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Li X, Li Y, Xiong B, Qiu S. Progress of Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Stilbenoids. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:663. [PMID: 38794325 PMCID: PMC11124934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs have made outstanding contributions to the treatment of pathogenic infections. However, the emergence of drug resistance continues to be a major threat to human health in recent years, and therefore, the search for novel antimicrobial drugs is particularly urgent. With a deeper understanding of microbial habits and drug resistance mechanisms, various creative strategies for the development of novel antibiotics have been proposed. Stilbenoids, characterized by a C6-C2-C6 carbon skeleton, have recently been widely recognized for their flexible antimicrobial roles. Here, we comprehensively summarize the mode of action of stilbenoids from the viewpoint of their direct antimicrobial properties, antibiofilm and antivirulence activities and their role in reversing drug resistance. This review will provide an important reference for the future development and research into the mechanisms of stilbenoids as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancai Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Yongqing Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Binghong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Shengxiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
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Shao J, Zhang ZJ, Shi Y, Jiang WQ, Siddique F, Chen L, Liu G, Zhu J, Luo XF, Liu YQ, An JX, Yang CJ, Cui ZN. Application and Mechanism of Cryptolepine and Neocryptolepine Derivatives as T3SS Inhibitors for Control of Bacterial Leaf Blight on Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6988-6997. [PMID: 38506764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is extremely harmful to rice production. The traditional control approach is to use bactericides that target key bacterial growth factors, but the selection pressure on the pathogen makes resistant strains the dominant bacterial strains, leading to a decline in bactericidal efficacy. Type III secretion system (T3SS) is a conserved and critical virulence factor in most Gram-negative bacteria, and its expression or absence does not affect bacterial growth, rendering it an ideal target for creating drugs against Gram-negative pathogens. In this work, we synthesized a range of derivatives from cryptolepine and neocryptolepine. We found that compound Z-8 could inhibit the expression of Xoo T3SS-related genes without affecting the growth of bacteria. an in vivo bioassay showed that compound Z-8 could effectively reduce the hypersensitive response (HR) induced by Xoo in tobacco and reduce the pathogenicity of Xoo in rice. Furthermore, it exhibited synergy in control of bacterial leaf blight when combined with the quorum quenching bacterial F20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei-Qi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Faisal Siddique
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liangye Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiakai Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun-Xia An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zi-Ning Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Li JB, Xiong LT, Lu YR, Zhang YQ, Xu XL, Wang HH, Deng X, Hu XH, Cui ZN. Novel pyrimidin-4-one derivatives as potential T3SS inhibitors against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3666-3675. [PMID: 37184259 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cruciferous black rot is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) infection and is a widespread disease worldwide. Excessive and repeated use of bactericide is an important cause of the development of bacterial resistance. It is imperative to take new approaches to screening compounds that target virulence factors rather than kill bacterial pathogens. The type III secretion system (T3SS) invades a variety of cells by transporting virulence effector factors into the cytoplasm and is an attractive antitoxic target. Toward the search of new T3SS inhibitors, an alternative series of novel pyrimidin-4-one derivatives were designed and synthesized and assessed for their effect in blocking the virulence. RESULTS All of the target compounds were characterized by proton (1 H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), carbon-13 (13 C) NMR, fluorine-19 (19 F) NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). All compounds were evaluated using high-throughput screening systems against Xcc. The results of the biological activity test revealed that the compound SPF-9 could highly inhibit the activity of xopN gene promoter and the hypersensitivity (HR) of tobacco without affecting bacterial growth. Moreover, messenger RNA (mRNA) level measurements showed that compound SPF-9 inhibited the expression of some representative genes (hrp/hrc genes). Compound SPF-9 weakened the pathogenicity of Xcc to Raphanus sativus L. CONCLUSION Compound SPF-9 has good potential for further development as a novel T3SS inhibitor against Xcc. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Tu Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Rong Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu-Hong Hu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Ning Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Anderson JC. Ill Communication: Host Metabolites as Virulence-Regulating Signals for Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:49-71. [PMID: 37253693 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens rely on host-derived signals to coordinate the deployment of virulence factors required for infection. In this review, I describe how diverse plant-pathogenic bacteria detect and respond to plant-derived metabolic signals for the purpose of virulence gene regulation. I highlight examples of how pathogens perceive host metabolites through membrane-localized receptors as well as intracellular response mechanisms. Furthermore, I describe how individual strains may coordinate their virulence using multiple distinct host metabolic signals, and how plant signals may positively or negatively regulate virulence responses. I also describe how plant defenses may interfere with the perception of host metabolites as a means to dampen pathogen virulence. The emerging picture is that recognition of host metabolic signals for the purpose of virulence gene regulation represents an important primary layer of interaction between pathogenic bacteria and host plants that shapes infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
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5
