Glucocorticoids are induced while dihydrotestosterone levels are suppressed in 5-alpha reductase inhibitor treated human benign prostate hyperplasia patients

Role of Glucocorticoids in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

To summarize published data on the association between glucocorticoids and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), focusing on the possible pathophysiological links and related treatment considerations.

RECENT FINDINGS

Glucocorticoids, commonly used for managing many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, may contribute to the development and progression of MASLD. Glucocorticoids may induce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, thus increasing systemic and hepatic insulin resistance, a hallmark of MASLD pathogenesis. Furthermore, glucocorticoids increase adipose tissue lipolysis, and hepatic de novo lipogenesis and decrease hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation, thus promoting MASLD development. Preclinical evidence also suggests that glucocorticoids may adversely affect hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and 5α-reductase are implicated in the link between glucocorticoids and MASLD, the former enzyme increasing and the latter reducing the glucocorticoid action on the liver. Treatment considerations exist due to the pathogenic link between glucocorticoids and MASLD. Since iatrogenic hypercortisolism is common, glucocorticoids should be used at the minimum daily dose to control the subjective disease. Furthermore, the pharmacologic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has provided favorable results in MASLD, both in preclinical studies and early MASH clinical trials. Glucocorticoids are closely linked to MASLD pathophysiology, with specific clinical and therapeutic implications.

Transcriptomic analysis of benign prostatic hyperplasia identifies critical pathways in prostatic overgrowth and 5-alpha reductase inhibitor resistance

BACKGROUND

The medical therapy of prostatic symptoms (MTOPS) trial randomized men with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and followed response of treatment with a 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI), an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist (α-blocker), the combination of 5ARI and α-blocker or no medical therapy (none). Medical therapy reduced risk of clinical progression by 66% but the reasons for nonresponse or loss of therapeutic response in some patients remains unresolved. Our previous work showed that prostatic glucocorticoid levels are increased in 5ARI-treated patients and that glucocorticoids can increased branching of prostate epithelia in vitro. To understand the transcriptomic changes associated with 5ARI treatment, we performed bulk RNA sequencing of BPH and control samples from patients who received 5ARI versus those that did not. Deconvolution analysis was performed to estimate cellular composition. Bulk RNA sequencing was also performed on control versus glucocorticoid-treated prostate epithelia in 3D culture to determine underlying transcriptomic changes associated with branching morphogenesis.

METHOD

Surgical BPH (S-BPH) tissue was defined as benign prostatic tissue collected from the transition zone (TZ) of patients who failed medical therapy while control tissue termed Incidental BPH (I-BPH) was obtained from the TZ of men undergoing radical prostatectomy for low-volume/grade prostatic adenocarcinoma confined to the peripheral zone. S-BPH patients were divided into four subgroups: men on no medical therapy (none: n = 7), α-blocker alone (n = 10), 5ARI alone (n = 6) or combination therapy (α-blocker and 5ARI: n = 7). Control I-BPH tissue was from men on no medical therapy (none: n = 8) or on α-blocker (n = 6). A human prostatic cell line in 3D culture that buds and branches was used to identify genes involved in early prostatic growth. Snap-frozen prostatic tissue taken at the time of surgery and 3D organoids were used for RNA-seq analysis. Bulk RNAseq data were deconvoluted using CIBERSORTx. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) that were statistically significant among S-BPH, I-BPH, and during budding and branching of organoids were used for pathway analysis.

