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Sasínková M, Křemenová J, Chajma P, Bartonička T, Massino C, Otti O, Balvín O. Changes in body size and fertility due to artificial and natural feeding of laboratory common bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:34-45. [PMID: 37889860 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Rearing common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) and other hematophagous insects is essential for basic, medical, and pest-control research. Logistically, acquiring fresh blood can be a challenge, while biologically, the eventual effects of different rearing and blood preparation protocols on bed bug genotype and phenotype pose a risk of biased research results. Using bed bug populations that are either bat- (BL) or human-related (HL), we tested the short- and long-term effects of rearing bugs on live bats or human volunteers, or artificially on CPDA (citrate phosphate dextrose, adenine)-treated blood, measuring meal size, body size, and fertility. We found that artificial feeding did not affect meal size compared with feeding on natural hosts. Long-term rearing across many generations of HL on CPDA-preserved blood led to reduced body size and fertility compared with populations reared on human volunteers. Blood preservatives increased the proportion of sterile eggs even after a single feed. Finally, our results indicated that laboratory reared bed bugs were smaller, regardless of the blood source, than wild bugs. Similar effects of artificial feeding or laboratory rearing alone should be considered in future studies using bed bug cultures to choose an appropriate rearing protocol. With regard to switching between bat and human hosts, HL took smaller meals and BL had lower fertility when fed on bats than when fed on humans. We attribute these results to methodological constrains, specifically the inconsistency of bat feeding, rather than to host specialization. Nevertheless, BL can be easily reared using human blood and artificial feeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Sasínková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Křemenová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chajma
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Massino
- Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ondřej Balvín
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Dang K, Doggett SL, Leong XY, Veera Singham G, Lee CY. Multiple Mechanisms Conferring Broad-Spectrum Insecticide Resistance in the Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2473-2484. [PMID: 34693975 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The modern resurgence of the common (Cimex lectularius L.) and tropical bed bugs (C. hemipterus [F.]) is thought to be primarily due to insecticide resistance. While there are many reports on insecticide resistance mechanisms in C. lectularius, such information in C. hemipterus is limited. We examined dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin resistance, and the underlying mechanisms in several C. hemipterus strains (Australia: Queensland [QLD-AU]; Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur [KL-MY], Tanjung Tokong [TT-MY], Christian [CH-MY], and Green Lane [GL-MY]). We used a surface contact method, synergism studies (utilizing piperonyl butoxide [PBO], S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate [DEF], and diethyl maleate [DEM]), and molecular detection of kdr mutations. Results demonstrated that all C. hemipterus strains possessed high resistance to DDT and the pyrethroids and moderate to high resistance to malathion. Synergism studies showed that deltamethrin resistance in all strains was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by PBO. In contrast, deltamethrin resistance was not affected in DEF or DEM. Similar findings were found with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. Malathion resistance was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by DEF in all strains. Resistance to DDT was not affected by DEM in all strains. Multiple kdr mutations (M918I, D953G, and L1014F) were detected by molecular analyses. TT-MY strain was found with individuals possessing three kdr mutation combinations; D953G + L1014F (homozygous susceptible: M918), M918I + D953G + L1014F (heterozygous resistant: I918), and M918I + D953G + L1014F (homozygous resistant: I918). Individuals with M918I + D953G + L1014F (homozygous resistant: I918) survived longer on deltamethrin (>12 h) than those (≤1 h) with other combinations. M918I + L1014F mutations most likely conferred super-kdr characteristic toward pyrethroids and DDT in C. hemipterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Yeng Leong
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Ecolab Malaysia, Level 12, The Pinnacle Persiaran Lagoon, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 46150, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Zhang C, Seong KM, Sun W, Mittapalli O, Qiu B, Clark JM, Pittendrigh BR. The insulin signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster: A nexus revealing an "Achilles' heel" in DDT resistance. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104727. [PMID: 33357549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an ongoing challenge in agriculture and disease vector control. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to attenuate resistance. We used genomics tools to target fundamental energy-associated pathways and identified a potential "Achilles' heel" for resistance, a resistance-associated protein that, upon inhibition, results in a substantial loss in the resistance phenotype. Specifically, we compared the gene expression profiles and structural variations of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway genes in DDT-susceptible (91-C) and -resistant (91-R) Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) strains. A total of eight and seven IIS transcripts were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in 91-R compared to 91-C. A total of 114 nonsynonymous mutations were observed between 91-C and 91-R, of which 51.8% were fixed. Among the differentially expressed transcripts, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), down-regulated in 91-R, encoded the greatest number of amino acid changes, prompting us to perform PEPCK inhibitor-pesticide exposure bioassays. The inhibitor of PEPCK, hydrazine sulfate, resulted in a 161- to 218-fold decrease in the DDT resistance phenotype (91-R) and more than a 4- to 5-fold increase in susceptibility in 91-C. A second target protein, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β-PO), had one amino acid difference between 91-C and 91-R, and the corresponding transcript was also down-regulated in 91-R. A GSK3β-PO inhibitor, lithium chloride, likewise reduced the resistance but to a lesser extent than did hydrazine sulfate for PEPCK. We demonstrate the potential role of IIS genes in DDT resistance and the potential discovery of an "Achilles' heel" against pesticide resistance in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Department of Eco-Engineering, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China; Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Applied Biology, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Baoli Qiu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Barry R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Huang J, Tian S, Ren K, Chen Y, Lin S, Chen Y, Tian H, Zhao J, Wang C, Wei H, Gu X. Effect of Treatment With 3-Octylthio-1,1,1-Trifluoropropan-2-One in the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to the Toxicity of Diafenthiuron, Indoxacarb, and Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1419-1425. [PMID: 32173761 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a worldwide insect pest of cruciferous crops. Although insecticides have long been used for its control, diamondback moth rapidly evolves resistance to almost any insecticide. In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is critically involved in almost all biological processes. The correct activity of JH depends on the precise regulation of its titer, and juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is the key regulator. Thus, JH and JHE have become important targets for new insecticide development. Trifluoromethyl ketones are specific JHE inhibitors, among which 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP) has the highest activity. The interaction effects between pretreatment with or combination of OTFP and the insecticides diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were investigated in diamondback moth larvae to determine OTFP's potential as an insecticide synergist. In third-instar larvae, both pretreatment and combination treatment with OTFP decreased or antagonized the toxicities of diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, and Bt at all set concentrations. In fourth-instar larvae, combination treatment with OTFP decreased or antagonized the toxicities of diafenthiuron and indoxacarb at all set concentrations. However, it increased or synergized the toxicity of Bt at lower concentrations despite the limited effect at higher concentrations. Our results indicated that the effect of OTFP on the toxicities of insecticides varied with the type and concentration, larval stage, and treatment method. These findings contribute to the better use of OTFP in diamondback moth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sufen Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ke Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changfang Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Cáceres M, Santo-Orihuela PL, Vassena CV. Evaluation of Resistance to Different Insecticides and Metabolic Detoxification Mechanism by Use of Synergist in the Common Bed Bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1324-1330. [PMID: 31121041 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs have become a common urban pest with consequences on human health and economic costs to the hotel and tourism sectors. Insecticide resistance is considered an important factor in the current bed bug resurgence, and multiple resistance mechanisms could be working in the resistant bed bug populations. In the present study, we determined the resistance profile to four insecticides with a different mode of action in Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) field-collected colonies from Argentina. Furthermore, the synergism effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) with deltamethrin was investigated to explore the contribution of detoxification metabolism to resistance. Our results showed that most of the field-collected colonies are extremely resistant to deltamethrin and propoxur, much more than to azametiphos and imidacloprid. The differences in resistance ratios among field-collected colonies could be associated with different modes of action of insecticides used in control pest and the mechanisms involved in the resistance. PBO pretreatment led to a significantly decreased RR in pyrethroid-resistant colonies, suggesting an upturn of monooxygenase activity for deltamethrin detoxification. However, the high RR detected could involve other mechanisms as part of the whole resistant phenotype in colonies of C. lectularius resistant to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Cáceres
