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Luo S, Su T, Zhou X, Hu WX, Hu J. Chromosome 1 instability in multiple myeloma: Aberrant gene expression, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic target. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22341. [PMID: 35579877 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the terminally differentiated B cells malignancy, is widely considered to be incurable since many patients have either developed drug resistance or experienced an eventual relapse. To develop precise and efficient therapeutic strategies, we must understand the pathogenesis of MM. Thus, unveiling the driver events of MM and its further clonal evolution will help us understand this complicated disease. Chromosome 1 instabilities are the most common genomic alterations that participate in MM pathogenesis, and these aberrations of chromosome 1 mainly include copy number variations and structural changes. The chromosome 1q gains/amplifications and 1p deletions are the most frequent structural changes of chromosomes in MM. In this review, we intend to focus on the genes that are affected by chromosome 1 instability: some tumor suppressors were lost or down regulated in 1p deletions, and others that contributed to tumorigenesis were upregulated in 1q gains/amplifications. We have summarized their biological function as well as their roles in the MM pathogenesis, hoping to uncover potential novel therapeutical targets and promote the development of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqun Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Xin Hu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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2
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Franz A, Valledor P, Ubieto-Capella P, Pilger D, Galarreta A, Lafarga V, Fernández-Llorente A, de la Vega-Barranco G, den Brave F, Hoppe T, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Lecona E. USP7 and VCP FAF1 define the SUMO/Ubiquitin landscape at the DNA replication fork. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109819. [PMID: 34644576 PMCID: PMC8527565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase VCP regulates the extraction of SUMO and ubiquitin-modified DNA replication factors from chromatin. We have previously described that active DNA synthesis is associated with a SUMO-high/ubiquitin-low environment governed by the deubiquitylase USP7. Here, we unveil a functional cooperation between USP7 and VCP in DNA replication, which is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals. The role of VCP in chromatin is defined by its cofactor FAF1, which facilitates the extraction of SUMOylated and ubiquitylated proteins that accumulate after the block of DNA replication in the absence of USP7. The inactivation of USP7 and FAF1 is synthetically lethal both in C. elegans and mammalian cells. In addition, USP7 and VCP inhibitors display synergistic toxicity supporting a functional link between deubiquitylation and extraction of chromatin-bound proteins. Our results suggest that USP7 and VCPFAF1 facilitate DNA replication by controlling the balance of SUMO/Ubiquitin-modified DNA replication factors on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Franz
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pablo Valledor
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Patricia Ubieto-Capella
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Domenic Pilger
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Antonio Galarreta
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Vanesa Lafarga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Llorente
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Guillermo de la Vega-Barranco
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Fabian den Brave
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emilio Lecona
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Sui X, Pan M, Li YM. Insights into the Design of p97-targeting Small Molecules from Structural Studies on p97 Functional Mechanism. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:298-316. [PMID: 31584361 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191004162411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein or CDC48, is a member of the AAA+ protein family that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. It binds to various cofactors in the body to perform its protein-unfolding function and participates in DNA repair, degradation of subcellular membrane proteins, and protein quality control pathways, among other processes. Its malfunction can lead to many diseases, such as inclusion body myopathy, associated with Paget's disease of bone and/or frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease, and others. In recent years, many small-molecule inhibitors have been deployed against p97, including bis (diethyldithiocarbamate)- copper and CB-5083, which entered the first phase of clinical tests but failed. One bottleneck in the design of p97 drugs is that its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This paper summarizes recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of p97, which may lead to insight into how the next generation of small molecules targeting p97 can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sui