RESULTS

Transcriptomic analysis between S-BPH (n = 30) and I-BPH (n = 14) using a twofold cutoff (p < 0.05) identified 377 DEG (termed BPH377) and a cutoff < 0.05 identified 3377 DEG (termed BPH3377). Within the S-BPH, the subgroups none and α-blocker were compared to patients on 5ARI to reveal 361 DEG (termed 5ARI361) that were significantly changed. Deconvolution analysis of bulk RNA seq data with a human prostate single cell data set demonstrated increased levels of mast cells, NK cells, interstitial fibroblasts, and prostate luminal cells in S-BPH versus I-BPH. Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced budding and branching of benign prostatic cells in 3D culture was compared to control organoids to identify early events in prostatic morphogenesis. GC induced 369 DEG (termed GC359) in 3D culture. STRING analysis divided the large datasets into 20-80 genes centered around a hub. In general, biological processes induced in BPH supported growth and differentiation such as chromatin modification and DNA repair, transcription, cytoskeleton, mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquitination, protein folding, and cholesterol synthesis. Identified signaling pathways were pooled to create a list of DEG that fell into seven hubs/clusters. The hub gene centrality was used to name the network including AP-1, interleukin (IL)-6, NOTCH1 and NOTCH3, NEO1, IL-13, and HDAC/KDM. All hubs showed connections to inflammation, chromatin structure, and development. The same approach was applied to 5ARI361 giving multiple networks, but the EGF and sonic hedgehog (SHH) hub was of particular interest as a developmental pathway. The BPH3377, 5ARI363, and GC359 lists were compared and 67 significantly changed DEG were identified. Common genes to the 3D culture included an IL-6 hub that connected to genes identified in BPH hubs that defined AP1, IL-6, NOTCH, NEO1, IL-13, and HDAC/KDM.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduction analysis of BPH and 3D organoid culture uncovered networks previously identified in prostatic development as being reinitiated in BPH. Identification of these pathways provides insight into the failure of medical therapy for BPH and new therapeutic targets for BPH/LUTS.

The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease

This review focuses on the question of metabolic syndrome (MS) being a complex, but essentially monophyletic, galaxy of associated diseases/disorders, or just a syndrome of related but rather independent pathologies. The human nature of MS (its exceptionality in Nature and its close interdependence with human action and evolution) is presented and discussed. The text also describes the close interdependence of its components, with special emphasis on the description of their interrelations (including their syndromic development and recruitment), as well as their consequences upon energy handling and partition. The main theories on MS's origin and development are presented in relation to hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but encompass most of the MS components described so far. The differential effects of sex and its biological consequences are considered under the light of human social needs and evolution, which are also directly related to MS epidemiology, severity, and relations with senescence. The triggering and maintenance factors of MS are discussed, with especial emphasis on inflammation, a complex process affecting different levels of organization and which is a critical element for MS development. Inflammation is also related to the operation of connective tissue (including the adipose organ) and the widely studied and acknowledged influence of diet. The role of diet composition, including the transcendence of the anaplerotic maintenance of the Krebs cycle from dietary amino acid supply (and its timing), is developed in the context of testosterone and β-estradiol control of the insulin-glycaemia hepatic core system of carbohydrate-triacylglycerol energy handling. The high probability of MS acting as a unique complex biological control system (essentially monophyletic) is presented, together with additional perspectives/considerations on the treatment of this 'very' human disease.

Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Pericarp Extract Exerts 5α-Reductase Inhibitory Activity in Castrated Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Model Mice

Trapa bispinosa Roxb. pericarp extract (TBE) has a polyphenol-rich composition and exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-glycation activities in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of TBE on 5α-reductase in vitro using LNCaP cells and in vivo using a mouse model of castrated benign prostatic hyperplasia. TBE showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effects in the 5α-reductase (5αR) activity assay. In a reporter assay using AR-Luc/LNCaP cells, TBE inhibited the activity induced by testosterone, but not that induced by dihydrotestosterone. TBE also suppressed prostate cell proliferation, prostate-specific antigens, and transmembrane protease serine 2 expression in a castrated benign prostatic hyperplasia mouse model. In addition, ellagic acid, but not gallic acid, decreased 5αR and AR-Luc activities. Together, these results suggest a potential role for TBE in benign prostatic hyperplasia through inhibition of 5αR.

Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments

Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process. It presents with declines in tissue and cell functions and significant increases in the risks of various aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and immune system diseases. Although the development of modern medicine has promoted human health and greatly extended life expectancy, with the aging of society, a variety of chronic diseases have gradually become the most important causes of disability and death in elderly individuals. Current research on aging focuses on elucidating how various endogenous and exogenous stresses (such as genomic instability, telomere dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, compromise of autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, deregulated nutrient sensing) participate in the regulation of aging. Furthermore, thorough research on the pathogenesis of aging to identify interventions that promote health and longevity (such as caloric restriction, microbiota transplantation, and nutritional intervention) and clinical treatment methods for aging-related diseases (depletion of senescent cells, stem cell therapy, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory treatments, and hormone replacement therapy) could decrease the incidence and development of aging-related diseases and in turn promote healthy aging and longevity.