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El Hajj O, Hartness SW, Vandergrift GW, Park Y, Glenn CK, Anosike A, Webb AR, Dewey NS, Doner AC, Cheng Z, Jatana GS, Moses-DeBusk M, China S, Rotavera B, Saleh R. Alkylperoxy radicals are responsible for the formation of oxygenated primary organic aerosol. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj2832. [PMID: 37976350 PMCID: PMC10656070 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is an air pollutant ubiquitous in urban atmospheres. Urban OA is usually apportioned into primary OA (POA), mostly emitted by mobile sources, and secondary OA (SOA), which forms in the atmosphere due to oxidation of gas-phase precursors from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. By performing coordinated measurements in the particle phase and the gas phase, we show that the alkylperoxy radical chemistry that is responsible for low-temperature ignition also leads to the formation of oxygenated POA (OxyPOA). OxyPOA is distinct from POA emitted during high-temperature ignition and is chemically similar to SOA. We present evidence for the prevalence of OxyPOA in emissions of a spark-ignition engine and a next-generation advanced compression-ignition engine, highlighting the importance of understanding OxyPOA for predicting urban air pollution patterns in current and future atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar El Hajj
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samuel W. Hartness
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Yensil Park
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chase K. Glenn
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anita Anosike
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Annabelle R. Webb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Dewey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anna C. Doner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Gurneesh S. Jatana
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Melanie Moses-DeBusk
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Brandon Rotavera
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rawad Saleh
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Russo C, Apicella B, Ciajolo A. Blue and green luminescent carbon nanodots from controllable fuel-rich flame reactors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14566. [PMID: 31601923 PMCID: PMC6787054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous synthesis in controlled gas flame reactors is here demonstrated as a very effective approach for the direct and easy production of structurally reproducible carbon nanodots. In this work, the design of a simple deposition system, inserted into the reactor, is introduced. A controlled flame reactor is employed in the present investigation. The system was optimized for the production of carbon nanoparticles including fluorescent nanocarbons. Blue and green fluorescent carbon could be easily separated from the carbon nanoparticles by extraction with organic solvents and characterized by advanced chemical (size exclusion chromatography and mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic analysis. The blue fluorescent carbon comprised a mixture of molecular fluorophores and aromatic domains; the green fluorescent carbon was composed of aromatic domains (10–20 aromatic condensed rings), bonded and/or turbostratically stacked together. The green-fluorescent carbon nanodots produced in the flame reactor were insoluble in water but soluble in N-methylpyrrolidinone and showed excitation-independent luminescence. These results provide insights for a simple and controlled synthesis of carbon nanodots with specific and versatile features, which is a promising pathway for their use in quite different applicative sectors of bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Russo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Apicella
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Ciajolo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
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Faccinetto A, Focsa C, Desgroux P, Ziskind M. Progress toward the Quantitative Analysis of PAHs Adsorbed on Soot by Laser Desorption/Laser Ionization/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10510-10520. [PMID: 26267485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ analyses of substances extracted from flames provide useful albeit mostly qualitative information on the formation process of soot and on the impact of exhausts on the environment. An experimental setup based on the coupling of laser desorption, laser ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD/LI/ToF-MS) is presented in past works as an alternative means to more traditional techniques like gas chromatography (GC) to characterize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of soot. In this paper, we go one step further in the understanding of the laser desorption/laser ionization dynamics and propose a combined experimental/simulation approach: we estimate the limit of detection of LD/LI/ToF-MS as low as [0.2, 2.8] fmol per laser pulse and we make quantitative predictions on the concentration of PAHs desorbed from soot. In particular, external calibration with model samples where PAHs are adsorbed on black carbon at known concentrations allows us to link the concentration of PAHs desorbed and detected by photoionization ToF-MS to the concentration of PAHs adsorbed on soot. The comparison of data obtained from the analysis of flame sampled soot with standard commercial GC-MS run in parallel validates the approach and defines limits and potentialities of both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Faccinetto
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Michael Ziskind
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Herod AA, Bartle KD, Morgan TJ, Kandiyoti R. Analytical Methods for Characterizing High-Mass Complex Polydisperse Hydrocarbon Mixtures: An Overview. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3892-923. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200429v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Herod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - K. D. Bartle
- Energy Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - T. J. Morgan
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Westerduinweg
3, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
| | - R. Kandiyoti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Martínez-Haya B, Hortal AR, Hurtado P, Lobato MD, Pedrosa JM. Laser desorption/ionization determination of molecular weight distributions of polyaromatic carbonaceous compounds and their aggregates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:701-13. [PMID: 17538977 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of model polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and complex asphaltene samples have been investigated in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) experiments. Special efforts are devoted to the characterization of aggregation effects during the desorption process. It is found that non-covalent clusters of the PAHs and asphaltenes form readily in the desorbing plume. Aggregation is favoured in the experiments performed on dense samples at high laser energy and under continuous ion extraction conditions. In the absence of polar groups in the analyte molecules, the aggregation propensity correlates well with the size of the polycondensed system and with its degree of pericondensation, in qualitative agreement with previous theoretical predictions. For the polydispersed asphaltenes from two different crude oils, MWDs peaking at masses smaller than 500 amu with a high-mass tail extending up to about 3000 amu have been observed, yielding average weights around 900 amu. Such MWDs are in good agreement with previous mass spectrometric measurement, as well as with diffusion studies in solution. In addition, stable asphaltene aggregates have been detected giving rise to two broad bands in the mass spectrum corresponding to average molecular weights of 2200-3100 amu and 15,000-19,000 amu, respectively. It is concluded that the strong aggregation propensity of asphaltenes is likely to be responsible for the apparent inconsistency between the MWD for these compounds determined by different groups in independent LDI-MS experiments. The reliability of different sample preparation procedures, including solvent-free methods, is discussed, and strategies are outlined that serve to apply the potentiality of LDI mass spectrometry to the characterization of covalent and non-covalent compounds in complex carbonaceous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martínez-Haya
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Happold J, Grotheer HH, Aigner M. Distinction of gaseous soot precursor molecules and soot precursor particles through photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1247-54. [PMID: 17342787 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Samples were drawn from sooting premixed low-pressure ethylene oxygen flames and investigated through photoionization mass spectrometry using either KrF or ArF lasers as the radiation source. With the former, mass spectra were obtained as described in the literature and characterized through a series of signal groups, one for each C-number and extending to about m/z 1000, assigned as a PAH series. When the ArF laser was used the same series was observed with a somewhat higher sensitivity. In addition, a new series was observed overlaid on the PAH series and starting at about m/z 680. The new series exhibited abundant ions and it completely dominated the spectrum beyond m/z 1000. This series was identified as being the spectrum of soot precursor particles. Through measurement of the ionization order it was concluded that at least two photons are needed for ionization of PAHs whereas the particles need only one photon. Consequently, they can be measured with high sensitivity when an ArF laser is used as the radiation source. Furthermore, the discrimination of soot precursor molecules and soot precursor particles becomes possible through photoionization and this enables an improved understanding of the mass spectra. This should allow a particle growth mechanism to be deduced in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Happold
- German Aerospace Center - Institute of Combustion Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1520-1531. [PMID: 17103385 DOI: 10.1002/jms.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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