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Ou M, Hu K, Li M, Zhang X, Lu X, Zhan X, Liao X, Zhao Q, Li M, Li R. Resistance Risk Assessment of Propiconazole in Rhizoctonia solani and its Synergistic Antifungal Mechanism with Kresoxim-methyl. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025. [PMID: 40389827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2025]
Abstract
The resistance risk and mechanisms of propiconazole in Rhizoctonia solani remain unclear. In this study, the sensitivity of 159 R. solani isolates to propiconazole was determined, and the EC50 value was 0.2286 μg/mL. Nineteen propiconazole-resistant mutants of R. solani were obtained through fungicide adaptation, and the compound fitness indexes of these propiconazole-resistant mutants were lower than those of their parental isolates. Cross-resistance analysis revealed that there was no cross-resistance between propiconazole and other fungicides, apart from prochloraz. Although no point mutations occurred in the RsCYP51 gene or its promoter regions, the expression levels of RsCYP51 and efflux transporter genes increased substantially in the propiconazole-resistant mutants. Furthermore, a 1:1 synergistic combination of propiconazole and kresoxim-methyl (SCpk(1:1)) could simultaneously cause more severe damage to both cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial function. Field trials demonstrated that SCpk(1:1) achieved over 86% control efficacy against rice sheath blight applied at 120 g a.i./ha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggui Ou
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Ke Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Xinchun Zhang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhan
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Xun Liao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity/Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Institute of Rice Industrial Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity/Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosecurity/Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
- Institute of Rice Industrial Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou P. R. China
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Hu Y, Xiong Z, Wei M, Chen P, He X, Luo X, Shaheen HMU, Yan W, Ye Y, He B. Novel Diphenyl Ether Carbonyl Ester Fragment as a Promising Skeleton Targeting Succinate Dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:8915-8924. [PMID: 40177803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a globally recognized critical target for fungicides. Our research mainly focuses on discovering novel molecular skeletons targeting SDH. We designed a series of diphenyl ether ester derivatives that exhibit potential efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani by utilizing a bioisosteric approach. These results indicate that compounds with shorter linkers significantly enhance the antifungal activity. Furthermore, the antifungal potential of an ester-linked compound was superior to its amide and N-(alkoxy) counterparts. Specifically, compound ba achieved a remarkable 92% efficacy in controlling R. solani at a dosage of 50 μg/mL with an EC50 value of 0.44 μg/mL, thus outperforming boscalid without negatively impacting rice growth. Moreover, ba caused significant damage to the R. solani mycelium and demonstrated an IC50 value of 1.69 μM against R. solani SDH, exhibiting efficacy comparable to that of boscalid. These results unveil a promising avenue for replacing traditional heterocyclic amide-based inhibitors, potentially heralding a new generation of SDH-targeting fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhengxi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xu He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xianghui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Usama Shaheen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Ou M, Hu K, Li M, Liu S, Zhang X, Lu X, Zhan X, Liao X, Li M, Li R. Resistance risk assessment of Rhizoctonia solani to four fungicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2025; 81:867-883. [PMID: 39425558 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexaconazole, thifluzamide, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin are widely used fungicides for the control of Rhizoctonia solani in China. However, few studies have assessed the sensitivity and resistance risk of R. solani to these four fungicides. RESULTS The sensitivities of 126 R. solani isolates to hexaconazole, thifluzamide, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin were determined, with average half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.0386, 0.0659, 0.663 and 1.508 μg mL-1, respectively. Field resistance monitoring of the four fungicides showed that the three isolates had moderate resistance to difenoconazole. Resistant mutants to the four fungicides were obtained by fungicide adaptation, and resistance could be stably inherited by most mutants. Compared with those of the parent isolates, the biological characteristics of hexaconazole-resistant mutants exhibited enhanced or similar compound fitness index (CFI), whereas most of the other mutants displayed reduced or comparable CFI. There was evidence of positive cross-resistance between hexaconazole and difenoconazole. In the presence of fungicides, the expression of the CYP51 genes in hexaconazole- and difenoconazole-resistant mutants significantly increased, the expression of SDH genes in thifluzamide-resistant mutants significantly decreased, and the expression of the Cyt b gene in azoxystrobin-resistant mutants did not significantly change. CONCLUSION Based on these data, we speculated that R. solani had a low-to-medium resistance risk to four fungicides. The change of target gene expression may be one of the reasons for fungicide resistance in R. solani. This study provides a theoretical basis for monitoring resistance emergence and developing resistance management strategies to control R. solani. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggui Ou