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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C 18H 17NO 6 and Its Combination with Scutellarin Suppress the Proliferation and Induce the Apoptosis of Human Glioma Cells via Upregulation of Fas-Associated Factor 1 Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6821219. [PMID: 30915356 PMCID: PMC6402243 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6821219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor and the patients are prone to poor prognosis. Due to limited treatments, new drug exploration has become a general trend. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the new drugs C18H17NO6 and its combination with Scutellarin on glioma cells and the underlying mechanism. Method U251 and LN229 cells were administrated with C18H17NO6 and its combination with Scutellarin. The proliferation ability of glioma cells was determined by cell counting kit-8, plate clone formation assay, and EdU incorporation assay. The cell cycle and apoptosis detection were detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, TUNEL assay was also used for cell apoptosis analysis. Then, the transfer ability of cells was achieved through wound healing assay. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and western bolt analysis were used to detect the mRNA expression and protein expression, respectively. Lastly, immunofluorescence was for the purity identification of astrocyte. Result The results showed that, with the increasing dose of C18H17NO6, the cell inhibition rate, the cells in G1 phase, and the apoptosis rate were gradually increased, but the clone number, proliferation rate, and the cells in G2 and S phases were gradually decreased in comparison with control group. However, with the increase of C18H17NO6, the transferred rate of U251 and LN229 was not significantly augmented, expect that on U251 in C18H17NO6 5 μM group. In addition, Scutellarin 200 μM has little effect on proliferation, with the inhibition rate 10-20% and proliferation rate except U251 in Scutellarin 200 μM group similar to that in control group. Moreover, compared to control group, Scutellarin 300 μM increased the U251 cells in G2 and S phases and the apoptosis rate of LN229 but decreased the LN229 cells in G2 and S phases. Besides, in Scutellarin 200 μM group, the transfer ability of LN229 was inhibited, but not in U251. Furthermore, if C18H17NO6 was combined with Scutellarin 200/300μM, the proliferation and transferred ability were suppressed and the apoptosis was elevated in LN229 cell in comparison with C18H17NO6 alone. Dramatically, the combined effect on U251 was the exact opposite. Importantly, there was little toxicity on astrocyte under the dose of C18H17NO6 and Scutellarin in the study. In molecular level, the mRNA and protein expression of Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) expression in U251 and LN229 were upregulated by C18H17NO6 and its combination with Scutellarin, especially the protein expression. Conclusion C18H17NO6 could efficiently suppress cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in glioma cells, and its combination with Scutellarin had a promoting effect, in which the underlying mechanism referred to the upregulation of Fas-associated factor 1.
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Liu AQ, Xie Z, Chen XN, Feng J, Chen JW, Qin FJ, Ge LY. Fas-associated factor 1 inhibits tumor growth by suppressing Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of NF-κB signaling in human gastric carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7999-8009. [PMID: 28030825 PMCID: PMC5352377 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) may act as a pro-survival signal in diseased cells, but whether this is true in gastric carcinoma remains unclear. Here we report that FAF1 was expressed at low levels in gastric carcinoma tissues and cell lines, and its expression correlated with larger tumors, higher histology grade, higher TNM stage, tumor infiltration, and lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis and survival curve analysis identified low FAF1 expression as a predictor of poor prognosis. FAF1 overexpression in HGC-27 gastric cancer cells induced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation and growth. It also reduced colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in mice. We found that Helicobacter pylori, a risk factor for gastric cancer, down-regulated FAF1 expression via NF-κB signaling. Knock-down of IKKβ or p65 expression in gastric cancer cells reversed H. pylori-induced down-regulation of FAF1 expression and partially blocked H. pylori-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-8. Our results suggest that loss of FAF1 contributes to human gastric carcinogenesis by allowing H. pylori to activate NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Liu
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Xie
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiao-Ni Chen
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Jun Qin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lian-Ying Ge
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, P.R. China
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Peng H, Huo J, Gao Y, Chen J, Yu X, Xiao T. Fas-associated protein factor 1 is involved in meiotic resumption in mouse oocytes. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:173-177. [PMID: 29434078 PMCID: PMC5902905 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas-associated protein factor 1 (FAF1) is a Fas-associated protein that functions in multiple cellular processes. Previous research showed that mutations in Faf1 led to
the lethality of cleavage stage embryos in a mouse model. The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression pattern, localization, and function of FAF1 in meiotic resumption of