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN)-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET, San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397 (CP. 1603), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ingeniería e Investigación Ambiental-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia (CP. 1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo L Santo-Orihuela
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN)-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET, San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397 (CP. 1603), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica-Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Junín 954 (CP. 1113), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia V Vassena
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN)-UNIDEF-CITEDEF-CONICET, San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397 (CP. 1603), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ingeniería e Investigación Ambiental-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia (CP. 1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gonzalez-Morales MA, Romero A. Effect of Synergists on Deltamethrin Resistance in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:786-791. [PMID: 30535372 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is an obligate hematophagous insect that has resurged worldwide since the early 2000s. Bed bug control is largely based on the widespread, intensive application of pyrethroid-based insecticide formulations, resulting in the emergence of insecticide-resistant bed bug populations. Insecticide resistance is frequently linked to metabolic detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome monooxygenase (P450s), esterases, glutathione S-tranferase, and carboxylesterase. Therefore, one way to overcome insecticide resistance could be the formulation of insecticides with synergists that counteract metabolic resistance. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the impact of four synergists-piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP)-on deltamethrin efficacy in two pyrethroid-resistant bed bug strains. A statistically significant difference in synergism ratios (SR) of a highly resistant field-derived strain (Jersey City, resistance ratio [RR] = 20,000) was noted when any of the four synergists (PBO SR = 20.5; DEM SR = 11.7; DEF SR = 102.3; and TPP SR = 9.7) were used with deltamethrin. In a less deltamethrin-resistant strain, Cincinnati (RR = 3,333), pretreatment with PBO and DEM significantly synergized deltamethrin (PBO SR = 158.8; DEM = 58.8), whereas application of DEF and TPP had no synergistic effect. The synergism data collected strongly suggest that detoxification enzymes play a significant role in the metabolic mechanisms that mediate deltamethrin resistance in bed bugs. The development and use of safe metabolic synergists that suppress detoxification enzymes offers an interesting avenue for the management of insecticide-resistant field populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gonzalez-Morales
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
| | - Alvaro Romero
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
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Gouveia D, Bonneton F, Almunia C, Armengaud J, Quéau H, Degli-Esposti D, Geffard O, Chaumot A. Identification, expression, and endocrine-disruption of three ecdysone-responsive genes in the sentinel species Gammarus fossarum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3793. [PMID: 29491422 PMCID: PMC5830573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of a large transcriptomic dataset recently obtained in the sentinel crustacean amphipod Gammarus fossarum, we developed an approach based on sequence similarity and phylogenetic reconstruction to identify key players involved in the endocrine regulation of G. fossarum. Our work identified three genes of interest: the nuclear receptors RXR and E75, and the regulator broad-complex (BR). Their involvement in the regulation of molting and reproduction, along with their sensitivity to chemical contamination were experimentally assessed by studying gene expression during the female reproductive cycle, and after laboratory exposure to model endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs): pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide and piperonyl butoxide. RXR expression suggested a role of this gene in ecdysis and post-molting processes. E75 presented two expression peaks that suggested a role in vitellogenesis, and molting. BR expression showed no variation during molting/reproductive cycle. After exposure to the three EDCs, a strong inhibition of the inter-molt E75 peak was observed with tebufenozide, and an induction of RXR after exposure to pyriproxyfen and piperonyl butoxide. These results confirm the implication of RXR and E75 in hormonal regulation of female reproductive cycles in G. fossarum and their sensitivity towards EDCs opens the possibility of using them as specific endocrine disruption biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gouveia
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - F Bonneton
- IGFL, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364, Lyon, France
| | - C Almunia
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - J Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - H Quéau
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - D Degli-Esposti
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - O Geffard
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Chaumot
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France.
