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Wang X, Chen Y, Shi H, Zou P. Erythromycin Estolate Is a Potent Inhibitor Against HCoV-OC43 by Directly Inactivating the Virus Particle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:905248. [PMID: 35873167 PMCID: PMC9301004 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.905248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to antibacterial effects, macrolide antibiotics exhibit other extensive pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Erythromycin estolate, one of the macrolide antibiotics, was previously investigated to effectively inhibit infections of various flaviviruses including Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus, but its antiviral effect against human coronavirus remains unknown. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of erythromycin estolate against human coronavirus strain OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and to illustrate the underlying mechanisms. Erythromycin estolate effectively inhibited HCoV-OC43 infection in different cell types and significantly reduced virus titers at safe concentration without cell cytotoxicity. Furthermore, erythromycin estolate was identified to inhibit HCoV-OC43 infection at the early stage and to irreversibly inactivate virus by disrupting the integrity of the viral membrane whose lipid component might be the target of action. Together, it was demonstrated that erythromycin estolate could be a potential therapeutic drug for HCoV-OC43 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huichun Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Zou,
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2
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Gao S, Huang T, Song L, Xu S, Cheng Y, Cherukupalli S, Kang D, Zhao T, Sun L, Zhang J, Zhan P, Liu X. Medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:581-599. [PMID: 34485029 PMCID: PMC8405450 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are urgently needed to improve global treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we briefly provide a concise report on the medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with representative examples in different strategies from the medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Letian Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Yusen Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88382005 (Peng Zhan), +86 531 88380270 (Xinyong Liu).
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88382005 (Peng Zhan), +86 531 88380270 (Xinyong Liu).
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Sano F, Yagasaki H, Kojika S, Toda T, Kono Y, Suzuki-Inoue K, Sasaki T, Ogihara S, Matsuno T, Inoue O, Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Shimizu T, Inukai T. Apparent Life-Threatening Event in an Infant with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:236-239. [PMID: 32999184 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global outbreak of infection. In general, children with coronavirus disease-2019 have been reported to show milder respiratory symptoms than adult patients. Here, we have described a case of a SARS-CoV-2-infected infant who presented to our hospital with a severe episode of an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). An 8-month-old, otherwise healthy female infant presented to our hospital because of a sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. Approximately 1 h before this episode, the patient showed no symptoms, except a worse humor than usual. On arrival at our hospital, the patient had severe acidosis, but there were no clear signs of inflammatory response. Chest computed tomography showed weak consolidations in the upper right lung and atelectasis in the lower left lung. No signs of congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathy were observed on echocardiography, and no significant arrhythmia was observed during the clinical course. However, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in tracheal aspirate and urine samples. Although the assessment of further similar cases is indispensable, this case suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may be an underlying factor in the pathophysiology of ALTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Sano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kojika
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takako Toda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kono
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sasaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogihara
- Department of Laboratory, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Towa Matsuno
- Department of Laboratory, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Inoue
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriguchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Norikazu Harii
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Junko Goto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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4
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Loron G, Tromeur T, Venot P, Beck J, Andreoletti L, Mauran P, Bednarek N. COVID-19 Associated With Life-Threatening Apnea in an Infant Born Preterm: A Case Report. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:568. [PMID: 33042914 PMCID: PMC7522361 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic linked to the new coronavirus strain (SARS-CoV-2) has been raging for several months. Pediatric populations are less impacted than adults, and critical respiratory diseases seem rare (1, 2). We report the case of an infant, who presented with life-threatening apneas at home requiring basic life support. SARS-CoV-2 was subsequently identified in the patient's nasopharyngeal aspirate. He did not present with bronchiolitis or hypoxic failure as described in severe forms of COVID-19. The outcome was favorable in a few hours. The occurrence of apneas is not uncommon during viral respiratory infections in early infancy; however, there are very few descriptions related to a documented SARS-CoV-2 respiratory tract infection. In light of this clinical case, it seems necessary to quickly bring up a potential COVID-19 contamination in infants admitted for life-threatening apnea, in order to properly report and isolate these patients to avoid further nosocomial dissemination of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Loron