mouse oocytes. FAF1 was exclusively expressed in oocytes at various follicular stages within the ovary and was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of growing oocytes. Furthermore,
Faf1 mRNA and protein were persistently present during oocyte maturation and Faf1 mRNA levels were similar in the germinal vesicle (GV), GV breakdown
(GVBD), and metaphase II (MII) stages of oocytes. Moreover, knockdown of Faf1 in GV-stage oocytes led to a significantly decreased rate of GVBD. To our knowledge, these
results provide the first evidence regarding a novel function of FAF1 in meiotic resumption in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jianchao Huo
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yuyun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Tianfang Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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Mi D, Cai C, Zhou B, Liu X, Ma P, Shen S, Lu W, Huang W. Long non‑coding RNA FAF1 promotes intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting the Erk signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3158-3163. [PMID: 29257270 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has become the most common cause of low‑back pain, and it imposes a heavy burden on patients with IDD and society. The effects of long non‑coding RNAs on the proliferation and development of IDD have attracted increasing attention. The present study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of Fas‑associated protein factor‑1 (FAF1) in IDD. The expression of FAF1 was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CCK‑8 and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting was used to test p‑Erk expression. The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of FAF1 was upregulated in patients with disc bulging, herniation and IDD, and the expression of FAF1 was positively correlated with the grade of disc degeneration according to the patients' Pfirrmann score. The overexpression of FAF1 in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells promoted cell proliferation by increasing the percentage of cells in the S‑phase of the cell cycle. The expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (Erk), a possible target of FAF1, was consistent with the expression of FAF1. In addition, it was elucidated that inactivation of the Erk signaling pathway by PD98059 reversed the effect of FAF1 on NP cell proliferation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that FAF1 was vital in the proliferation of NP cells by modulating the Erk signaling pathway, which suggests that FAF1 may be a novel marker in the early diagnosis of IDD and a therapeutic target for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daguo Mi
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, Nantong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Chunyue Cai
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, Qidong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226200, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, Nantong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Binzhou, Binzhou, Shandong 256800, P.R. China
| | - Peide Ma
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, Nantong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shuijie Shen
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, Nantong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery, Nantong Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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The AAA+ ATPase p97, a cellular multitool. Biochem J 2017; 474:2953-2976. [PMID: 28819009 PMCID: PMC5559722 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase p97 is essential to a wide range of cellular functions, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, membrane fusion, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and chromatin-associated processes, which are regulated by ubiquitination. p97 acts downstream from ubiquitin signaling events and utilizes the energy from ATP hydrolysis to extract its substrate proteins from cellular structures or multiprotein complexes. A multitude of p97 cofactors have evolved which are essential to p97 function. Ubiquitin-interacting domains and p97-binding domains combine to form bi-functional cofactors, whose complexes with p97 enable the enzyme to interact with a wide range of ubiquitinated substrates. A set of mutations in p97 have been shown to cause the multisystem proteinopathy inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia. In addition, p97 inhibition has been identified as a promising approach to provoke proteotoxic stress in tumors. In this review, we will describe the cellular processes governed by p97, how the cofactors interact with both p97 and its ubiquitinated substrates, p97 enzymology and the current status in developing p97 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Chen WK, Yu XH, Yang W, Wang C, He WS, Yan YG, Zhang J, Wang WJ. lncRNAs: novel players in intervertebral disc degeneration and osteoarthritis. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27859817 PMCID: PMC6529103 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) refers to a group of RNAs with length more than 200 nucleotides, limited protein‐coding potential, and having widespread biological functions, including regulation of transcriptional patterns and protein activity, formation of endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and natural microRNA (miRNA) sponges. