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Furuhashi T, Otani M, Iwasa M. Dimesulfazet, a novel rice paddy herbicide, is an inhibitor of very long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2024; 49:77-86. [PMID: 38882707 PMCID: PMC11176045 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d23-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Dimesulfazet can control annual and perennial sedges in rice paddies. Here we assessed its mode of action. We performed a phenotype assay of Arabidopsis, conducted a metabolomic analysis of Echinochloa crus-galli, and analyzed the endogenous concentration of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in Schoenoplectiella juncoides. Dimesulfazet treatment caused curling and greening symptoms in the leaves and fiddlehead-like symptoms in the inflorescences of Arabidopsis. These symptoms were visually indistinguishable from those caused by flufenacet and benfuresate, which belong to Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) Group 15. We performed GC-MS/MS analysis of primary metabolites and LC-MS analysis of lipids in the herbicide-treated E. crus-galli, followed by Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis clustering. The results showed that dimesulfazet belongs to the HRAC Group 15 cluster. The endogenous concentrations of C24:0, C26:0, and C28:0 decreased in dimesulfazet-treated plants as compared to those in the control. Overall, the mode of action of dimesulfazet involves the inhibition of VLCFA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masato Otani
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation
| | - Mami Iwasa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation
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2
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Frackenpohl J, Barber DM, Bojack G, Bollenbach-Wahl B, Braun R, Getachew R, Hohmann S, Ko KY, Kurowski K, Laber B, Mattison RL, Müller T, Reingruber AM, Schmutzler D, Svejda A. Synthesis and biological profile of 2,3-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5- b]pyridines, a novel class of acyl-ACP thioesterase inhibitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:540-551. [PMID: 38440172 PMCID: PMC10910475 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work covers novel herbicidal lead structures that contain a 2,3-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine scaffold as structural key feature carrying a substituted phenyl side chain. These new compounds show good acyl-ACP thioesterase inhibition in line with strong herbicidal activity against commercially important weeds in broadacre crops, e.g., wheat and corn. The desired substituted 2,3-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridines were prepared via an optimized BH3-mediated reduction involving tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as a strong Lewis acid. Remarkably, greenhouse trials showed that some of the target compounds outlined herein display promising control of grass weed species in preemergence application, combined with a dose response window that enables partial selectivity in certain crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Frackenpohl
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David M Barber
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guido Bojack
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Bollenbach-Wahl
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Braun
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rahel Getachew
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Hohmann
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kwang-Yoon Ko
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karoline Kurowski
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Laber
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Mattison
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna M Reingruber
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Schmutzler
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Svejda
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Asmus E, Barber DM, Bojack G, Bollenbach-Wahl B, Brown RW, Döller U, Freigang J, Gatzweiler E, Getachew R, Heinemann I, Hohmann S, Ko KY, Laber B, Lange G, Mattison RL, Minn K, Müller T, Petry T, Reingruber AM, Schmutzler D, Svejda A, Frackenpohl J. Discovery and optimization of spirocyclic lactams that inhibit acyl-ACP thioesterase. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38334233 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are various methods to control weeds, that represent considerable challenges for farmers around the globe, although applying small molecular compounds is still the most effective and versatile technology to date. In the search for novel chemical entities with new modes-of-action that can control weeds displaying resistance, we have investigated two spirocyclic classes of acyl-ACP thioesterase inhibitors based on X-ray co-crystal structures and subsequent modelling studies. RESULTS By exploiting scaffold-hopping and isostere concepts, we were able to identify new spirolactam-based lead structures showing promising activity in vivo against commercially important grass weeds in line with strong target affinity. CONCLUSION The present work covers a series of novel herbicidal lead structures that contain a spirocyclic lactam as a structural key feature carrying ortho-substituted benzyl or heteroarylmethylene side chains. These new compounds show good acyl-ACP thioesterase inhibition in line with strong herbicidal activity. Glasshouse trials showed that the spirolactams outlined herein display promising control of grass-weed species in pre-emergence application combined with dose-response windows that enable partial selectivity in wheat and corn. Remarkably, some of the novel acyl-ACP thioesterase-inhibitors showed efficacy against resistant grass weeds such as Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium spp. on competitive levels compared with commercial standards. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Asmus
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David M Barber
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guido Bojack
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Bollenbach-Wahl
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ronald W Brown
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Döller
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörg Freigang
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elmar Gatzweiler
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rahel Getachew
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ines Heinemann
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Hohmann
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kwang-Yoon Ko
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd Laber
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gudrun Lange
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Mattison
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klemens Minn
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Petry
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anna M Reingruber
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Schmutzler
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Svejda
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Frackenpohl
- Research & Development, Weed Control, Division Crop Science, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
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Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Tamang P, Hammerschmidt R, Lorsbach BA, Sparks TC. Molecular Targets of Herbicides and Fungicides─Are There Useful Overlaps for Fungicide Discovery? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20532-20548. [PMID: 38100716 PMCID: PMC10755756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