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Reims, Reims, France
- CReSTIC / EA 3804, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France
- Medical University Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France
| | - Thibault Tromeur
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Reims, Reims, France
- Medical University Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Andreoletti
- Cardiovir, EA 4684, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France
- Department of Virology, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Pierre Mauran
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Reims, Reims, France
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Bednarek
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Reims, Reims, France
- CReSTIC / EA 3804, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France
- Medical University Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France
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5
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Ho JSY, Tambyah PA, Ho AFW, Chan MYY, Sia CH. Effect of coronavirus infection on the human heart: A scoping review. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 27:1136-1148. [PMID: 32423250 PMCID: PMC7717245 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320925965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has highlighted the importance of understanding the cardiovascular implications of coronavirus infections, with more severe disease in those with cardiovascular co-morbidities, and resulting cardiac manifestations such as myocardial injury, arrhythmias, and heart failure. DESIGN A systematic review of the current knowledge on the effects of coronavirus infection on the cardiovascular system in humans was performed and results were summarized. METHODS Databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, Chinese Knowledge Resource Integrated Database and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry were searched on 20 March 2020. RESULTS In total, 135 studies were included, involving severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019 and other coronaviruses. Most were case reports, case series and cohort studies of poor to fair quality. In post-mortem examinations of subjects who died from infection, around half had virus identified in heart tissues in severe acute respiratory syndrome, but none in Middle East respiratory syndrome and coronavirus disease 2019. Cardiac manifestations reported include tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and myocardial injury, secondary to both systemic infection and treatment. Cardiac injury and arrhythmias are more prevalent in coronavirus disease 2019, and elevated cardiac markers are associated with intensive care unit admission and death. In severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease are associated with intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. There were cases of misdiagnosis due to overlapping presentations of cardiovascular diseases and coronavirus infections, leading to hospital spread and delayed management of life-threatening conditions. CONCLUSION This review highlighted the ways in which coronaviruses affect cardiovascular function and interacts with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie SY Ho
- />School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul A Tambyah
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, Singapore
- />Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew FW Ho
- />SingHealth Duke-NUS Emergency Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore
- />Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- />National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark YY Chan
- />Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- />Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
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6
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Xia S, Yan L, Xu W, Agrawal AS, Algaissi A, Tseng CTK, Wang Q, Du L, Tan W, Wilson IA, Jiang S, Yang B, Lu L. A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4580. [PMID: 30989115 PMCID: PMC6457931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuously emerging highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) remain a major threat to human health, as illustrated in past SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks. The development of a drug with broad-spectrum HCoV inhibitory activity would address this urgent unmet medical need. Although previous studies have suggested that the HR1 of HCoV spike (S) protein is an important target site for inhibition against specific HCoVs, whether this conserved region could serve as a target for the development of broad-spectrum pan-CoV inhibitor remains controversial. Here, we found that peptide OC43-HR2P, derived from the HR2 domain of HCoV-OC43, exhibited broad fusion inhibitory activity against multiple HCoVs. EK1, the optimized form of OC43-HR2P, showed substantially improved pan-CoV fusion inhibitory activity and pharmaceutical properties. Crystal structures indicated that EK1 can form a stable six-helix bundle structure with both short α-HCoV and long β-HCoV HR1s, further supporting the role of HR1 region as a viable pan-CoV target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anurodh Shankar Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC206, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author. (I.A.W.); (S.J.); (B.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Corresponding author. (I.A.W.); (S.J.); (B.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Bei Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding author. (I.A.W.); (S.J.); (B.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author. (I.A.W.); (S.J.); (B.Y.); (L.L.)
