein
- Professor of Pediatrics, Head of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Szymankiewicz M, Vidyasagar D, Gadzinowski J. Predictors of successful extubation of preterm low-birth-weight infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:44-9. [PMID: 15636658 DOI: 10.1097/01.pcc.0000149136.28598.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to measure pulmonary mechanics in infants with respiratory distress syndrome before extubation and to correlate pulmonary function values with successful extubation. DESIGN Clinical study. SETTING Neonatal intensive care unit. PATIENTS Fifty-one infants (birth weight, 1158.6 +/- 150.6 g; gestational age, 29.1 +/- 2.0 wks). INTERVENTIONS Ventilation and daily ventilatory management. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 51 infants studied, 35 (60.8%) were successfully extubated, whereas 16 (39.2%) required reintubation and mechanical ventilation within 72 hrs after extubation. All patients met the clinical and biochemical criteria for extubation. Variables of artificial ventilation before extubation were minimal in all the studied cases (Fio(2) </=0.4, inspiratory pressure </=20 cm H(2)O, ventilatory rate, </=10/min). Pulmonary mechanics were measured before extubation using a noninvasive, mobile VenTrak measuring station. RESULTS Significant differences in pulmonary function values between the groups were found. Lower resistance of airways and work of breathing and higher dynamic compliance, tidal volume, and minute ventilation before extubation were associated with successful extubation. CONCLUSION On the average, tidal volume values of >6 mL/kg, minute ventilation of >309 mL/kg/min, work of breathing of <0.172 J/L, dynamic compliance of >/=1 mL/cm H(2)O/kg, and resistance of airways of </=176 cm H(2)O/L/sec predicted successful extubation. We recommend measurement of pulmonary function as an assessment tool in determining readiness for extubation.
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Chow LC, Vanderhal A, Raber J, Sola A. Are tidal volume measurements in neonatal pressure-controlled ventilation accurate? Pediatr Pulmonol 2002; 34:196-202. [PMID: 12203848 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bedside pulmonary mechanics monitors (PMM) have become useful in ventilatory management in neonates. These monitors are used more frequently due to recent improvements in data-processing capabilities. PMM devices are often part of the ventilator or are separate units. The accuracy and reliability of these systems have not been carefully evaluated. We compared a single ventilatory parameter, tidal volume (V(t)), as measured by several systems. We looked at two freestanding PMMs: the Ventrak Respiratory Monitoring System (Novametrix, Wallingford, CT) and the Bicore CP-100 Neonatal Pulmonary Monitor (Allied Health Care Products, Riverside, CA), and three ventilators with built-in PMM: the VIP Bird Ventilator (Bird Products Corp., Palm Springs, CA), Siemens Servo 300A (Siemens-Elema AB, Solna, Sweden), and Drager Babylog 8000 (Drager, Inc., Chantilly, VA). A calibrated syringe (Hans Rudolph, Inc., Kansas City, MO) was used to deliver tidal volumes of 4, 10, and 20 mL to each ventilator system coupled with a freestanding PMM. After achieving steady state, six consecutive V(t) readings were taken simultaneously from the freestanding PMM and each ventilator. In a second portion of the bench study, we used pressure-control ventilation and measured exhaled tidal volume (V(te)) while ventilating a Bear Test Lung with the same three ventilators. We adjusted peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) under controlled conditions to achieve the three different targeted tidal volumes on the paired freestanding PMM. Again, six V(te) measurements were recorded for each tidal volume. Means and standard deviations were calculated.The percentage difference in measurement of V(t) delivered by calibrated syringe varied greatly, with the greatest discrepancy seen in the smallest tidal volumes, by up to 28%. In pressure control mode, V(te) as measured by the Siemens was significantly overestimated by 20-95%, with the biggest discrepancy at the smallest V(te), particularly when paired with the Bicore PMM. V(te), as measured by the VIP Bird and Drager paired with the Ventrak PMM, had a tendency to underestimate V(t) by up to 25% at the smallest V(te). However, when paired with the Bicore PMM, these same two ventilators read over target by up to 18%. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we demonstrated that true delivered V(te), as measured by the three ventilators and two freestanding PMM, differed markedly. In general, decreasing dynamic compliance of the tubing was not associated with greater inaccuracy in V(te) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily C Chow
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Beardsmore C, Dundas I, Poole K, Enock K, Stocks J. Respiratory function in survivors of the United Kingdom Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1129-35. [PMID: 10764301 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9811093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) improves survival in mature neonates with reversible lung disease. However, ECMO could result in survival of infants with severe respiratory dysfunction who would otherwise have died. Alternatively, infants receiving ECMO might be spared prolonged ventilation and consequent barotrauma, resulting in improved respiratory function. Our aim was to compare respiratory function at 1 yr of age in infants assigned to receive either ECMO or conventional management (CM). Seventy-eight surviving infants of the United Kingdom (UK) ECMO trial (51 in the ECMO group) were studied at 1 yr of age. Questionnaires provided details of respiratory symptoms, and