Santalum album extract exhibits neuroprotective effect against the TLR3-mediated neuroinflammatory response in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Chinese patent medicine Tongxinluo: A review on chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, quality control, and clinical applications

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing a significant economic burden on individuals and societies. For the past few years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has attracted much attention due to its advantages such as fewer side effects in the treatment of CCVD. TXL has shown great promise in the treatment of CCVD.

PURPOSE

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to TXL, covering its chemical constituents, quality control, pharmacological properties, adverse reactions, and clinical applications through an extensive search of relevant electronic databases while discussing its current challenges and provides opinions for future study.

METHODS

The following electronic databases were searched up to 2023: "TXL", "CCVD", "Chemical constituents", "Quality control" and "Pharmacological properties" were entered as keywords in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database and WANFANG DATA databases. The PRISMA guidelines were followed in this review process.

RESULTS

Studies have confirmed that TXL is effective in treating patients with CCVD and has fewer adverse effects. The aim of this review is to explore TXL anti-CCVD effects in relation to oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and enhanced cardiac function. This review also provides additional information on safety issues.

CONCLUSION

TXL plays a key role in the treatment of CCVD by regulating various pathways such as lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. However, further clinical trials and animal experiments are needed to provide more evidence and recommendations for its clinical application. This article provides an overview of TXL research to inform and inspire future studies.

Santalum album L. alleviates cardiac function injury in heart failure by synergistically inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis through multiple components

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is a complex cardiovascular syndrome with high mortality. Santalum album L. (SAL) is a traditional Chinese medicine broadly applied for various diseases treatment including HF. However, the potential active compounds and molecular mechanisms of SAL in HF treatment are not well understood.

METHODS

The active compounds and possible mechanisms of action of SAL were analyzed and validated by a systems pharmacology framework and an ISO-induced mouse HF model.

RESULTS

We initially confirmed that SAL alleviates heart damage in ISO-induced HF model. A total of 17 potentially active components in SAL were identified, with Luteolin (Lut) and Syringaldehyde (SYD) in SAL been identified as the most effective combination through probabilistic ensemble aggregation (PEA) analysis. These compounds, individually and in their combination (COMB), showed significant therapeutic effects on HF by targeting multiple pathways involved in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. The active ingredients in SAL effectively suppressed inflammatory mediators and pro-apoptotic proteins while enhancing the expression of anti-apoptotic factors and antioxidant markers. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of SAL on YAP and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways were further elucidated.

CONCLUSIONS

Mechanistically, the anti-HF effect of SAL is responsible for the synergistic effect of anti-inflammation, antioxidation and anti-apoptosis, delineating a multi-targeted therapeutic strategy for HF.

Ethnopharmacologically important highly subsidized Indian medicinal plants: Systematic review on their traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, conservation status and future prospective

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

India has an extensive reservoir of traditional wisdom and a diverse range of medicinal plants that enrich its heritage. Plants have actively been used for healthcare practices globally since the time immemorial. Medicinal uses of plants have been well recognized in India, evident from plant species documented in different traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda (1400-1800 species), Siddha (500-900 species), Unani (400-700 species), Homeopathy (about 372 species), and Sowa-Rigpa (about 250 species), etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary purpose of this review is to provide systematic updated information on thirteen medicinal plants prioritized by the Indian government (providing75 % subsidy on cultivation cost) based on the availability and market demand of these plants. Updated information regarding the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and conservation status of these plants will help in understanding their pharmacological and commercial importance. This will also help in developing new strategies for their conservation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Online databases such as SciFinder, Web of Science, Pubmed, and Google Scholar were used to collect the electronically available literature on targeted thirteen plants. Also, different Indian government official websites such as AYUSH (https://www.ayush.gov.in); NMPB (National Medicinal Plants Board) (https://nmpb.nic.in); e.charak (https://echarak.in) were used for collecting information related to the amount of subsidy, trade and price related information of these plants.

RESULTS

To promote medicinal plant cultivation, the Indian government provides subsidies for cultivating some traditionally important medicinal plants. These plants are divided into three categories according to the subsidy provided to farmers, i.e., 30%, 50%, and 75% of the cost of cultivation. Thirteen medicinal plants which are provided 75% subsidy are Aconitum ferox Wall., Aconitum heterophyllum Wall., Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., Berberis aristata DC., Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Pterocarpus santalinus L.f., Santalum Album L., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., and Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H.Karst. The literature survey reveals the enormous traditional medicinal importance, wide geographical distribution, diverse range of natural products, and broad spectrum of pharmacological activities of these plants.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature survey revealed that although remarkable progress has been made in isolation, bioactivity evaluation, quality assessment, and conservation, there is still a lot of scope for further scientific interventions. Scientific validation of traditionally claimed medicinal potential is lacking for various bioactivities. Some of the bioactivities are performed just on extracts/fractions, so there is a need for proper phytochemical studies to identify active constituents responsible for the specific bioactivity. Further, quality assessment methods using both targeted and non-targeted tools are required to evaluate the quality of these highly-priced medicinal plants and their adulterants. Ultimately, to encourage the cultivation of these endangered medicinal plant species, it is imperative to implement proper legislation and employ in-situ and ex-situ conservation tools.