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and osteoarthritis (OA) are the most common chronic, prevalent and age‐related degenerative musculoskeletal disorders. Numbers of lncRNAs are differentially expressed in human degenerative nucleus pulposus tissue and OA cartilage. Moreover, some lncRNAs have been shown to be involved in multiple pathological processes during OA, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, inflammatory responses, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning lncRNAs, from their biogenesis, classification and biological functions to molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in IDD and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kang Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Medical Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Si He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hand and Micro-surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Rezvani K. UBXD Proteins: A Family of Proteins with Diverse Functions in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101724. [PMID: 27754413 PMCID: PMC5085755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The UBXD family is a diverse group of UBX (ubiquitin-regulatory X) domain-containing proteins in mammalian cells. Members of this family contain a UBX domain typically located at the carboxyl-terminal of the protein. In contrast to the UBX domain shared by all members of UBXD family, the amino-terminal domains are diverse and appear to carry out different roles in a subcellular localization-dependent manner. UBXD proteins are principally associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they positively or negatively regulate the ER-associated degradation machinery (ERAD). The distinct protein interaction networks of UBXD proteins allow them to have specific functions independent of the ERAD pathway in a cell type- and tissue context-dependent manner. Recent reports have illustrated that a number of mammalian members of the UBXD family play critical roles in several proliferation and apoptosis pathways dysregulated in selected types of cancer. This review covers recent advances that elucidate the therapeutic potential of selected members of the UBXD family that can contribute to tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Rezvani
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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Fas-Associated Factor 1 Negatively Regulates the Antiviral Immune Response by Inhibiting Translocation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 to the Nucleus. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1136-51. [PMID: 26811330 PMCID: PMC4800795 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00744-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to examine the cellular functions of human Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) containing multiple ubiquitin-related domains. Microarray analyses revealed that interferon-stimulated genes related to the antiviral response are significantly increased in FAF1-knockdown HeLa cells. Silencing FAF1 enhanced the poly(I·C)- and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced production of type I interferons (IFNs), the target genes of interferon regulator factor 3 (IRF3). IRF3 is a key transcription factor in IFN-β signaling responsible for the host innate immune response. This study also found that FAF1 and IRF3 physically associate with IPO5/importin-β3 and that overexpression of FAF1 reduces the interaction between IRF3 and IPO5/importin-β3. These findings suggest that FAF1 negatively regulates IRF3-mediated IFN-β production and the antiviral innate immune response by regulating nuclear translocation of IRF3. We conclude that FAF1 plays a novel role in negatively regulating virus-induced IFN-β production and the antiviral response by inhibiting the translocation of active, phosphorylated IRF3 from the cytosol to the nucleus.
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Molecular Analysis of a Recurrent Sarcoma Identifies a Mutation in FAF1. Sarcoma 2015; 2015:839182. [PMID: 25861239 PMCID: PMC4377510 DOI: 10.1155/2015/839182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient presented with a recurrent sarcoma (diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma) 12 years after the removal of an initial cancer (diagnosed as extracompartmental osteosarcoma) distally on the same limb. Following surgery, the sarcoma and unaffected muscle and bone were subjected to measurements of DNA exome sequence, RNA and protein expression, and transcription factor binding. The investigation provided corroboration of the diagnosis leiomyosarcoma, as the major upregulations in this tumor comprise muscle-specific gene products and calcium-regulating molecules (calcium is an important second messenger in smooth muscle cells). A likely culprit for the disease is the point mutation S181G in FAF1, which may cause a loss of apoptotic function consecutive to transforming DNA damage. The RNA levels of genes for drug transport and metabolism were extensively skewed in the tumor tissue as compared to muscle and bone. The results suggest that the tumor represents a recurrence of a dormant metastasis from an originally misdiagnosed neoplasm. A loss of FAF1 function could cause constitutive WNT pathway activity (consistent with the downstream inductions of IGF2BP1 and E2F1 in this cancer). While the study has informed on drug transport and drug metabolism pharmacogenetics, it has fallen short of identifying a suitable target for molecular therapy.