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Ke Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Shijiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Xinchun Zhang
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Xingyu Zhan
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Xun Liao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
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He B, Chen W, Fu L, Hu M, Xiong Z, Luo X, Hu Y, Mu Y, He X, Yan W, Ye Y. Development and Biological Evaluation of New Diphenyl Ether Formylhydrazide Compounds as Potent Inhibitors of Succinate Dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:26133-26141. [PMID: 39540249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c07019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), also recognized as succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR), is considered one of the most promising targets for fungicide development, garnering significant international interest. We have focused on the development of highly effective, broad-spectrum-targeted SDH inhibitors. Using an active scaffold combining strategy, we designed and synthesized a series of novel diphenyl ether formylhydrazine derivatives, and most compounds have demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Notably, compound M8 exhibited antifungal activity of more than 93% against four tested pathogen types at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, with an EC50 value below 0.3 μg/mL for each pathogen, outperforming boscalid. Additionally, compound M8 exhibited a control efficacy of 83% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on rapeseed leaves at a concentration of 200 μg/mL and demonstrated an 87% efficacy in controlling Fusarium graminearum on wheat ears when applied at 400 μg/mL. Structure-activity relationship research suggested that para-substituted benzene rings are more effective, offering stronger and more extensive antifungal potency. Further investigation, including enzyme inhibition assays, mycelial morphology observations, and molecular docking studies, suggests that the antifungal potency of M8 is due to the inhibition of its SDH activity. Therefore, our research positions compound M8 as a highly promising lead compound with broad-spectrum antifungal properties, potentially introducing a new class of fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wang Chen
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lixiang Fu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mengxu Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenxi Xiong
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xianghui Luo
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanhao Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yalin Mu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xu He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Cui K, Jiang C, Sun L, Wang M, He L, Zhou L. Resistance risk assessment for benzovindiflupyr in Sclerotium rolfsii and transmission of resistance genes among population. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3979-3987. [PMID: 38520375 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne fungal pathogen which is distributed worldwide. In previous study, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide benzovindiflupyr has been identified for its great antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii. This study is aimed to investigate the resistance risk and mechanism of benzovindiflupyr in Sclerotium rolfsii. RESULTS Eight stable benzovindiflupyr-resistant isolates were generated by fungicide adaptation. Although the obtained eight resistant isolates have a stronger pathogenicity than the parental sensitive isolate, they have a fitness penalty in the mycelial growth and sclerotia formation compared to the parental isolate. A positive cross-resistance existed in the resistant isolates between benzovindiflupyr and thifluzamide, carboxin, boscalid and isopyrazam. Three-point mutations, including SdhBN180D, SdhCQ68E and SdhDH103Y, were identified in the benzovindiflupyr-resistant isolates. However, molecular docking analysis indicated that only SdhDH103Y could influence the sensitivity of Sclerotium rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. After mycelial co-incubation of resistant isolates and the sensitive isolate, resistance genes may be transmitted to the sensitive isolate. The in vivo efficacy of benzovindiflupyr and thifluzamide against benzovindiflupyr-resistant isolates was a little lower than that against the sensitive isolate but with no significant difference. CONCLUSION The results suggested a low to medium resistance risk of Sclerotium rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. However, once resistance occurs, it is possible to spread in the population of Sclerotium rolfsii. This study is helpful to understanding the risk and mechanism of resistance to benzovindiflupyr in multinucleate pathogens such as Sclerotium rolfsii. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaofan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longjiang Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leiming He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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He B, Hu Y, Chen W, He X, Zhang E, Hu M, Zhang P, Yan W, Ye Y. Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of N-(alkoxy)-Diphenyl Ether Carboxamide Derivates as Novel Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 29:83. [PMID: 38202666 PMCID: PMC10780015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.5.1) is one of the most promising targets for fungicide development and has attracted great attention worldwide. However, existing commercial fungicides targeting SDH have led to the increasingly prominent problem of pathogen resistance, so it is necessary to develop new fungicides. Herein, we used a structure-based molecular design strategy to design and synthesize a series of novel SDHI fungicides containing an N-(alkoxy)diphenyl ether carboxamide skeleton. The mycelial growth inhibition experiment showed that compound M15 exhibited a very good control effect against four plant pathogens, with inhibition rates of more than 60% at a dose of 50 μg/mL. A structure-activity relationship study found that N-O-benzyl-substituted derivatives showed better antifungal activity than others, especially the introduction of a halogen on the benzyl. Furthermore, the molecular docking results suggested that π-π interactions with Trp35 and hydrogen bonds with Tyr33 and Trp173 were crucial interaction sites when inhibitors bound to SDH. Morphological observation of mycelium revealed that M15 could inhibit the growth of mycelia. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro tests showed that M15 not only inhibited the enzyme activity of SDH but also effectively protected rice from damage due to R. solani infection, with a result close to that of the control at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Thus, the N-(alkoxy)diphenyl ether carboxamide skeleton is a new starting point for the discovery of new SDH inhibitors and is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanhao Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xu He
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Enpei Zhang
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengxu Hu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research & Development Center, Jiangsu Flag Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Wei Yan
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.H.); (Y.H.); (W.C.); (X.H.); (E.Z.); (M.H.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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Cui K, He Y, Wang M, Li M, Jiang C, Wang M, He L, Zhang F, Zhou L. Antifungal activity of Ligusticum chuanxiong essential oil and its active composition butylidenephthalide against Sclerotium rolfsii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:5374-5386. [PMID: 37656744 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an epidemic disastrous soil-borne disease. Recently, natural products tend to be safe alternative antifungal agents to combat pathogens. RESULTS This work determined the preliminary antifungal activity of 29 essential oils against S. rolfsii and found that Ligusticum chuanxiong essential oil (LCEO) showed the best antifungal activity, with an EC50 value of 81.79 mg L-1 . Sixteen components (98.78%) were identified in LCEO by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the majority by volume comprising five phthalides (93.14%). Among these five phthalides, butylidenephthalide was the most effective compound against S. rolfsii. Butylidenephthalide not only exhibited favorable in vitro antifungal activity against the mycelial growth, sclerotia production and germination of S. rolfsi, but also presented efficient in vivo efficacy in the control of peanut stem rot. Seven days after application in the glasshouse, the protective and curative efficacy of butylidenephthalide at 300 mg L-1 (52.02%, 44.88%) and LCEO at 1000 mg L-1 (49.60%, 44.29%) against S. rolfsii were similar to that of the reference fungicide polyoxin at 300 mg L-1 (54.61%, 48.28%). Butylidenephthalide also significantly decreased the oxalic acid and polygalacturonase content of S. rolfsii, suggesting a decreased infection ability on plants. Results of biochemical actions indicated that butylidenephthalide did not have any effect on the cell membrane integrity and permeability but significantly decreased nutrient contents, disrupted the mitochondrial membrane, inhibited energy metabolism and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation of S. rolfsii. CONCLUSION Our results could provide an important reference for understanding the application potential and mechanisms of butylidenephthalide in the control of S. rolfsii. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaofan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meizi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leiming He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fulong Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Kingbo Biotech Co., Ltd., Bayan Nur, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Zhu HX, Hu LF, Hu HY, Zhou F, Wu LL, Wang SW, Rozhkova T, Li CW. Identification of a Novel Streptomyces sp. Strain HU2014 Showing Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Effect Against Rhizoctonia spp. in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1139-1150. [PMID: 36190299 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1493-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wheat sharp eyespot is a serious disease caused by the phytopathogens Rhizoctonia cerealis and R. solani. Some species in the genus Streptomyces have been identified as potential biocontrol agents against phytopathogens. In this investigation, the physiological, biochemical, phylogenetic, and genomic characteristics of strain HU2014 indicate that it is a novel Streptomyces sp. most closely related to Streptomyces albireticuli. Strain HU2014 exhibited strong antifungal activity against R. cerealis G11 and R. solani YL-3. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on the four extracts from the extracellular filtrate of strain HU2014 identified 10 chemical constituents in the Natural Products Atlas with high match levels (more than 90%). In an antifungal efficiency test on wheat sharp eyespot, two extracts significantly reduced the lesion areas on bean leaves infected by R. solani YL-3. The drenching of wheat in pots with spore suspension of strain HU2014 demonstrated a control efficiency of 65.1% against R. cerealis G11 (compared with 66.9% when treated by a 30% hymexazol aqueous solution). Additionally, in vitro and pot experiments demonstrated that strain HU2014 can produce indoleacetic acid, siderophores, extracellular enzymes, and solubilized phosphate, and it can promote plant growth. We conclude that strain HU2014 could be a valuable microbial resource for growth promotion of wheat and biological control of wheat sharp eyespot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Engineering Research of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Xinxiang, China
- Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Lin-Feng Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Hu
- Henan Engineering Research of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Xinxiang, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liu-Liu Wu
- Henan Engineering Research of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Xinxiang, China
- Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Shi-Wen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | | | - Cheng-Wei Li
- Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Zhou Y, Yang CJ, Luo XF, Li AP, Zhang SY, An JX, Zhang ZJ, Ma Y, Zhang BQ, Liu YQ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel berberine derivatives against phytopathogenic fungi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4361-4376. [PMID: 35758905 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of chemical fungicides not only leads to toxic residues and resistance in plant pathogenic fungi, but also causes environmental pollution and side effects on in humans and animals. Based on the antifungal activities of berberine, seven different types of berberine derivatives (A1-G1) were synthesized, and their antifungal activities against six plant pathogenic fungi were evaluated (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Magnaporthe oryzae). RESULTS The results for antifungal activities in vitro showed that berberine derivative E1 displayed good antifungal activity against R. solani with a median effective concentration (EC50 ) of 1.77 μg ml-1 , and berberine derivatives F1 and G1 demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activities with EC50 values ranging from 4.43 to 42.23 μg ml-1 against six plant pathogenic fungi. Berberine derivatives (E2-E29, F2-F18, and G2-G9) were further synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR), and compound E20 displayed significant antifungal activity against R. solani with an EC50 value of 0.065 μg ml-1 . Preliminary mechanism studies showed that E20 could cause mycelial shrinkage, cell membrane damage, mitochondrial abnormalities and the accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species, resulting in cell death in R. solani. Moreover, in vivo experimental results showed that the protective effect of E20 was 97.31% at 5 μg ml-1 , which was better than that of the positive control thifluzamide (50.13% at 5 μg ml-1 ). CONCLUSION Berberine derivative E20 merits further development as a new drug candidate with selective and excellent antifungal activity against R. solani. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Ping Li
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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10
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Lakovic M, Rillig MC. A Nuclei-Based Conceptual Model of (Eco)evolutionary Dynamics in Fungal Heterokaryons. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914040. [PMID: 35711750 PMCID: PMC9194903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are characterised by specific features, such as multinuclearity, coexistence of genetically different nuclei and nuclear movement across the mycelial network. These attributes make them an interesting, yet rather underappreciated, system for studying (eco)evolutionary dynamics. This is especially noticeable among theoretical studies, where rather few consider nuclei and their role in (eco)evolutionary dynamics. To encourage such theoretical approaches, we here provide an overview of existing research on nuclear genotype heterogeneity (NGH) and its sources, such as mutations and vegetative non-self-fusion. We then discuss the resulting intra-mycelial nuclear dynamics and the potential consequences for fitness and adaptation. Finally, we formulate a nuclei-based conceptual framework, which considers three levels of selection: a single nucleus, a subpopulation of nuclei and the mycelium. We compare this framework to other concepts, for example those that consider only the mycelium as the level of selection, and outline the benefits of our approach for studying (eco)evolutionary dynamics. Our concept should serve as a baseline for modelling approaches, such as individual-based simulations, which will contribute greatly to our understanding of multilevel selection and (eco)evolutionary dynamics in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Lakovic