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7
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Zenteno D, Peña R, Fuentes C, Tapia J, Verbal D, Rodríguez-Núñez I. Effect of a standardized approach on infants hospitalized for apparent life threatening events. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2018; 38:479-485. [PMID: 30653861 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i4.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: An apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is a frequent cause of hospitalization in infants. However, there is little evidence about the existence of a standardized approach to discover the main etiology, although a correct causal diagnosis can affect clinical evolution, hospital stay, and health resources. Objective: To determine the effects of a standardized diagnostic approach in infants admitted with ALTE. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with the data collected from clinical records of infants hospitalized for ALTE in the pediatric unit between 2002 and 2009. Two cohorts of patients were analyzed according to the procedures defined for these cases: Cohort 1 with clinical guidelines and cohort 2 with clinical guidelines, study protocol, and outpatient follow-up. Etiological causes, hospitalization periods and readmission rates were compared between both cohorts. Results: Of the 255 infants hospitalized for ALTE, 57.6% corresponded to cohort 1 and 42.3% to cohort 2. No differences were observed in age and gender between groups. The highest percentage of attributed causes (63.9 vs 87.0%; p<0.0001) and a shorter period of hospitalization (8.0 vs 5.0 days; p=0, 0001) were observed in cohort 2. No differences in hospital readmission were observed (10.5 vs 8.3 days; p=0.7435). Conclusions: The protocol-based approach for infants with EAL was associated with a higher percentage of recognition of attributed causes and a shorter hospitalization period. Therefore, our results allow recommending this type of standardization for the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zenteno
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile.
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Peña-Ortega F. Clinical and experimental aspects of breathing modulation by inflammation. Auton Neurosci 2018; 216:72-86. [PMID: 30503161 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is produced by local or systemic alterations and mediated mainly by glia, affecting the activity of various neural circuits including those involved in breathing rhythm generation and control. Several pathological conditions, such as sudden infant death syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea and asthma exert an inflammatory influence on breathing-related circuits. Consequently breathing (both resting and ventilatory responses to physiological challenges), is affected; e.g., responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia are compromised. Moreover, inflammation can induce long-lasting changes in breathing and affect adaptive plasticity; e.g., hypoxic acclimatization or long-term facilitation. Mediators of the influences of inflammation on breathing are most likely proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines and prostaglandins. The focus of this review is to summarize the available information concerning the modulation of the breathing function by inflammation and the cellular and molecular aspects of this process. I will consider: 1) some clinical and experimental conditions in which inflammation influences breathing; 2) the variety of experimental approaches used to understand this inflammatory modulation; 3) the likely cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México.
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9
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Malik A, Alsenaidy MA. MERS-CoV papain-like protease (PL pro): expression, purification, and spectroscopic/thermodynamic characterization. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:100. [PMID: 28560640 PMCID: PMC5449288 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a decade, MERS-CoV emerged with nearly four times higher case fatality rate than an earlier outbreak of SARS-CoV and spread out in 27 countries in short span of time. As an emerging virus, combating it requires an in-depth understanding of its molecular machinery. Therefore, conformational characterization studies of coronavirus proteins are necessary to advance our knowledge of the matter for the development of antiviral therapies. In this study, MERS-CoV papain-like protease (PLpro) was recombinantly expressed and purified. Thermal folding pathway and thermodynamic properties were characterized using dynamic multimode spectroscopy (DMS) and thermal shift assay. DMS study showed that the PLpro undergoes a single thermal transition and follows a pathway of two-state folding with Tm and van’t Hoff enthalpy values of 54.4 ± 0.1 °C and 317.1 ± 3.9 kJ/mol, respectively. An orthogonal technique based on intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence also showed that MERS-CoV PLpro undergoes a single thermal transition and unfolds via a pathway of two-state folding with a Tm value of 51.4 °C. Our findings provide significant understandings of the thermodynamic and structural properties of MERS-CoV PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A Alsenaidy
- Vaccines and Biologics Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Abstract
The frequency of apnea in infants <12 months of age admitted with acute bronchiolitis was 5.16% (95% confidence interval: 3.94-6.72). Most commonly detected viruses in the 51 apneic infants were respiratory syncytial virus (33.3%), rhinovirus (13.7%) and viral coinfections (23.5%). Young age and prematurity were the main risk factors for apnea independent of the respiratory syncytial virus status. Non-respiratory syncytial virus infants had a higher rate of prematurity.