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Wan ZY, Song F, Sun Z, Chen YF, Zhang WL, Samartzis D, Ma CJ, Che L, Liu X, Ali MA, Wang HQ, Luo ZJ. Aberrantly expressed long noncoding RNAs in human intervertebral disc degeneration: a microarray related study. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:465. [PMID: 25280944 PMCID: PMC4201740 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In addition to the well-known short noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as key regulators in a wide aspect of biologic processes. Dysregulated expression of lncRNAs has been demonstrated being implicated in a variety of human diseases. However, little is known regarding the role of lncRNAs with regards to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). In the present study we aimed to determine whether lncRNAs are differentially expressed in IDD. Methods An lncRNA-mRNA microarray analysis of human nucleus pulposus (NP) was employed. Bioinformatics prediction was also applied to delineate the functional roles of the differentially expressed lncRNAs. Several lncRNAs and mRNAs were chosen for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation. Results Microarray data profiling indicated that 116 lncRNAs (67 up and 49 down) and 260 mRNAs were highly differentially expressed with an absolute fold change greater than ten. Moreover, 1,052 lncRNAs and 1,314 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the same direction in at least four of the five degenerative samples with fold change greater than two. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis for the differentially expressed mRNAs indicated a number of pathways, such as extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction. A coding-noncoding gene co-expression (CNC) network was constructed for the ten most significantly changed lncRNAs. Annotation terms of the coexpressed mRNAs were related to several known degenerative alterations, such as chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, lncRNAs belonging to a particular subgroup were identified. Functional annotation for the corresponding nearby coding genes showed that these lncRNAs were mainly associated with cell migration and phosphorylation. Interestingly, we found that Fas-associated protein factor-1 (FAF1), which potentiates the Fas-mediated apoptosis and its nearby enhancer-like lncRNA RP11-296A18.3, were highly expressed in the degenerative discs. Subsequent qRT-PCR results confirmed the changes. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that aberrantly expressed lncRNAs play a role in the development of IDD. Our study noted that up-regulated RP11-296A18.3 highly likely induced the over-expression of FAF1, which eventually promoted the aberrant apoptosis of disc cells. Such findings further broaden the understanding of the etiology of IDD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0465-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ewens CA, Panico S, Kloppsteck P, McKeown C, Ebong IO, Robinson C, Zhang X, Freemont PS. The p97-FAF1 protein complex reveals a common mode of p97 adaptor binding. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12077-12084. [PMID: 24619421 PMCID: PMC4002113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein, is a versatile participant in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. p97 interacts with a large network of adaptor proteins to process ubiquitylated substrates in different cellular pathways, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and transcription factor activation. p97 and its adaptor Fas-associated factor-1 (FAF1) both have roles in the ubiquitin-proteasome system during NF-κB activation, although the mechanisms are unknown. FAF1 itself also has emerging roles in other cell-cycle pathways and displays altered expression levels in various cancer cell lines. We have performed a detailed study the p97-FAF1 interaction. We show that FAF1 binds p97 stably and in a stoichiometry of 3 to 6. Cryo-EM analysis of p97-FAF1 yielded a 17 Å reconstruction of the complex with FAF1 above the p97 ring. Characteristics of p97-FAF1 uncovered in this study reveal common features in the interactions of p97, providing mechanistic insight into how p97 mediates diverse functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Ewens
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Panico
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Kloppsteck
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran McKeown
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ima-Obong Ebong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Yegambaram K, Bulloch EMM, Kingston RL. Protein domain definition should allow for conditional disorder. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1502-18. [PMID: 23963781 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are often classified in a binary fashion as either structured or disordered. However this approach has several deficits. Firstly, protein folding is always conditional on the physiochemical environment. A protein which is structured in some circumstances will be disordered in others. Secondly, it hides a fundamental asymmetry in behavior. While all structured proteins can be unfolded through a change in environment, not all disordered proteins have the capacity for folding. Failure to accommodate these complexities confuses the definition of both protein structural domains and intrinsically disordered regions. We illustrate these points with an experimental study of a family of small binding domains, drawn from the RNA polymerase of mumps virus and its closest relatives. Assessed at face value the domains fall on a structural continuum, with folded, partially folded, and near unstructured members. Yet the disorder present in the family is conditional, and these closely related polypeptides can access the same folded state under appropriate conditions. Any heuristic definition of the protein domain emphasizing conformational stability divides this domain family in two, in a way that makes no biological sense. Structural domains would be better defined by their ability to adopt a specific tertiary structure: a structure that may or may not be realized, dependent on the circumstances. This explicitly allows for the conditional nature of protein folding, and more clearly demarcates structural domains from intrinsically disordered regions that may function without folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavestri Yegambaram