Network pharmacology and experimental analysis to reveal the mechanism of Dan-Shen-Yin against endothelial to mesenchymal transition in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of plaque and endothelial dysfunction. Under pro-inflammatory conditions, endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype by a process called endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Dan-Shen-Yin (DSY) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular mechanism whereby DSY mitigates atherosclerosis remains unknown. Therefore, we employed a network pharmacology-based strategy in this study to determine the therapeutic targets of DSY, and in vitro experiments to understand the molecular pharmacology mechanism. The targets of the active ingredients of DSY related to EndMT and atherosclerosis were obtained and used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network followed by network topology and functional enrichment analysis. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the PI3K/AKT pathway was the principal signaling pathway of DSY against EndMT in atherosclerosis. Molecular docking simulations indicated strong binding capabilities of DSY’s bioactive ingredients toward PI3K/AKT pathway molecules. Experimentally, DSY could efficiently modify expression of signature EndMT genes and decrease expression of PI3K/AKT pathway signals including integrin αV, integrin β1, PI3K, and AKT1 in TGF-β2-treated HUVECs. LASP1, which is upstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway, had strong binding affinity to the majority of DSY’s bioactive ingredients, was induced by EndMT-promoting stimuli involving IL-1β, TGF-β2, and hypoxia, and was downregulated by DSY. Knock-down of LASP1 attenuated the expression of integrin αV, integrin β1, PI3K, AKT1 and EndMT-related genes induced by TGF-β2, and minimized the effect of DSY. Thus, our study showed that DSY potentially exerted anti-EndMT activity through the LASP1/PI3K/AKT pathway, providing a possible new therapeutic intervention for atherosclerosis.

Identification and Functional Analysis of SabHLHs in Santalum album L

Santalum album L., a semi-parasitic evergreen tree, contains economically important essential oil, rich in sesquiterpenoids, such as (Z) α- and (Z) β-santalol. However, their transcriptional regulations are not clear. Several studies of other plants have shown that basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) were involved in participating in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene synthase genes. Herein, bHLH TF genes with similar expression patterns and high expression levels were screened by co-expression analysis, and their full-length ORFs were obtained. These bHLH TFs were named SaMYC1, SaMYC3, SaMYC4, SaMYC5, SabHLH1, SabHLH2, SabHLH3, and SabHLH4. All eight TFs had highly conserved bHLH domains and SaMYC1, SaMYC3, SaMYC4, and SaMYC5, also had highly conserved MYC domains. It was indicated that the eight genes belonged to six subfamilies of the bHLH TF family. Among them, SaMYC1 was found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, while SaMYC4 was only localized in the cytoplasm and the remaining six TFs were localized in nucleus. In a yeast one-hybrid experiment, we constructed decoy vectors pAbAi-SSy1G-box, pAbAi-CYP2G-box, pAbAi-CYP3G-box, and pAbAi-CYP4G-box, which had been transformed into yeast. We also constructed pGADT7-SaMYC1 and pGADT7-SabHLH1 capture vectors and transformed them into bait strains. Our results showed that SaMYC1 could bind to the G-box of SaSSy, and the SaCYP736A167 promoter, which SaSSy proved has acted as a key enzyme in the synthesis of santalol sesquiterpenes and SaCYP450 catalyzed the ligation of santalol sesquiterpenes into terpene. We have also constructed pGreenII 62-SK-SaMYC1, pGreenII 0800-LUC-SaSSy and pGreenII 0800-LUC-SaCYP736A167 via dual-luciferase fusion expression vectors and transformed them into Nicotiana benthamiana using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. The results showed that SaMYC1 was successfully combined with SaSSy or SaCYP736A167 promoter and the LUC/REN value was 1.85- or 1.55-fold higher, respectively, than that of the control group. Therefore, we inferred that SaMYC1 could activate both SaSSy and SaCYP736A167 promoters.

Ca' Granda, Hortus simplicium: Restoring an Ancient Medicinal Garden of XV-XIX Century in Milan (Italy)

This work is based on the study of 150 majolica vases dated back to the mid XVII century that once preserved medicinal remedies prepared in the ancient Pharmacy annexed to the Ospedale Maggiore Ca' Granda in Milan (Lombardy, Italy). The Hortus simplicium was created in 1641 as a source of plant-based ingredients for those remedies. The main objective of the present work is to lay the knowledge base for the restoration of the ancient Garden for educational and informative purposes. Therefore, the following complementary phases were carried out: (i) the analysis of the inscriptions on the jars, along with the survey on historical medical texts, allowing for the positive identification of the plant ingredients of the remedies and their ancient use as medicines; (ii) the bibliographic research in modern pharmacological literature in order to validate or refute the historical uses; (iii) the realization of the checklist of plants potentially present in cultivation at the ancient Garden, concurrently with the comparison with the results of a previous in situ archaeobotanical study concerning pollen grains. For the species selection, considerations were made also regarding drug amounts in the remedies and pedoclimatic conditions of the study area. Out of the 150 vases, 108 contained plant-based remedies, corresponding to 148 taxa. The remedies mainly treated gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. At least one of the medicinal uses was validated in scientific literature for 112 out of the 148 examined species. Finally, a checklist of 40 taxa, presumably hosted in the Hortus simplicium, was assembled.