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11
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Schroeder AR, Mansbach JM, Stevenson M, Macias CG, Fisher ES, Barcega B, Sullivan AF, Espinola JA, Piedra PA, Camargo CA. Apnea in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e1194-201. [PMID: 24101759 PMCID: PMC3813402 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for inpatient apnea among children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. METHODS We enrolled 2207 children, aged <2 years, hospitalized with bronchiolitis at 16 sites during the winters of 2007 to 2010. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were obtained on all subjects, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to test NPA samples for 16 viruses. Inpatient apnea was ascertained by daily chart review, with outcome data in 2156 children (98%). Age was corrected for birth <37 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for inpatient apnea. RESULTS Inpatient apnea was identified in 108 children (5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4%-6%). Statistically significant, independent predictors of inpatient apnea included: corrected ages of <2 weeks (odds ratio [OR] 9.67) and 2 to 8 weeks (OR 4.72), compared with age ≥ 6 months; birth weight <2.3 kg (5 pounds; OR 2.15), compared with ≥ 3.2 kg (7 pounds); caretaker report of previous apnea during this bronchiolitis episode (OR 3.63); preadmission respiratory rates of <30 (OR 4.05), 30 to 39 (OR 2.35) and >70 (OR 2.26), compared with 40 to 49; and having a preadmission room air oxygen saturation <90% (OR 1.60). Apnea risk was similar across the major viral pathogens. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective, multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, inpatient apnea was associated with younger corrected age, lower birth weight, history of apnea, and preadmission clinical factors including low or high respiratory rates and low room air oxygen saturation. Several bronchiolitis pathogens were associated with apnea, with similar apnea risk across the major viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Schroeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
| | - Jonathan M. Mansbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Charles G. Macias
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Erin Stucky Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Besh Barcega
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ashley F. Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Janice A. Espinola
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A. Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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12
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Mahony JB, Petrich A, Smieja M. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 48:217-49. [PMID: 22185616 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.640976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses, including the SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, in the human population in the past nine years has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid based amplification tests (NATs) for respiratory viruses were first introduced two decades ago and today are utilized for the detection of both conventional and emerging viruses. These tests are more sensitive than other diagnostic approaches, including virus isolation in cell culture, shell vial culture (SVC), antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, and rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and now form the backbone of clinical virology laboratory testing around the world. NATs not only provide fast, accurate and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens but also have increased our understanding of the epidemiology of both new emerging viruses such as the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of 2009, and conventional viruses such as the common cold viruses, including rhinovirus and coronavirus. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays introduced in the last five years detect up to 19 different viruses in a single test. Several multiplex PCR tests are now commercially available and tests are working their way into clinical laboratories. The final chapter in the evolution of respiratory virus diagnostics has been the addition of allelic discrimination and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with antiviral resistance. These assays are now being multiplexed with primary detection and subtyping assays, especially in the case of influenza virus. These resistance assays, together with viral load assays, will enable clinical laboratories to provide physicians with new and important information for optimal treatment of respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mahony
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada.
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Mahony JB. Nucleic acid amplification-based diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 8:1273-92. [PMID: 21073292 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses in the human population in the past 9 years, including two new pandemics (SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009), has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs) that first appeared two decades ago have been developed for both conventional and emerging viruses and now form the backbone of the clinical laboratory. NATs provide fast, accurate and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses and have significantly increased our understanding of the epidemiology of these viruses. Multiplex PCR assays have been introduced recently and several commercial tests are now available. The final chapter in the evolution of respiratory virus diagnostics will be the addition of allelic discrimination and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with antiviral resistance to multiplex assays. These resistance assays together with new viral load tests will enable clinical laboratories to provide physicians with important information for optimal treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mahony
- Regional Virology Laboratory, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave. East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Incidence of apnea in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a systematic review. J Pediatr 2009; 155:728-33. [PMID: 19647839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of apnea in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and identify relevant risk factors from the available literature. STUDY DESIGN A systematic search of available databases for studies reporting the rate of apnea in a consecutive cohort of infants hospitalized with RSV infection was performed. The overall incidence of apnea was extracted and analyzed in relation to preterm birth, age, and potentially confounding illnesses. RESULTS The incidence of apnea in the study population of 5575 hospitalized patients with RSV ranged from a high of 23.8% to a low of 1.2%. Comparison of the cohort by term and preterm birth revealed an expected excess in apnea incidence in preterms, even in the absence of information about chronologic age. Many studies appeared to be confounded by the inclusion of impaired infants with neuromuscular disorders. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available data, precisely quantifying the risk of apnea attributable to RSV infection is not possible. Factors intrinsic to the individual infants may account for a significant percentage of the apnea attributed to RSV. Recent studies have found a < 1% incidence of apnea with RSV in previously healthy term infants.