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Lee JJ, Park JK, Jeong J, Jeon H, Yoon JB, Kim EE, Lee KJ. Complex of Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) with valosin-containing protein (VCP)-Npl4-Ufd1 and polyubiquitinated proteins promotes endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6998-7011. [PMID: 23293021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) is a ubiquitin receptor containing multiple ubiquitin-related domains including ubiquitin-associated (UBA), ubiquitin-like (UBL) 1, UBL2, and ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX). We previously showed that N-terminal UBA domain recognizes Lys(48)-ubiquitin linkage to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins and that a C-terminal UBX domain interacts with valosin-containing protein (VCP). This study shows that FAF1 interacts only with VCP complexed with Npl4-Ufd1 heterodimer, a requirement for the recruitment of polyubiquitinated proteins to UBA domain. Intriguingly, VCP association to C-terminal UBX domain regulates ubiquitin binding to N-terminal UBA domain without direct interaction between UBA and UBX domains. These interactions are well characterized by structural and biochemical analysis. VCP-Npl4-Ufd1 complex is known as the machinery required for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. We demonstrate here that FAF1 binds to VCP-Npl4-Ufd1 complex via UBX domain and polyubiquitinated proteins via UBA domain to promote endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jin Lee
- Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Reduced FAF1 Expression and Helicobacter Infection: Correlations with Clinicopathological Features in Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:153219. [PMID: 23304123 PMCID: PMC3530185 DOI: 10.1155/2012/153219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study aimed to investigate possible associations between FAF1 expression and aspects of gastric cancer, in particular its clinical characteristics and Helicobacter infection. Materials and Methods. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze expression of FAF1 mRNA and protein in 40 gastric cancer patients. H. pylori infection was detected by three staining protocols. Results. The expression level of FAF1 mRNA was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissue than in normal gastric mucosa from the same patient (P < 0.05). FAF1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in stage IV gastric cancer than in stage I+II or IIIA+IIIB (P = 0.004) and also significantly lower in gastric cancer with distant metastasis. FAF1 mRNA expression was higher in well-differentiated cancer than in poorly-differentiated cancer (0.39 ± 0.06 versus 0.19 ± 0.06, t = 9.966, P < 0.01). FAF1 protein was detected in 15 of 40 (37.5%) cancerous tissue samples and in 29 of 40 (72.5%) corresponding normal tissue samples (P < 0.01). FAF1 mRNA expression was lower in H. pylori-positive cancerous tissue samples than in H. pylori-negative ones (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Downregulation of FAF1 expression may be related to the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer, and H. pylori infection during gastric carcinogenesis may downregulate FAF1 expression.
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Lee JJ, Kim YM, Jeong J, Bae DS, Lee KJ. Ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain in human Fas associated factor 1 inhibits tumor formation by promoting Hsp70 degradation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40361. [PMID: 22876279 PMCID: PMC3410879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Fas associated factor 1 (hFAF1) is a pro-apoptotic scaffolding protein containing ubiquitin-associating (UBA), ubiquitin like 1 and 2 (UBL1, UBL2), and ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domains. hFAF1 interacts with polyubiquitinated proteins via its N-terminal UBA domain and with valosin containing protein (VCP) via its C-terminal UBX domain. Overexpression of hFAF1 or its N-terminal UBA domain significantly increases cell death by increasing the degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins. In this study, we investigated whether hFAF1, whose expression level is reduced in cervical cancer, plays a role in tumor formation. We found that HeLa cells overexpressing full-length hFAF1 or the hFAF1 UBA domain alone, significantly suppressed the anchorage independent tumor growth in soft agar colony formation, increased cell death, and activated JNK and caspase 3. Employing UBA-specific tandem immunoprecipitation, we identified moieties specifically interacting with UBA domain of hFAF1, and found that polyubiquitinated Hsp70s are recruited to UBA domain. We also demonstrated that hFAF1 overexpression promotes Hsp70 degradation via the proteasome. We further found that mutating the UBA domain (I41N), as well as knocking down hFAF1 with specific RNAi, abolishs its ability to increase the proteasomal degradation of Hsp70. These findings suggest that hFAF1 inhibits tumor formation by increasing the degradation of Hsp70 mediated via its UBA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jin Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioinspired Science, Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cell Signaling, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mee Kim