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He LL, Wang X, O'Neill Rothenberg D, Xu X, Wang HH, Deng X, Cui ZN. A novel strategy to control Pseudomonas syringae through inhibition of type III secretion system. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105471. [PMID: 37532345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae) is a highly prevalent Gram-negative pathogen with over 60 pathogenic variants that cause yield losses of up to 80% in various crops. Traditional control methods mainly involve the application of antibiotics to inactivate pathogenic bacteria, but large-scale application of antibiotics has led to the development of bacterial resistance. Gram-negative pathogens including P. syringae commonly use the type III secretion system (T3SS) as a transport channel to deliver effector proteins into host cells, disrupting host defences and facilitating virulence, providing a novel target for antibacterial drug development. In this study, we constructed a high-throughput screening reporter system based on our previous work to screen for imidazole, oxazole and thiazole compounds. The screening indicated that the three compounds (II-14, II-15 and II-24) significantly inhibited hrpW and hrpL gene promoter activity without influencing the growth of P. syringae, and the inhibitory activity was better than that of the positive control sulforaphane (4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate, SFN) at 50 μM. Three compounds suppressed the transcript levels of representative T3SS genes to different degrees, suggesting that the compounds may suppress the expression of T3SS by modulating the HrpR/S-HrpL regulatory pathway. Inoculation experiments indicated that all three compounds suppressed the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in tomato and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A in bean to varying degrees. One representative compound, II-15, significantly inhibited the secretion of the Pst DC3000 AvrPto effector protein. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel P. syringae T3SS inhibitors for application in disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | | | - Xiaoli Xu
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hai-Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zi-Ning Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Woo S, Marquez L, Crandall WJ, Risener CJ, Quave CL. Recent advances in the discovery of plant-derived antimicrobial natural products to combat antimicrobial resistant pathogens: insights from 2018-2022. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1271-1290. [PMID: 37439502 PMCID: PMC10472255 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2018 to 2022Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat. There is a rising demand for innovative drug scaffolds and new targets to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Before the advent of antibiotics, infections were treated with plants chosen from traditional medicine practices. Of Earth's 374 000 plant species, approximately 9% have been used medicinally, but most species remain to be investigated. This review illuminates discoveries of antimicrobial natural products from plants covering 2018 to 2022. It highlights plant-derived natural products with antibacterial, antivirulence, and antibiofilm activity documented in lab studies. Additionally, this review examines the development of novel derivatives from well-studied parent natural products, as natural product derivatives have often served as scaffolds for anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Woo
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, USA
| | - William J Crandall
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, USA
| | - Caitlin J Risener
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, USA
| | - Cassandra L Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
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Synthesis of resveratrol derivatives and their anti-virulence activity as T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Antibacterial mechanism of forsythoside A against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Research Progress on Small Molecular Inhibitors of the Type 3 Secretion System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238348. [PMID: 36500441 PMCID: PMC9740592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics has led to severe bacterial drug resistance. Blocking pathogen virulence devices is a highly effective approach to combating bacterial resistance worldwide. Type three secretion systems (T3SSs) are significant virulence factors in Gram-negative pathogens. Inhibition of these systems can effectively weaken infection whilst having no significant effect on bacterial growth. Therefore, T3SS inhibitors may be a powerful weapon against resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, and there has been increasing interest in the research and development of T3SS inhibitors. This review outlines several reported small-molecule inhibitors of the T3SS, covering those of synthetic and natural origin, including their sources, structures, and mechanisms of action.
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10
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Kang JE, Hwang S, Yoo N, Kim BS, Chung EH. A resveratrol oligomer, hopeaphenol suppresses virulence activity of Pectobacterium atrosepticum via the modulation of the master regulator, FlhDC. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999522. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium atrosepticum (P. atrosepticum: Pba) which causes potato soft rot and blackleg is a notorious plant pathogen worldwide. Discovery of new types of antimicrobial chemicals that target specifically to virulence factors such as bacterial motility and extracellular enzymes is required for protecting crops from pathogenic infection. A transcriptomic analysis of Pba upon hopeaphenol treatment revealed that bacterial motility-related gene expression, including a master regulator flhDC genes, was significantly influenced by hopeaphenol. We further generated a double knock-out mutant of flhDC genes by CRISPR/Cas9 system and confirmed phenotypic changes in bacterial motility, transcription of extracellular enzymes, and disease development consistent with the result of wild-type treated with hopeaphenol. The hopeaphenol-treated Pba strains, wild-type, double mutant, and complemented strain were unable to secrete the enzymes in vitro, while ΔflhDC double mutant strain reduced the secretion. Thus, our study supports that FlhDC is essential for the virulence of Pba, and proposes that hopeaphenol modulates FlhDC-dependent virulence pathways, suggesting a potential of hopeaphenol as an anti-virulence agent to manage potato soft rot and blackleg diseases.