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Wang Q, Mao Y, Li S, Li T, Wang J, Zhou M, Duan Y. Molecular Mechanism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Resistance to Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7039-7048. [PMID: 35666187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have a wide spectrum of fungicidal effects on a variety of fungi causing plant diseases, including Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. However, the consistent use of site-specific SDHI fungicides can result in the development of resistant isolates with mutations in the SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD subunit thereby leading to a rapid decline of fungicide performance. In this study, we found that SDHC was genetically evolved into two isotypes SDHC1 and SDHC2 in S. sclerotiorum but not involved in the sensitivity to SDHI fungicides. In addition, we demonstrated that the A11V substitution in SDHB was not involved in the resistance of S. sclerotiorum to boscalid, and this substitution widely emerged in the field populations. Meanwhile, the P226L substitution in SDHB was demonstrated to confer boscalid resistance in S. sclerotiorum. The result of cross-resistance showed that the SDHB-P226L substitution exhibited a positive cross-resistance between boscalid and carboxin, fluopyram, pydiflumetofen, flubeneteram, pyraziflumid, fluindapyr, or penthiopyrad. Taken together, our results indicated that the P226L substitution in SDHB resulted in the resistance of S. sclerotiorum to SDHI fungicides but suffered from fitness penalty, especially the homozygous mutants conferring the P226L substitution in SDHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yushuai Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengxue Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Resistance & Management Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Resistance & Management Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Resistance & Management Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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12
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Evolutionary Significance of Fungal Hypermutators: Lessons Learned from Clinical Strains and Implications for Fungal Plant Pathogens. mSphere 2022; 7:e0008722. [PMID: 35638358 PMCID: PMC9241500 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00087-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid evolution of fungal pathogens poses a serious threat to medicine and agriculture. The mutation rate determines the pace of evolution of a fungal pathogen. Hypermutator fungal strains have an elevated mutation rate owing to certain defects such as those in the DNA mismatch repair system. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that hypermutators expedite evolution by generating beneficial alleles at a faster pace than the wild-type strains. However, an accumulation of deleterious alleles in a hypermutator may reduce its fitness. The balance between fitness cost and mutation benefit determines the prevalence of hypermutators in a population. This balance is affected by a complex interaction of ploidy, mode of reproduction, population size, and recent population history. Studies in human fungal pathogens like Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus deuterogattii, and Cryptococcus neoformans have highlighted the importance of hypermutators in host adaptation and development of antifungal resistance. However, a critical examination of hypermutator biology, experimental evolution studies, and epidemiological studies suggests that hypermutators may impact evolutionary investigations. This review aims to integrate the knowledge about biology, experimental evolution, and dynamics of fungal hypermutators to critically examine the evolutionary role of hypermutators in fungal pathogen populations and project implications of hypermutators in the evolution of fungal plant pathogen populations. Understanding the factors determining the emergence and evolution of fungal hypermutators can open a novel avenue of managing rapidly evolving fungal pathogens in medicine and agriculture.
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13
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Zhao C, Li Y, Liang Z, Gao L, Han C, Wu X. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Resistance of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 Isolates to the Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Thifluzamide. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:567-578. [PMID: 34615378 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0266-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thifluzamide, a succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor, possesses high activity against Rhizoctonia. In this study, 144 Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 (4HGI, 4HGII, and 4HGIII) isolates, the predominate pathogen associated with sugar beet seedling damping-off, were demonstrated to be sensitive to thifluzamide with a calculated mean median effective concentration of 0.0682 ± 0.0025 μg/ml. Thifluzamide-resistant isolates were generated using fungicide-amended media, resulting in four AG-4HGI isolates and eight AG-4HGII isolates with stable resistance and almost no loss in fitness. Evaluation of cross-resistance of the 12 thifluzamide-resistant isolates and their corresponding parental-sensitive isolates revealed a moderately positive correlation between thifluzamide resistance and the level of resistance to eight other fungicides from three groups, the exception being fludioxonil. An active efflux of fungicide through ATP-binding cassette and major facilitator superfamily transporters was found to be correlated to the resistance of R. solani AG-4HGII isolates to thifluzamide based on RNA-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses. Sequence analysis of sdhA, sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD revealed replacement of isoleucine by phenylalanine at position 61 in SDHC in 9 of the 12 generated thifluzamide-resistant isolates. No other mutations were found in any of the other genes. Collectively, the data indicate that the active efflux of fungicide and a point mutation in sdhC may contribute to the resistance of R. solani AG-4HGI and AG-4HGII isolates to thifluzamide in vitro. This is the first characterization of the potential molecular mechanism associated with the resistance of R. solani AG-4 isolates to thifluzamide and provides practical guidance for the use of this fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggui Han
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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