New fungicide modes of action are needed for fungicide resistance management strategies. Several commercial herbicide targets found in fungi that are not utilized by commercial fungicides are discussed as possible fungicide molecular targets. These are acetyl CoA carboxylase, acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthase, phytoene desaturase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, long-chain fatty acid synthase, dihydropteroate synthase, hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, and Ser/Thr protein phosphatase. Some of the inhibitors of these herbicide targets appear to be either good fungicides or good leads for new fungicides. For example, some acetolactate synthase and dihydropteroate inhibitors are excellent fungicides. There is evidence that some herbicides have indirect benefits to certain crops due to their effects on fungal crop pathogens. Using a pesticide with both herbicide and fungicide activities based on the same molecular target could reduce the total amount of pesticide used. The limitations of such a product are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38667, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Prabin Tamang
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Raymond Hammerschmidt
- Department
of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Beth A. Lorsbach
- Nufarm, 4020 Aerial Center Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
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Abel SAG, Alnafta N, Asmus E, Bollenbach-Wahl B, Braun R, Dittgen J, Endler A, Frackenpohl J, Freigang J, Gatzweiler E, Heinemann I, Helmke H, Laber B, Lange G, Machettira A, McArthur G, Müller T, Odaybat M, Reingruber AM, Roth S, Rosinger CH, Schmutzler D, Schulte W, Stoppel R, Tiebes J, Volpin G, Barber DM. A Study in Scaffold Hopping: Discovery and Optimization of Thiazolopyridines as Potent Herbicides That Inhibit Acyl-ACP Thioesterase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18212-18226. [PMID: 37677080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new chemical entities that can control resistant weeds by addressing novel modes of action (MoAs), we were interested in further exploring a compound class that contained a 1,8-naphthyridine core. By leveraging scaffold hopping methodologies, we were able to discover the new thiazolopyridine compound class that act as potent herbicidal molecules. Further biochemical investigations allowed us to identify that the thiazolopyridines inhibit acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (FAT), with this being further confirmed via an X-ray cocrystal structure. Greenhouse trials revealed that the thiazolopyridines display excellent control of grass weed species in pre-emergence application coupled with dose response windows that enable partial selectivity in certain crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A G Abel
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Neanne Alnafta
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Asmus
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Bollenbach-Wahl
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Braun
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Dittgen
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Endler
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Frackenpohl
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Freigang
- Research and Development, Hit Discovery, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Elmar Gatzweiler
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ines Heinemann
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik Helmke
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Laber
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gudrun Lange
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anu Machettira
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gillian McArthur
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Magdalena Odaybat
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna M Reingruber
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Roth
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christopher H Rosinger
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Schmutzler
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulte
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rhea Stoppel
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Tiebes
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giulio Volpin
- Research and Development, Small Molecules Technologies, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David M Barber
- Research and Development, Weed Control Research, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Duke SO, Pan Z, Chittiboyina AG, Swale DR, Sparks TC. Molecular targets of insecticides and herbicides - Are there useful overlaps? PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105340. [PMID: 36963955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New insecticide modes of action are needed for insecticide resistance management strategies. The number of molecular targets of commercial herbicides and insecticides are fewer than 35 for both. Few commercial insecticide targets are found in plants, but ten targets of commercial herbicides are found in insects. For several of these commonly held targets, some compounds kill both plants and insects. For example, herbicidal inhibitors of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase are effective insecticides on blood-fed insects. The glutamine synthetase-inhibiting herbicide glufosinate is insecticidal by the same mechanism of action, inhibition of glutamine synthetase. These and other examples of shared activities of commercial herbicides with insecticides through the same target site are discussed. Compounds with novel herbicide targets shared by insects that are not commercialized as pesticides (such as statins) are also discussed. Compounds that are both herbicidal and insecticidal can be used for insect pests not associated with crops or with crops made resistant to the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38667, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38667, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38667, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Huang P, Hameed R, Abbas M, Balooch S, Alharthi B, Du Y, Abbas A, Younas A, Du D. Integrated omic techniques and their genomic features for invasive weeds. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:44. [PMID: 36680630 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging invasive weeds display rapid adaptation against different stressful environments compared to their natives. Rapid adaptation and dispersal habits helped invasive populations have strong diversity within the population compared to their natives. Advances in molecular marker techniques may lead to an in-depth understanding of the genetic diversity of invasive weeds. The use of molecular techniques is rapidly growing, and their implications in invasive weed studies are considered powerful tools for genome purposes. Here, we review different approach used multi-omics by invasive weed studies to understand the functional structural and genomic changes in these species under different environmental fluctuations, particularly, to check the accessibility of advance-sequencing techniques used by researchers in genome sequence projects. In this review-based study, we also examine the importance and efficiency of different molecular techniques in identifying and characterizing different genes, associated markers, proteins, metabolites, and key metabolic pathways in invasive and native weeds. Use of these techniques could help weed scientists to further reduce the knowledge gaps in understanding invasive weeds traits. Although these techniques can provide robust insights about the molecular functioning, employing a single omics platform can rarely elucidate the gene-level regulation and the associated real-time expression of weedy traits due to the complex and overlapping nature of biological interactions. We conclude that different multi-omic techniques will provide long-term benefits in launching new genome projects to enhance the understanding of invasive weeds' invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Rashida Hameed
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Manzer Abbas
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidra Balooch
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Badr Alharthi
- Department of Biology, University College of Al Khurmah, Taif University, PO. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yizhou Du
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Computer Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adeel Abbas
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Afifa Younas
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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