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Dang K, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G, Lee CY. Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:318. [PMID: 28662724 PMCID: PMC5492349 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.)] over the past two decades is believed in large part to be due to the development of insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic and genomic studies since 2010, as well as morphological, biochemical and behavioral studies, have helped insecticide resistance research on bed bugs. Multiple resistance mechanisms, including penetration resistance through thickening or remodelling of the cuticle, metabolic resistance by increased activities of detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases), and knockdown resistance by kdr mutations, have been experimentally identified as conferring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Other candidate resistance mechanisms, including behavioral resistance, some types of physiological resistance (e.g. increasing activities of esterases by point mutations, glutathione S-transferase, target site insensitivity including altered AChEs, GABA receptor insensitivity and altered nAChRs), symbiont-mediated resistance and other potential, yet undiscovered mechanisms may exist. This article reviews recent studies of resistance mechanisms and the genes governing insecticide resistance, potential candidate resistance mechanisms, and methods of monitoring insecticide resistance in bed bugs. This article provides an insight into the knowledge essential for the development of both insecticide resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for successful bed bug management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Dang K, Singham GV, Doggett SL, Lilly DG, Lee CY. Effects of Different Surfaces and Insecticide Carriers on Residual Insecticide Bioassays Against Bed Bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:558-566. [PMID: 28115498 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of five insecticides (bendiocarb, deltamethrin, DDT, malathion, and imidacloprid) using three application methods (oil-based insecticide films on filter paper, and acetone-based insecticide deposits on two substrates: filter paper and glass) was assessed against a susceptible strain of Cimex lectularius (L.) and two resistant strains of Cimex hemipterus (F.). Substrate type significantly affected (P < 0.05) the insecticide knockdown response of the susceptible strain in acetone-based insecticide bioassays, with longer survival time on filter paper than on the glass surface. With the exception of deltamethrin, the different diluents (oil and acetone) also significantly affected (P < 0.05) the insecticide knockdown response of the susceptible strain in the filter paper-based insecticide bioassays, with longer survival time with acetone as the diluent. For both strains of C. hemipterus, there were no significant effects with the different surfaces and diluents for all insecticides except for malathion and imidacloprid, which was largely due to high levels of resistance. The lower effectiveness for the insecticide acetone-based treatment on filter paper may be due to crystal bloom. This occurs when an insecticide, dissolved in a volatile solvent, is applied onto absorptive surfaces. The effect is reduced on nonabsorptive surfaces and slowed down with oil-based insecticides, whereby the oil forms a film on absorptive surfaces. These findings suggest that nonabsorptive surfaces should be used in bioassays to monitor insecticide resistance. If absorptive surfaces are used in bioassays for testing active ingredients, then oil-based insecticides should be preferably used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dang
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia (; )
| | - G Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - David G Lilly
- Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia (; )
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Barata C, Campos B, Rivetti C, LeBlanc GA, Eytcheson S, McKnight S, Tobor-Kaplon M, de Vries Buitenweg S, Choi S, Choi J, Sarapultseva EI, Coutellec MA, Coke M, Pandard P, Chaumot A, Quéau H, Delorme N, Geffard O, Martínez-Jerónimo F, Watanabe H, Tatarazako N, Lopes I, Pestana JLT, Soares AMVM, Pereira CM, De Schamphelaere K. Validation of a two-generational reproduction test in Daphnia magna: An interlaboratory exercise. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1073-1083. [PMID: 27908627 PMCID: PMC5488698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects observed within one generation disregard potential detrimental effects that may appear across generations. Previously we have developed a two generation Daphnia magna reproduction test using the OECD TG 211 protocol with a few amendments, including initiating the second generation with third brood neonates produced from first generation individuals. Here we showed the results of an inter-laboratory calibration exercise among 12 partners that aimed to test the robustness and consistency of a two generation Daphnia magna reproduction test. Pyperonyl butoxide (PBO) was used as a test compound. Following experiments, PBO residues were determined by TQD-LC/MS/MS. Chemical analysis denoted minor deviations of measured PBO concentrations in freshly prepared and old test solutions and between real and nominal concentrations in all labs. Other test conditions (water, food, D. magna clone, type of test vessel) varied across partners as allowed in the OECD test guidelines. Cumulative fecundity and intrinsic population growth rates (r) were used to estimate "No observed effect concentrations "NOEC using the solvent control as the control treatment. EC10 and EC-50 values were obtained regression analyses. Eleven of the twelve labs succeeded in meeting the OECD criteria of producing >60 offspring per female in control treatments during 21days in each of the two consecutive generations. Analysis of variance partitioning of cumulative fecundity indicated a relatively good performance of most labs with most of the variance accounted for by PBO (56.4%) and PBO by interlaboratory interactions (20.2%), with multigenerational effects within and across PBO concentrations explaining about 6% of the variance. EC50 values for reproduction and population growth rates were on average 16.6 and 20.8% lower among second generation individuals, respectively. In summary these results suggest that the proposed assay is reproducible but cumulative toxicity in the second generation cannot reliably be detected with this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Bruno Campos
- Department of Environmental chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Rivetti
- Department of Environmental chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald A LeBlanc
