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Chen C, Peters JC, Fu GC. Photoinduced copper-catalysed asymmetric amidation via ligand cooperativity. Nature 2021; 596:250-256. [PMID: 34182570 PMCID: PMC8363576 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of an alkyl electrophile by a nucleophile is a foundational reaction in organic chemistry that enables the efficient and convergent synthesis of organic molecules. Although there has been substantial recent progress in exploiting transition-metal catalysis to expand the scope of nucleophilic substitution reactions to include carbon nucleophiles1-4, there has been limited progress in corresponding reactions with nitrogen nucleophiles5-8. For many substitution reactions, the bond construction itself is not the only challenge, as there is a need to control stereochemistry at the same time. Here we describe a method for the enantioconvergent substitution of unactivated racemic alkyl electrophiles by a ubiquitous nitrogen-containing functional group, an amide. Our method uses a photoinduced catalyst system based on copper, an Earth-abundant metal. This process for asymmetric N-alkylation relies on three distinct ligands-a bisphosphine, a phenoxide and a chiral diamine. The ligands assemble in situ to form two distinct catalysts that act cooperatively: a copper/bisphosphine/phenoxide complex that serves as a photocatalyst, and a chiral copper/diamine complex that catalyses enantioselective C-N bond formation. Our study thus expands enantioselective N-substitution by alkyl electrophiles beyond activated electrophiles (those bearing at least one sp- or sp2-hybridized substituent on the carbon undergoing substitution)8-13 to include unactivated electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyou Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Gregory C Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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2
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Chawla R, Van Puyenbroeck V, Pflug NC, Sama A, Ali R, Schols D, Vermeire K, Bell TW. Tuning Side Arm Electronics in Unsymmetrical Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Translocation Inhibitors to Improve their Human Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) Receptor Down-Modulating Potencies. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2633-47. [PMID: 26974263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotriazadisulfonamide prevents HIV entry into cells by down-modulating surface CD4 receptor expression through binding to the CD4 signal peptide. According to a two-site binding model, 28 new unsymmetrical analogues bearing a benzyl tail group and nine bearing a cyclohexylmethyl tail have been designed and synthesized. The most potent new CD4 down-modulator (40 (CK147); IC50 63 nM) has a 4-dimethylaminobenzenesulfonyl side arm. One of the two side arms was varied with substituents in different positions. This gave a range of CD4 down-modulation potencies that correlated well with anti-HIV-1 activities. The side arms of 21 of the new benzyl-tailed analogues were modeled by means of quantum mechanical calculations. For CADA analogues with arenesulfonamide side arms, the pIC50 values for CD4 down-modulation correlated with the component of the electric dipole moment in the aromatic ring, suggesting that an attractive electronic interaction is a major factor determining the stability of the complex between the molecule and its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Chawla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Victor Van Puyenbroeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Alekhya Sama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Rameez Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
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Potent and selective 2-oxoamide inhibitors of phospholipases A2 as novel medicinal agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are enzymes that are capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids, releasing free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA), and lysophospholipids. Both products are precursor signaling molecules involved in inflammation. Among the various PLA2s, cytosolic GIVA cPLA2 is considered a major target for inflammatory diseases, while secreted GIIA sPLA2 is involved in cardiovascular diseases. We have developed lipophilic 2-oxoamides based on (S)-γ- or δ-amino acids as potent and selective inhibitors of GIVA cPLA2, which present interesting in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. 2-Oxoamides based on natural α-amino acids are selective inhibitors of GIIA sPLA2. The mode of binding of 2-oxoamides with either GIVA cPLA2 or GIIA sPLA2 has been studied by various techniques.
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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5
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Demillo VG, Goulinet-Mateo F, Kim J, Schols D, Vermeire K, Bell TW. Unsymmetrical cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) compounds as human CD4 receptor down-modulating agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5712-21. [PMID: 21800875 DOI: 10.1021/jm2002603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) inhibits HIV at submicromolar levels by specifically down-modulating cell-surface and intracellular CD4. The specific biomolecular target of CADA compounds is unknown, but previous studies led to an unsymmetrical binding model. To test this model, methods were developed for effective synthesis of diverse, unsymmetrical CADA compounds. A total of 13 new, unsymmetrical target compounds were synthesized, as well as one symmetrical analogue. The new compounds display a wide range of potency for CD4 down-modulation in CHO·CD4-YFP cells. VGD020 (IC(50) = 46 nM) is the most potent CADA compound discovered to date, and VGD029 (IC(50) = 730 nM) is the most potent fluorescent analogue. Structure-activity relationships are analyzed from the standpoint of additive or nonadditive energy effects of different substituents. They appear to be consistent with the zipper-type mechanism in which entropy costs are reduced for additional stabilizing interactions between the small molecule and its protein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta G Demillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, USA
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Barbayianni E, Stephens D, Grkovich A, Magrioti V, Hsu YH, Cotton N, Dolatzas P, Kalogiannidis D, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoamide inhibitors of phospholipase A2 activity and cellular arachidonate release based on dipeptides and pseudodipeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4833-43. [PMID: 19443224 PMCID: PMC2695835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-oxoamides based on dipeptides and pseudodipeptides were synthesized and their activities towards two human intracellular phospholipases A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2) and GVIA iPLA(2)) and one human secretory phospholipase A(2) (GV sPLA(2)) were evaluated. Derivatives containing a free carboxyl group are selective GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors. A derivative based on the ethyl ester of an ether pseudodipeptide is the first 2-oxoamide, which preferentially inhibits GVIA iPLA(2). The effect of 2-oxoamides on the generation of arachidonic acid from RAW 264.7 macrophages was also studied and it was found that selective GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors preferentially inhibited cellular arachidonic acid release; one pseudodipeptide gave an IC(50) value of 2muM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Daren Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Andrej Grkovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Naomi Cotton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Panagiotis Dolatzas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kalogiannidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Antonopoulou G, Barbayianni E, Magrioti V, Cotton N, Stephens D, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Structure-activity relationships of natural and non-natural amino acid-based amide and 2-oxoamide inhibitors of human phospholipase A(2) enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10257-69. [PMID: 18993078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 2-oxoamides and related amides based on natural and non-natural amino acids were synthesized. Their activity on two human intracellular phospholipases (GIVA cPLA(2) and GVIA iPLA(2)) and one human secretory phospholipase (GV sPLA(2)) was evaluated. We show that an amide based on (R)-gamma-norleucine is a highly selective inhibitor of GV sPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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