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Catalan FCI, Anh LT, Oh J, Kazuma E, Hayazawa N, Ikemiya N, Kamoshida N, Tateyama Y, Einaga Y, Kim Y. Localized Graphitization on Diamond Surface as a Manifestation of Dopants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103250. [PMID: 34487374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Doped diamond electrodes have attracted significant attention for decades owing to their excellent physical and electrochemical properties. However, direct experimental observation of dopant effects on the diamond surface has not been available until now. Here, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to investigate the atomic-scale morphology and electronic structures of (100)- and (111)-oriented boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Graphitized domains of a few nanometers are shown to manifest the effects of boron dopants on the BDD surface. Confirmed by first-principles calculations, local density of states measurements reveal that the electronic structure of these features is characterized by in-gap states induced by boron-related lattice deformation. The dopant-related graphitization is uniquely observed in BDD (111), which explains its electrochemical superiority over the (100) facet. These experimental observations provide atomic-scale information about the role of dopants in modulating the conductivity of diamond, as well as, possibly, other functional doped materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le The Anh
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junepyo Oh
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hayazawa
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihito Ikemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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The Anh L, Catalan FCI, Kim Y, Einaga Y, Tateyama Y. Boron position-dependent surface reconstruction and electronic states of boron-doped diamond(111) surfaces: an ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15628-15634. [PMID: 34264252 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has attracted much attention in semi-/superconductor physics and electrochemistry, where the surface structures and electronic states play crucial roles. Herein, we systematically examine the structural and electronic properties of the unterminated and H-terminated diamond(111) surfaces by using density functional theory calculations, and the effect of the boron position on them. The surface energy increases compared to that of the undoped case when the boron is located at a deeper position in the diamond bulk, which indicates that boron near the surface can facilitate the surface stability of the BDD in addition to the H-termination. Moreover, the surface energy and projected density of state analyses suggest that the boron can enhance the graphitization of the pristine (ideal) unterminated (111) surface thanks to the alternative sp2-sp3 arrangement on that surface. Finally, we found that surface electronic states depend on the boron's position, i.e., the Fermi energy (EF) is located around the mid-gap position when the boron lies near the surface, instead of showing a p-type semiconductor behavior where the EF lies closer to the valence band maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le The Anh
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | | | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Horosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Jungnickel G, Porezag D, Frauenheim T, Heggie MI, Lambrecht WRL, Segall B, Angus JC. Graphitization Effects on Diamond Surfaces and the Diamond/Graphite Interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211540110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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