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Validation of Recombinant Chicken Liver Bile Acid Binding Protein as a Tool for Cholic Acid Hosting. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050645. [PMID: 33925706 PMCID: PMC8146743 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are hydroxylated steroids derived from cholesterol that act at the intestinal level to facilitate the absorption of several nutrients and also play a role as signaling molecules. In the liver of various vertebrates, the trafficking of BAs is mediated by bile acid-binding proteins (L-BABPs). The ability to host hydrophobic or amphipathic molecules makes BABPs suitable for the distribution of a variety of physiological and exogenous substances. Thus, BABPs have been proposed as drug carriers, and more recently, they have also been employed to develop innovative nanotechnology and biotechnology systems. Here, we report an efficient protocol for the production, purification, and crystallization of chicken liver BABP (cL-BABP). By means of target expression as His6-tag cL-BABP, we obtained a large amount of pure and homogeneous proteins through a simple purification procedure relying on affinity chromatography. The recombinant cL-BABP showed a raised propensity to crystallize, allowing us to obtain its structure at high resolution and, in turn, assess the structural conservation of the recombinant cL-BABP with respect to the liver-extracted protein. The results support the use of recombinant cL-BABP for the development of drug carriers, nanotechnologies, and innovative synthetic photoswitch systems.
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Gheibi N, Ghorbani M, Shariatifar H, Farasat A. Effects of unsaturated fatty acids (Arachidonic/Oleic Acids) on stability and structural properties of Calprotectin using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230780. [PMID: 32214349 PMCID: PMC7098580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin is a heterodimeric protein complex with two subunits called S100A8/A9. The protein has an essential role in inflammation process and various human diseases. It has the ability to bind to unsaturated fatty acids including Arachidonic acid, Oleic acid and etc., which could be considered as a major carrier for fatty acids. In this study we aimed to appraise the thermodynamics and structural changes of Calprotectin in presence of Arachidonic acid/Oleic acid) using docking and molecular dynami simulation method. To create the best conformation of Calprotectin-Oleic acid/Arachidonic acid complexes, the docking process was performed. The complexes with the best binding energy were selected as the models for molecular dynamics simulation process. Furthermore, the structural and thermodynamics properties of the complexes were evaluated too. The Root Mean Square Deviation and Root Mean Square Fluctuation results showed that the binding of Arachidonic acid/Oleic acid to Calprotectin can cause the protein structural changes which was confirmed by Define Secondary Structure of Proteins results. Accordingly, the binding free energy results verified that binding of Oleic acid to Calprotectin leads to instability of S100A8/A9 subunits in the protein. Moreover, the electrostatic energy contribution of the complexes (Calprotectin-Oleic acid/Arachidonic acid) was remarkably higher than van der Waals energy. Thus, the outcome of this study confirm that Oleic acid has a stronger interaction with Calprotectin in comparison with Arachidonic acid. Our findings indicated that binding of unsaturated fatty acids to Calprotectin leads to structural changes of the S100A8/A9 subunits which could be beneficial to play a biological role in inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nematollah Gheibi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ghorbani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology/Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanifeh Shariatifar
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Farasat
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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D'Onofrio M, Zanzoni S, Munari F, Monaco HL, Assfalg M, Capaldi S. The long variant of human ileal bile acid-binding protein associated with colorectal cancer exhibits sub-cellular localization and lipid binding behaviour distinct from those of the common isoform. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2315-2324. [PMID: 28689989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal bile acid-binding protein, IBABP, participates in the intracellular trafficking of bile salts and influences their signaling activities. The recently discovered variant, IBABP-L, bearing an N-terminal 49-amino acid extension, was found to be associated with colorectal cancer and to protect cancer cells from the cytotoxic effects of deoxycholate. However, the precise function and the molecular properties of this variant are currently unknown. METHODS Bioinformatics tools and confocal microscopy were used to investigate the sub-cellular localization of IBABP-L; protein dynamics, ligand binding and interaction with membrane models were studied by 2D NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS Based on sub-cellular localization experiments we conclude that IBABP-L is targeted to the secretory pathway by a 24-residue signal peptide and, upon its cleavage, the mature protein is constitutively released into the extracellular space. Site-resolved NMR experiments indicated the distinct preference of primary and secondary bile salts to form either heterotypic or homotypic complexes with IBABP-L. The presence of the relatively dynamic N-terminal extension, originating only subtle conformational perturbations in the globular domain, was found to influence binding site occupation in IBABP-L as compared to IBABP. Even more pronounced differences were found in the tendency of the two variants to associate with phospholipid bilayers. CONCLUSIONS IBABP-L exhibits different sub-cellular localization, ligand-binding properties and membrane interaction propensity compared to the canonical short isoform. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results constitute an essential first step towards an understanding of the role of IBABP-L in bile salt trafficking and signaling under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariapina D'Onofrio
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Munari
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Hugo L Monaco