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Dominguez SR, Robinson CC, Holmes KV. Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: a one-year study in Colorado. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1597-604. [PMID: 19626607 PMCID: PMC2879166 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. Respiratory specimens from one immunocompromised patient were persistently positive for HCoV‐229E RNA for 3 months. HCoV‐NL63‐positive patients were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized (P = 0.02) and to have a LRTI (P = 0.04) than HCoV‐OC43‐positive patients. HCoVs are associated with a small, but significant number (at least 2.4% of total samples submitted), of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses in children in Colorado. Our data raise the possibility that HCoV may play a role in gastrointestinal and CNS disease. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential roles of HCoVs in these diseases. J. Med. Virol. 81:1597–1604, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Clinical laboratories historically diagnose seven or eight respiratory virus infections using a combination of techniques including enzyme immunoassay, direct fluorescent antibody staining, cell culture, and nucleic acid amplification tests. With the discovery of six new respiratory viruses since 2000, laboratories are faced with the challenge of detecting up to 19 different viruses that cause acute respiratory disease of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The application of nucleic acid amplification technology, particularly multiplex PCR coupled with fluidic or fixed microarrays, provides an important new approach for the detection of multiple respiratory viruses in a single test. These multiplex amplification tests provide a sensitive and comprehensive approach for the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in individual hospitalized patients and the identification of the etiological agent in outbreaks of respiratory tract infection in the community. This review describes the molecular methods used to detect respiratory viruses and discusses the contribution that molecular testing, especially multiplex PCR, has made to our ability to detect respiratory viruses and to increase our understanding of the roles of various viral agents in acute respiratory disease.
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Gagneur A, Dirson E, Audebert S, Vallet S, Quillien MCL, Baron R, Laurent Y, Collet M, Sizun J, Oger E, Payan C. [Vertical transmission of human coronavirus. Prospective pilot study]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:525-30. [PMID: 17889450 PMCID: PMC7119136 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Les coronavirus humains (HCoV) ont été impliqués dans la survenue d'infections respiratoires nosocomiales chez les nouveau-nés. Plusieurs cas d'infections néonatales ont été mis en évidence. Cette étude pilote recherche l'existence d'une éventuelle transmission maternofœtale des HCoV pouvant expliquer les cas infections néonatales observées dans les premières 24 heures de vie. Matériel et méthode Étude monocentrique prospective pilote. Étude des couples mère–enfant par la réalisation de trois prélèvements : vaginal et respiratoire chez la mère (VM et RM) lors du travail, gastrique chez le nouveau-né (GNN). Suivi clinique des nouveau-nés et des mères jusqu'à j3. Analyse virologique des échantillons par reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) en temps réel pour la recherche des HCoV 229-E et OC43. Résultats Cent cinquante-neuf couples mère–enfant ont été inclus de juillet 2003 à août 2005. Seul HCoV 229-E a été détecté dans 11 échantillons chez six couples mère–enfant. Pour deux couples, les trois prélèvements (VM, RM et GNN) étaient positifs (cas 1 et 2). Pour le cas 3, seuls le VM et GNN étaient positifs. Pour deux couples, seuls les RM étaient positifs (cas 4 et 5). Pour le cas 6, seul le VM était positif. Pour les trois GNN positifs, aucun enfant n'était symptomatique. Conclusion Une possible transmission verticale des HCoV est mise en évidence dans cette étude pilote qui nécessite désormais d'être poursuivie à plus large échelle. Il convient également d'inclure la recherche des coronavirus humains identifiés récemment, HCoV NL63 et HKU1, et d'analyser le profil génomique des HCoV détectés chez les trois couples mère–enfant positifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gagneur
- Département de Pédiatrie, Inserm CIC 0502, CHU de Brest, Brest, France.
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