laboratory measurements of respiratory function were made for respiratory rate, tidal volume, lung volume, airway conductance, specific airway conductance, and maximal expiratory flow at FRC (Vmax (FRC)). Data were exchanged on floppy disk for cross-analysis and to ensure that investigators were blinded to the status of the infants. There was a wide spectrum of respiratory function, from normal to markedly abnormal. There were few differences between the groups, but in the CM group lung volume was increased (95% confidence intervals [CIs] of the difference in ECMO versus CM subjects: -67; -4 ml), and inspiratory specific conductance was lower (95% CI: 0.03; 0.98 s(-)(1). kPa(-)(1)). There was a trend toward a lower V max(FRC) (95% CI: -2; 67 ml/s(-)(1) in the CM group. In addition to providing a survival advantage, ECMO did not worsen lung function in infants assigned to receive it. Indeed, their lung function appeared slightly better than that of infants treated conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beardsmore
- Department of Child Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Nakamura T, Takata M, Arai M, Nakagawa S, Miyasaka K. The effect of left-to-right shunting on coronary oxygenation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34:981-5. [PMID: 10392918 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Blood perfusion to the coronary artery (CA) during venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was examined to determine whether it was receiving highly oxygenated ECMO blood or desaturated blood from the pulmonary circulation of diseased lungs. METHODS In the first experiment, left ventricle output and oxygen saturation in the left ventricle (LV) and CA were measured in dogs placed on VA ECMO. In the second experiment, dogs with an artificial subclavian-pulmonary artery shunt were placed on VA ECMO at 100 mL/kg/min, and oxygen saturation was measured as the shunt flow increased. RESULTS Without an artificial shunt, a substantial portion of coronary perfusion was found to be supplied by the left ventricle (54 + 30%), even at a high ECMO flow rate of 100 mL/kg/min and low LV output (22+/-17%) relative to ECMO flow. With a shunt, oxygen saturation in the CA was more than 95%, even when shunt flow was only 7.5% of ECMO flow and output from the left ventricle was less than 25% of the ECMO flow rate. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an excessive "lung rest" strategy during VA ECMO may produce suboptimal coronary oxygenation possibly leading to myocardial damage. The presence of a small left-to-right shunt may prevent coronary hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, National Children's Medical Research Center and Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, National Children's Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Koskas M, Chadelat K, Chevalier JY, Cottin JF, Osika E, Clément A, Tournier G, Costil J, Boulé M. [Clinical and respiratory function follow-up of 39 infants treated with neonatal respiratory extracorporeal assistance]. Arch Pediatr 1999; 6:263-70. [PMID: 10191891 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(99)80262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the consequences of neonatal treatment with a venovenous extracorporeal respiratory assistance. POPULATION AND METHODS Thirty nine neonates (28 boys) with acute respiratory failure were included. Extracorporeal respiratory assistance consisted of an apnoeic oxygenation with low frequency positive pressure ventilation and extracorporeal membrane CO2 removal through a venous single canula perfusion circuit. The causes of respiratory distress were: 15 meconium aspiration syndrome, 12 respiratory distress syndrome, six hyaline membrane disease, three sepsis, two diaphragmatic hernia, and one post-surgery Mendelson syndrome. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 18 days, including 5 days of extracorporeal respiratory assistance. The prospective follow-up included physical examination, chest radiographs, scintigraphy and pulmonary function tests. These tests studied the following parameters: functional residual capacity by helium dilution technique, lung resistance and dynamic lung compliance by the esophageal balloon technique and blood gases with arterialized blood samples. RESULTS The mean duration of the follow-up was 21.3 months (6 months to 5 years). Results showed in the first year 33% of children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chest (X-ray abnormalities, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 23% of children. Data of pulmonary function test at the end of the first year: lung resistance and functional residual capacity were within limits of predicted values for height, and dynamic lung compliance was slightly decreased; according to the analysis of the functional profile: 31% without abnormality, 41% of obstructive syndrome and 26% with restrictive pattern. Blood gases were normal in 37 children. At the end of the second year, we noticed normal functional residual capacity, an increase of lung resistance while lung compliance was normalized; functional profile was quite different: with a decrease of the number of patients without abnormality (22%) and increase of those with obstructive syndrome (56%). CONCLUSION The percentage of abnormalities is high but these are moderate in most cases, especially if we compare with the initial seriousness of the pulmonary pathology. We suggest a regular follow-up to study the respective incidence of pulmonary disease and/or extracorporeal respiratory assistance over these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koskas
- Unité de physiologie respiratoire de l'enfant, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
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