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Chintapalli SV, Bhardwaj G, Patel R, Shah N, Patterson RL, van Rossum DB, Anishkin A, Adams SH. Molecular dynamic simulations reveal the structural determinants of Fatty Acid binding to oxy-myoglobin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128496. [PMID: 26030763 PMCID: PMC4451517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which fatty acids are sequestered and transported in muscle have not been fully elucidated. A potential key player in this process is the protein myoglobin (Mb). Indeed, there is a catalogue of empirical evidence supporting direct interaction of globins with fatty acid metabolites; however, the binding pocket and regulation of the interaction remains to be established. In this study, we employed a computational strategy to elucidate the structural determinants of fatty acids (palmitic & oleic acid) binding to Mb. Sequence analysis and docking simulations with a horse (Equus caballus) structural Mb reference reveals a fatty acid-binding site in the hydrophobic cleft near the heme region in Mb. Both palmitic acid and oleic acid attain a "U" shaped structure similar to their conformation in pockets of other fatty acid-binding proteins. Specifically, we found that the carboxyl head group of palmitic acid coordinates with the amino group of Lys45, whereas the carboxyl group of oleic acid coordinates with both the amino groups of Lys45 and Lys63. The alkyl tails of both fatty acids are supported by surrounding hydrophobic residues Leu29, Leu32, Phe33, Phe43, Phe46, Val67, Val68 and Ile107. In the saturated palmitic acid, the hydrophobic tail moves freely and occasionally penetrates deeper inside the hydrophobic cleft, making additional contacts with Val28, Leu69, Leu72 and Ile111. Our simulations reveal a dynamic and stable binding pocket in which the oxygen molecule and heme group in Mb are required for additional hydrophobic interactions. Taken together, these findings support a mechanism in which Mb acts as a muscle transporter for fatty acid when it is in the oxygenated state and releases fatty acid when Mb converts to deoxygenated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree V. Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SVC); (SHA)
| | - Gaurav Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Reema Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Natasha Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Randen L. Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Damian B. van Rossum
- Center for Computational Proteomics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean H. Adams
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SVC); (SHA)
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Clingman CC, Deveau LM, Hay SA, Genga RM, Shandilya SMD, Massi F, Ryder SP. Allosteric inhibition of a stem cell RNA-binding protein by an intermediary metabolite. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 24935936 PMCID: PMC4094780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and metabolism are coupled at numerous levels. Cells must sense and respond to nutrients in their environment, and specialized cells must synthesize metabolic products required for their function. Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells. How metabolic state contributes to stem cell differentiation is not understood. In this study, we show that RNA-binding by the stem cell translation regulator Musashi-1 (MSI1) is allosterically inhibited by 18-22 carbon ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid binds to the N-terminal RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) and induces a conformational change that prevents RNA association. Musashi proteins are critical for development of the brain, blood, and epithelium. We identify stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 as a MSI1 target, revealing a feedback loop between ω-9 fatty acid biosynthesis and MSI1 activity. We propose that other RRM proteins could act as metabolite sensors to couple gene expression changes to physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C Clingman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Laura M Deveau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Samantha A Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ryan M Genga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Shivender M D Shandilya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Francesca Massi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Sean P Ryder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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Gioiello A, Venturoni F, Tamimi S, Custodi C, Pellicciari R, Macchiarulo A. Conformational properties of cholic acid, a lead compound at the crossroads of bile acid inspired drug discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DFT and NMR spectroscopy studies unveil three major minima conformations of cholic acid that may affect its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Gioiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Tamimi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Custodi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia, Italy
- TES Pharma S.r.l
- Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Zanzoni S, D’Onofrio M, Molinari H, Assfalg M. Recombinant proteins incorporating short non-native extensions may display increased aggregation propensity as detected by high resolution NMR spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:677-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Maddalo G, Shariatgorji M, Adams CM, Fung E, Nilsson U, Zubarev RA, Sedzik J, Ilag LL. Porcine P2 myelin protein primary structure and bound fatty acids determined by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1903-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The liver bile acid-binding proteins, L-BABPs, formerly called the liver "basic" fatty acid-binding proteins, are a subfamily of the fatty acid-binding proteins, FABPs. All the members of this protein group share the same fold: a 10 stranded beta barrel in which two short helices are inserted in between the first and the second strand of antiparallel beta sheet. The barrel encloses the ligand binding cavity of the protein while the two helices are believed to be involved in ligand accessibility to the binding site. The L-BABP subfamily has been found to be present in the liver of several vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds but not in mammals. The members of the FABP family present in mammals that appear to be more closely related to the L-BABPs are the liver FABPs and the ileal BABPs, both very extensively studied. Several L-BABP X-ray structures are available and chicken L-BABP has also been studied using NMR spectroscopy. The stoichiometry of ligand binding for bile acids, first determined by X-ray crystallography for the chicken liver protein, is of two cholates per protein molecule with the only exception of zebrafish L-BABP which, due to the presence of a disulfide bridge, has a stoichiometry of 1:1. The stoichiometry of ligand binding for fatty acids, determined with several different techniques, is 1:1. An unanswered question of great relevance is the identity of the protein that in mammals performs the function that in other vertebrates is carried out by the L-BABPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo L Monaco
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy.