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11
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Cooper B, Campbell KB, Garrett WM. Salicylic Acid and Phytoalexin Induction by a Bacterium that Causes Halo Blight in Beans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1766-1775. [PMID: 35147446 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0496-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola is a bacterium that causes halo blight in beans. Different varieties of beans have hypersensitive resistance to specific races of P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. During hypersensitive resistance, also known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI), beans produce hormones that signal molecular processes to produce phytoalexins that are presumed to be antibiotic to bacteria. To shed light on hormone and phytoalexin production during immunity, we inoculated beans with virulent and avirulent races of P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. We then used mass spectrometry to measure the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), the primary hormone that controls immunity in plants, and other hormones including jasmonate, methyljasmonate, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. SA, but no other examined hormone, consistently increased at sites of infection to greater levels in resistant beans compared with susceptible beans at 4 days after inoculation. We then monitored 10 candidate bean phytoalexins. Daidzein, genistein, kievitone, phaseollin, phaseollidin, coumestrol, and resveratrol substantially increased alongside SA in resistant beans but not in susceptible beans. In vitro culture assays revealed that SA, daidzein, genistein, coumestrol, and resveratrol inhibited P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola race 5 culture growth. These results demonstrate that these phytoalexins may be regulated by SA and work with SA during ETI to restrict bacterial replication. This is the first report of antibiotic activity for daidzein, genistein, and resveratrol to P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. These results improve our understanding of the mechanistic output of ETI toward this bacterial pathogen of beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
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12
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Kang JE, Yoo N, Jeon BJ, Kim BS, Chung EH. Resveratrol Oligomers, Plant-Produced Natural Products With Anti-virulence and Plant Immune-Priming Roles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:885625. [PMID: 35712595 PMCID: PMC9197177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.885625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become increasingly prevalent in the environment. Many alternative strategies have been proposed for the treatment and prevention of diverse diseases in agriculture. Among them, the modulation of bacterial virulence to bypass antibiotic resistance or boost plant innate immunity can be considered a promising drug target. Plant-produced natural products offer a broad spectrum of stereochemistry and a wide range of pharmacophores, providing a great diversity of biological activities. Here, we present a perspective on the putative role of plant-produced resveratrol oligomers as anti-virulence and plant-immune priming agents for efficient disease management. Resveratrol oligomers can decrease (1) bacterial motility directly and (2) indirectly by attenuating the bacterial type III secretion system (TT3S). They induce enhanced local immune responses mediated by two-layered plant innate immunity, demonstrating (3) a putative plant immune priming role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nayeon Yoo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Jeon
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Developing Cyclic Peptomers as Broad-Spectrum Type III Secretion System Inhibitors in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0169020. [PMID: 33875435 PMCID: PMC8373237 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01690-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an emerging global health threat. New antimicrobials are urgently needed. The injectisome type III secretion system (T3SS), required by dozens of Gram-negative bacteria for virulence but largely absent from nonpathogenic bacteria, is an attractive antimicrobial target. We previously identified synthetic cyclic peptomers, inspired by the natural product phepropeptin D, that inhibit protein secretion through the Yersinia Ysc and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Psc T3SSs but do not inhibit bacterial growth. Here, we describe the identification of an isomer, 4EpDN, that is 2-fold more potent (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 4 μM) than its parental compound. Furthermore, 4EpDN inhibited the Yersinia Ysa and the Salmonella SPI-1 T3SSs, suggesting that this cyclic peptomer has broad efficacy against evolutionarily distant injectisome T3SSs. Indeed, 4EpDN strongly inhibited intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in HeLa cells, which requires the T3SS. 4EpDN did not inhibit the unrelated twin arginine translocation (Tat) system, nor did it impact T3SS gene transcription. Moreover, although the injectisome and flagellar T3SSs are evolutionarily and structurally related, the 4EpDN cyclic peptomer did not inhibit secretion of substrates through the Salmonella flagellar T3SS, indicating that cyclic peptomers broadly but specifically target the injectisome T3SS. 4EpDN reduced the number of T3SS needles detected on the surface of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as detected by microscopy. Collectively, these data suggest that cyclic peptomers specifically inhibit the injectisome T3SS from a variety of Gram-negative bacteria, possibly by preventing complete T3SS assembly.
