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From bitter to delicious: properties and uses of microbial aminopeptidases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:72. [PMID: 36625962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates are easily digested and utilized by humans and animals, and are less likely to cause allergies. Protein hydrolysis caused by endopeptidases often leads to the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids at the ends of peptides, which consequently causes bitter taste. Microbial aminopeptidases remove the exposed hydrophobic amino acids at the ends of aminopeptides, which improves taste, allowing for easier production. This processe is attacking significant attention from industry and laboratories. Aminopeptidases selectively hydrolyze peptide bonds from the N-terminal of proteins or peptides to produce free amino acids. Aminopeptidases can be classified into leucine, lysine, methionine and proline aminopeptidases by hydrolyzed N-terminal residues; metallo-, serine- and cysteine- aminopeptidases by the reaction mechanisms; dipeptide and triphoptide enzymes by the released number of amino acid residues at the end of hydrolyzed peptides; or acidic, neutral and basic aminopeptidases by their optimal hydrolysis pH. Commercial aminopeptidases are generally produced by microbial fermentation, and are mainly applied in the debittering of protein hydrolysates, the deep hydrolysis of protein, and the production of condiments, cheese, and bioactive peptides, as well as for disease detection in the medical industry.
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Minasov G, Lam MR, Rosas-Lemus M, Sławek J, Woinska M, Shabalin IG, Shuvalova L, Palsson BØ, Godzik A, Minor W, Satchell KJF. Comparison of metal-bound and unbound structures of aminopeptidase B proteins from Escherichia coli and Yersinia pestis. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1618-1628. [PMID: 32306515 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein degradation by aminopeptidases is involved in bacterial responses to stress. Escherichia coli produces two metal-dependent M17 family leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs), aminopeptidase A (PepA) and aminopeptidase B (PepB). Several structures have been solved for PepA as well as other bacterial M17 peptidases. Herein, we report the first structures of a PepB M17 peptidase. The E. coli PepB protein structure was determined at a resolution of 2.05 and 2.6 Å. One structure has both Zn2+ and Mn2+ , while the second structure has two Zn2+ ions bound to the active site. A 2.75 Å apo structure is also reported for PepB from Yersinia pestis. Both proteins form homohexamers, similar to the overall arrangement of PepA and other M17 peptidases. However, the divergent N-terminal domain in PepB is much larger resulting in a tertiary structure that is more expanded. Modeling of a dipeptide substrate into the C-terminal LAP domain reveals contacts that account for PepB to uniquely cleave after aspartate.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Minasov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew R Lam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Rosas-Lemus
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna Sławek
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Magdalena Woinska
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ivan G Shabalin
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ludmilla Shuvalova
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bernhard Ø Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Adam Godzik
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wladek Minor
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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