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The X-ray structure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) ileal bile acid-binding protein reveals the presence of binding sites on the surface of the protein molecule. J Mol Biol 2008; 385:99-116. [PMID: 18952094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ileal bile acid-binding proteins (I-BABPs), also called ileal lipid-binding proteins or gastrotropins, belong to the family of the fatty acid-binding proteins and play an important role in the solubilization and transport of bile acids in the enterocyte. This article describes the expression, purification, crystallization, and three-dimensional structure determination of zebrafish (Danio rerio) I-BABP both in its apo form and bound to cholic acid. This is the first X-ray structure of an I-BABP. The structure of the apoprotein was determined to a resolution of 1.6 A, and two different monoclinic crystal forms of the holoprotein were solved and refined to 2.2 A resolution. Three protein molecules are present in the asymmetric unit of one of the co-crystal forms and two in the other, and therefore, the results of this study refer to observations made on five different protein molecules in the crystalline state. In every case, two cholate ligands were found bound in approximately the same position in the internal cavity of the protein molecules, but an unexpected result is the presence of clear and unambiguous electron density for several cholate molecules bound on hydrophobic patches on the surface of all the five independent protein molecules examined. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used for the thermodynamic characterization of the binding mechanism and has yielded results that are consistent with the X-ray data. Ligand binding is described in detail, and the conformational changes undergone by the protein molecule in the apo-to-holo transition are examined by superposition of the apo- and holoprotein models. The structure of the holoprotein is also compared with that of the liver BABP from the same species and those of other I-BABPs determined by NMR.
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Capaldi S, Guariento M, Saccomani G, Fessas D, Perduca M, Monaco HL. A single amino acid mutation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver bile acid-binding protein can change the stoichiometry of ligand binding. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31008-18. [PMID: 17670743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705399200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In all of the liver bile acid-binding proteins (L-BABPs) studied so far, it has been found that the stoichiometry of binding is of two cholate molecules per internal binding site. In this paper, we describe the expression, purification, crystallization, and three-dimensional structure determination of zebrafish (Danio rerio) L-BABP to 1.5A resolution, which is currently the highest available for a protein of this family. Since we have found that in zebrafish, the stoichiometry of binding in the protein cavity is of only one cholate molecule per wild type L-BABP, we examined the role of two crucial amino acids present in the binding site. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have prepared, crystallized, and determined the three-dimensional structure of co-crystals of two mutants. The mutant G55R has the same stoichiometry of binding as the wild type protein, whereas the C91T mutant changes the stoichiometry of binding from one to two ligand molecules in the cavity and therefore appears to be more similar to the other members of the L-BABP family. Based on the presence or absence of a single disulfide bridge, it can be postulated that fish should bind a single cholate molecule, whereas amphibians and higher vertebrates should bind two. Isothermal titration calorimetry has also revealed the presence in the wild type protein and the G55R mutant of an additional binding site, different from the first and probably located on the surface of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, University of Verona, Ca Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Eberini I, Fantucci P, Rocco AG, Gianazza E, Galluccio L, Maggioni D, Ben ID, Galliano M, Mazzitello R, Gaiji N, Beringhelli T. Computational and experimental approaches for assessing the interactions between the model calycin β-lactoglobulin and two antibacterial fluoroquinolones. Proteins 2006; 65:555-67. [PMID: 17001652 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Norfloxacin and levofloxacin, two fluoroquinolones of different bulk, rigidity and hydrophobicity taken as model ligands, were docked to one apo and two holo crystallographic structures of bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) using different computational approaches. BLG is a member of the lipocalin superfamily. Lipocalins show a typical b-barrel structure encompassing an internal cavity where small hydrophobic molecules are usually bound. Our studies allowed the identification of two putative binding sites in addition to the calyx. The rigid docking approximation resulted in strong repulsive forces when the ligands were docked into the calyx of the apo form. On the contrary, hindrance was not experienced in flexible docking protocols whether on the apo or on the holo BLG forms, due to allowance for side chain rearrangement. K(i) between 10(-7) and 10(-6) M were estimated for norfloxacin at pH 7.4, smaller than 10(-5) M for levofloxacin. Spectroscopic and electrophoretic techniques experimentally validated the occurrence of an interaction between norfloxacin and BLG. Changes in chemical shift and dynamic parameters were observed between the (19)F NMR spectra of the complex and of the ligand. A K(i) (ca 10(-7) M) comparable with the docking results was estimated through a NMR relaxation titration. Stabilization against unfolding was demonstrated by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis on the complex versus apo BLG. NMR experimental evidence points to a very loose interaction for ofloxacin, the racemic mixture containing levofloxacin. Furthermore, we were able to calculate in silico K(i)'s comparable to the published experimental values for the complexes of palmitic and retinoic acid with BLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Eberini
- Gruppo di Studio per la Proteomica e la Struttura delle Proteine, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
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