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O’Malley MR, Anderson JC. Regulation of the Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secretion System by Host Environment Signals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061227. [PMID: 34198761 PMCID: PMC8228185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae are Gram-negative, plant pathogenic bacteria that use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to disarm host immune responses and promote bacterial growth within plant tissues. Despite the critical role for type III secretion in promoting virulence, T3SS-encoding genes are not constitutively expressed by P. syringae and must instead be induced during infection. While it has been known for many years that culturing P. syringae in synthetic minimal media can induce the T3SS, relatively little is known about host signals that regulate the deployment of the T3SS during infection. The recent identification of specific plant-derived amino acids and organic acids that induce T3SS-inducing genes in P. syringae has provided new insights into host sensing mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge of the regulatory machinery governing T3SS deployment in P. syringae, including master regulators HrpRS and HrpL encoded within the T3SS pathogenicity island, and the environmental factors that modulate the abundance and/or activity of these key regulators. We highlight putative receptors and regulatory networks involved in linking the perception of host signals to the regulation of the core HrpRS–HrpL pathway. Positive and negative regulation of T3SS deployment is also discussed within the context of P. syringae infection, where contributions from distinct host signals and regulatory networks likely enable the fine-tuning of T3SS deployment within host tissues. Last, we propose future research directions necessary to construct a comprehensive model that (a) links the perception of host metabolite signals to T3SS deployment and (b) places these host–pathogen signaling events in the overall context of P. syringae infection.
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15
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Kang JE, Jeon BJ, Park MY, Kim BS. Inhibitory Activity of Sedum middendorffianum-Derived 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and Vanillic Acid on the Type III Secretion System of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:608-617. [PMID: 33312096 PMCID: PMC7721535 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2020.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key virulence determinant in the infection process of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Pathogen constructs a type III apparatus to translocate effector proteins into host cells, which have various roles in pathogenesis. 4-Hydroxybenozic acid and vanillic acid were identified from root extract of Sedum middendorffianum to have inhibitory effect on promoter activity of hrpA gene encoding the structural protein of the T3SS apparatus. The phenolic acids at 2.5 mM significantly suppressed the expression of hopP1, hrpA, and hrpL in the hrp/hrc gene cluster without growth retardation of Pst DC3000. Auto-agglutination of Pst DC3000 cells, which is induced by T3SS, was impaired by the treatment of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid. Additionally, 2.5 mM of each two phenolic acids attenuated disease symptoms including chlorosis surrounding bacterial specks on tomato leaves. Our results suggest that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid are potential anti-virulence agents suppressing T3SS of Pst DC3000 for the control of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kang
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Jeon
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
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Liu Y, Zhou X, Liu W, Miao W. The stability of the coiled-coil structure near to N-terminus influence the heat resistance of harpin proteins from Xanthomonas. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:344. [PMID: 33183263 PMCID: PMC7663895 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat resistance is a common characteristic of harpins, a class of proteins found in Gram-negative bacteria, which may be related to the stability of coiled-coil (CC) structure. The CC structure is a ubiquitous protein folding and assembly motif made of α-helices wrapping around each other forming a supercoil. Specifically, whether the stability of the CC structure near to N-terminus of four selected harpin proteins from Xanthomonas (hereafter referred to as Hpa1) would influence their characteristics of heat resistance was investigated. We used bioinformatics approach to predict the structure of Hpa1, used the performance of hypersensitive response (HR)-induction activity of Hpa1 and circular dichroism (CD) spectral analyses to detect the relationship between the stability of the CC structure of Hpa1 and heat resistance. RESULTS Each of four-selected Hpa1 has two α-helical regions with one in their N-terminus that could form CC structure, and the other in their C-terminus that could not. And the important amino acid residues involved in the CC motifs are located on helices present on the surface of these proteins, indicating they may engage in the formation of oligo mericaggregates, which may be responsible for HR elicitation by harpins and their high thermal stability. Increased or decreased the probability of forming a CC could either induce a stronger HR response or eliminate the ability to induce HR in tobacco after high temperature treatment. In addition, although the four Hpa1 mutants had little effect on the induction of HR by Hpa1, its thermal stability was significantly decreased. The α-helical content increased with increasing temperature, and the secondary structures of Hpa1 became almost entirely α-helices when the temperature reached 200 °C. Moreover, the stability of the CC structure near to N-terminus was found to be positively correlated with the heat resistance of Hpa1. CONCLUSIONS The stability of the CC structure might sever as an inner drive for mediating the heat resistance of harpin proteins. Our results offer a new insight into the interpretation of the mechanism involved in the heat resistance of harpin protein and provide a theoretical basis for further harpin function investigations and structure modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
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