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioinspired Science, Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cell Signaling, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioinspired Science, Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cell Signaling, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk Soo Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, SungKyunKwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioinspired Science, Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cell Signaling, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Agromayor M, Soler N, Caballe A, Kueck T, Freund SM, Allen MD, Bycroft M, Perisic O, Ye Y, McDonald B, Scheel H, Hofmann K, Neil SJD, Martin-Serrano J, Williams RL. The UBAP1 subunit of ESCRT-I interacts with ubiquitin via a SOUBA domain. Structure 2012; 20:414-28. [PMID: 22405001 PMCID: PMC3314968 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) facilitate endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated cargo, MVB biogenesis, late stages of cytokinesis, and retroviral budding. Here we show that ubiquitin associated protein 1 (UBAP1), a subunit of human ESCRT-I, coassembles in a stable 1:1:1:1 complex with Vps23/TSG101, VPS28, and VPS37. The X-ray crystal structure of the C-terminal region of UBAP1 reveals a domain that we describe as a solenoid of overlapping UBAs (SOUBA). NMR analysis shows that each of the three rigidly arranged overlapping UBAs making up the SOUBA interact with ubiquitin. We demonstrate that UBAP1-containing ESCRT-I is essential for degradation of antiviral cell-surface proteins, such as tetherin (BST-2/CD317), by viral countermeasures, namely, the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu and the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ubiquitin ligase K5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Agromayor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Namanja AT, Li YJ, Su Y, Wong S, Lu J, Colson LT, Wu C, Li SSC, Chen Y. Insights into high affinity small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) recognition by SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) revealed by a combination of NMR and peptide array analysis. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3231-40. [PMID: 22147707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) regulate many essential cellular functions. Only one type of SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) has been identified that can extend the β-sheet of SUMO as either a parallel or an antiparallel strand. The molecular determinants of the bound orientation and paralogue specificity of a SIM are unclear. To address this question, we have conducted structural studies of SUMO1 in complex with a SUMO1-specific SIM that binds to SUMO1 with high affinity without post-translational modifications using nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In addition, the SIM sequence requirements have been investigated by peptide arrays in comparison with another high affinity SIM that binds in the opposing orientation. We found that antiparallel binding SIMs tolerate more diverse sequences, whereas the parallel binding SIMs prefer the more strict sequences consisting of (I/V)DLT that have a preference in high affinity SUMO2 and -3 binding. Comparison of two high affinity SUMO1-binding SIMs that bind in opposing orientations has revealed common SUMO1-specific interactions needed for high affinity binding. This study has significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular determinants underlining SUMO-SIM recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Namanja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Pinheiro AS, Eibl C, Ekman-Vural Z, Schwarzenbacher R, Peti W. The NLRP12 pyrin domain: structure, dynamics, and functional insights. J Mol Biol 2011; 413:790-803. [PMID: 21978668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The initial line of defense against infection is sustained by the innate immune system. Together, membrane-bound Toll-like receptors and cytosolic nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLR) play key roles in the innate immune response by detecting bacterial and viral invaders as well as endogenous stress signals. NLRs are multi-domain proteins with varying N-terminal effector domains that are responsible for regulating downstream signaling events. Here, we report the structure and dynamics of the N-terminal pyrin domain of NLRP12 (NLRP12 PYD) determined using NMR spectroscopy. NLRP12 is a non-inflammasome NLR that has been implicated in the regulation of Toll-like receptor-dependent nuclear factor-κB activation. NLRP12 PYD adopts a typical six-helical bundle death domain fold. By direct comparison with other PYD structures, we identified hydrophobic residues that are essential for the stable fold of the NLRP PYD family. In addition, we report the first in vitro confirmed non-homotypic PYD interaction between NLRP12 PYD and the pro-apoptotic protein Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF-1), which links the innate immune system to apoptotic signaling. Interestingly, all residues that participate in this protein:protein interaction are confined to the α2-α3 surface, a region of NLRP12 PYD that differs most between currently reported NLRP PYD structures. Finally, we experimentally highlight a significant role for tryptophan 45 in the interaction between NLRP12 PYD and the FAF-1 UBA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S Pinheiro
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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