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh NC 27695-7633, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Stephanie Eytcheson
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh NC 27695-7633, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Stephanie McKnight
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh NC 27695-7633, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Marysia Tobor-Kaplon
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., Dept. of Discovery and Environmental Sciences, Hambakenwetering 7, 5231, DD's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Selinda de Vries Buitenweg
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., Dept. of Discovery and Environmental Sciences, Hambakenwetering 7, 5231, DD's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Suhyon Choi
- Environmental Systems Toxicology Lab., School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dondaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Environmental Systems Toxicology Lab., School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dondaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Elena I Sarapultseva
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Highway, 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation
| | | | - Maïra Coke
- U3E, Unité d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Pandard
- INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Unité EXES, Parc technologique ALATA, BP, 2, 60 550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hervé Quéau
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Delorme
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- IRSTEA, UR MALY, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Lab. de Hidrobiología Experimental, Prol. Carpio esq. Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, México, D. F. 11340, Mexico
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Manuela Pereira
- Ghent University (UGent), Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology (GhEnToxLab), Coupure Links 653, B9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Ghent University (UGent), Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology (GhEnToxLab), Coupure Links 653, B9000 Gent, Belgium
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Aak A, Roligheten E, Rukke BA, Birkemoe T. Desiccant dust and the use of CO 2 gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 90:249-259. [PMID: 28217039 PMCID: PMC5290065 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius, Hemiptera; Cimicidae) infests homes and service industries, and the number of infestations has greatly increased over the past 20 years. At present, no cost-effective control methods are available, and eradication programs are expensive and laborious. We investigated the control potential of desiccant dust in combination with CO2 as a bed bug activity stimulant. An initial experiment with two desiccant dusts was followed by arena studies with varying doses, available hiding places and the presence or absence of host signals. Finally, we conducted a field experiment with Syloid 244FP with or without CO2 gas. Syloid was superior compared to diatomaceous earth, and effective at the concentration of 1.0 g/m2 in the field experiment. The number of harborages and partial application of desiccant dust decreased mortality in the laboratory. Bed bug activation by CO2 appeared of minor importance in the arena studies, but was crucial for the eradication in the student dormitories. In fact, all 5 bed bug-infested dormitories with a combined treatment of desiccant dust and CO2 were freed of bed bugs, whereas eradication was not successful in any of the 6 dormitories with only desiccant dust treatment. The different results in the laboratory and field experiment were most likely caused by the longer activation and higher dose of CO2 used in the field experiment than the laboratory experiment. Our study showed that application of desiccant dust in combination with release of CO2 gas to mimic human presence is a promising option for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roligheten
- Oslo Boligbygg, Wergelandsveien 3, Postboks 1192, Sentrum 0107 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Campus Ås, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, NO1430-Ås Oslo, Norway
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Campos B, Jordão R, Rivetti C, Lemos MFL, Soares AMVM, Tauler R, Barata C. Two-generational effects of contaminants in Daphnia magna: Effects of offspring quality. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1470-1477. [PMID: 26505489 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors set up a protocol to perform a 2-generational ring test using the existing guidelines for the Daphnia magna reproduction test. It is well known in ecology that size and quality of offspring vary across the first clutches in D. magna and that certain chemicals affect offspring quality. Therefore, the origin of the second generation is an important factor to consider. Two-generational effects across first, second, and third clutches were evaluated using 4-nonylphenol; those across first and third clutches were evaluated using tributyltin, and those across the third clutch were evaluated using piperonyl butoxide. The compound showing the greatest aggravation of toxic effects between the parental and second generations was piperonyl butoxide, followed by 4-nonylphenol, whereas intergenerational effects of tributyltin varied across experiments. The studied chemicals affected the quantity and quality of the offspring produced by exposed females of the parental generation, those effects being greater in third-clutch neonates. Therefore, when third-clutch offspring were further exposed, they turned out to be more sensitive than the parental generation. The results are in line with those obtained in multigenerational studies using mammalian tests, which showed that, in many cases, effects on the second generation can be predicted by evaluating the quality of the offspring produced. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1470-1477. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Campos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita Jordão
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Rivetti
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F L Lemos
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Roma Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Gammon DW, Copping LG. Special Issue to mark the career and retirement of Professor Gerry Brooks as the Editor-in-Chief of Pest Management Science. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:791-792. [PMID: 25917341 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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