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Wu LL, Wu YS, Chen WY, Zhou W, Tang L, Li B, Liu B. Determination of artemisitene in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application in pharmacokinetics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1121-1128. [PMID: 28403574 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Artemisitene shows a wide variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant protection in vitro and in vivo. It has been identified as a novel Nrf2 inducer. However, there is no report on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method to quantitate artemisitene in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic profile study. METHODS An ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH Symmetry Shield RP18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm) was used at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1 . Mass detection was performed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode. Plasma samples were pre-treated by a single-step extraction with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solutions-acetonitrile, and tolbutamide was used as internal standard. RESULTS The calibration curve was from 0.98 to 1000 ng∙mL-1 (r2 = 0.995). The extraction recoveries were 61.5-79.4% and 81.7-94.6% for artemisitene and tolbutamide, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.98 ng∙mL-1 . The absolute bioavailability of artemisitene was 3.7% after intravenous and oral administration in rats. CONCLUSIONS The UPLC/MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, accuracy, stability, extraction recovery, matrix effects, and intra-day and inter-day precision. The method, for the first time, achieved some pharmacokinetic parameters and was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lan Wu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Shan Wu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ying Chen
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lipeng Tang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ben Li
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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A High-Resolution LC–MS/MS Method for the Quantitative Determination of Artemether and Its Metabolite Dihydroartemisinin in Human Plasma and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Extraction of Artemisinin, an Active Antimalarial Phytopharmaceutical from Dried Leaves of Artemisia annua L., Using Microwaves and a Validated HPTLC-Visible Method for Its Quantitative Determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/361405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, precise, and accurate high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method coupled with visible densitometric detection of artemisinin is developed and validated. Samples of the dried Artemisia annua leaves were extracted via microwaves using different solvents. This method shows the advantage of shorter extraction time of artemisinin from leaves under the influence of electromagnetic radiations. Results obtained from microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were compared with hot soxhlet extraction. Chromatographic separation of artemisinin from plant extract was performed over silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plate using n-hexane : ethyl acetate as mobile phase in the ratio of 75 : 25, v/v. The plate was developed at room temperature 25 ± 2.0°C. Artemisinin separation over thin-layer plate was visualized after postchromatographic derivatization with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent. HPTLC plate was scanned in a CAMAG’s TLC scanner 3 at 540 nm. Artemisinin responses were found to be linear over a range of 400–2800 ng spot−1 with a correlation coefficient 0.99754. Limits of detection and quantification were 40 and 80 ng spot−1, respectively. The HPTLC method was validated in terms of system suitability, precision, accuracy, sensitivity (LOD and LOQ), and robustness. Additionally, calculation of plate efficiency and flow constant were included as components of validation. Extracts prepared from different parts of the plant (leaves, branches, main stem, and roots) were analyzed for artemisinin content, in which, artemisinin content was found higher in the leaf extract with respect to branches and main stem extracts; however, no artemisinin was detected in root extract. The developed HPTLC-visible method of artemisinin determination will be very useful for pharmaceutical industries, which are involved in monitoring of artemisinin content during different growth stages (in vitro and in vivo) of A. annua for qualitative and quantitative assessment of final produce prior to commercial-scale processing for assessment of cost-benefit ratio.
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Krawczyk T, Baj S. Review: Advances in the Determination of Peroxides by Optical and Spectroscopic Methods. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.900781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Matar KM, Awad AI, Elamin SB. Pharmacokinetics of artesunate alone and in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1087-93. [PMID: 24615137 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Artesunate (AS) in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) is the first-line therapy for management of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan. The objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of SP on the pharmacokinetics of AS and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), in healthy adults. A single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study design with a washout period of three weeks was performed with 16 volunteers. After oral administration of AS alone or in combination with SP, Tmax values of AS and DHA were significantly prolonged in the combination group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect on the other pharmacokinetic parameters (P > 0.05). The t1/2 values of AS and DHA were significantly higher in females than in males (P < 0.05). The present findings suggest that co-administration of SP with AS has no clinically relevant impact on the pharmacokinetics of AS or DHA in healthy persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Matar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait; National Medicines and Poisons Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdelmoneim I Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait; National Medicines and Poisons Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sakina B Elamin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait; National Medicines and Poisons Board, Khartoum, Sudan
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Carrà A, Bagnati R, Fanelli R, Bonati M. Fast and reliable artemisinin determination from different Artemisia annua leaves based alimentary products by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 142:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vergote V, Jansen H, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. LC-UV/MS quality analytics of paediatric artemether formulations. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:37-52. [PMID: 29403867 PMCID: PMC5761056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly selective and stability-indicating HPLC-method, combined with appropriate sample preparation steps, is developed for β-artemether assay and profiling of related impurities, including possible degradants, in a complex powder for oral suspension. Following HPLC conditions allowed the required selectivity: a Prevail organic acid (OA) column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), flow rate set at 1.5 mL/min combined with a linear gradient (where A=25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), and B=acetonitrile) from 30% to 75% B in a runtime of 60 min. Quantitative UV-detection was performed at 210 nm. Acetonitrile was applied as extraction solvent for sample preparation. Using acetonitrile-water mixtures as extraction solvent, a compartmental behaviour by a non-solving excipient-bound fraction and an artemether-solubilising free fraction of solvent was demonstrated, making a mobile phase based extraction not a good choice. Method validation showed that the developed HPLC-method is considered to be suitable for its intended regulatory stability-quality characterisation of β-artemether paediatric formulations. Furthermore, LC-MS on references as well as on stability samples was performed allowing identity confirmation of the β-artemether related impurities. MS-fragmentation scheme of β-artemether and its related substances is proposed, explaining the m/z values of the in-source fragments obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herwig Jansen
- Dafra Pharma International, Slachthuisstraat 30/7, B-2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 9 264 8100; fax: +32 9 264 8193.
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Wahajuddin, Raju KSR, Taneja I. Bioanalysis of antimalarials using liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Louw S, Njoroge M, Chigorimbo-Murefu N, Chibale K. Comparison of electrospray ionisation, atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and atmospheric pressure photoionisation for the identification of metabolites from labile artemisinin-based anti-malarial drugs using a QTRAP® mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2431-2442. [PMID: 22976210 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Artemisinin-based drugs and their metabolites are prone to in-source fragmentation under atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry (API-MS) conditions. To facilitate correct and efficient identification of all possible drug metabolites using full scan MS analyzer methods, stable [M + NH(4) ](+) ions should be produced in the MS source. METHODS Using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap MS system, electrospray ionisation (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) methods were developed for the detection of [M + NH(4) ](+) ions of the test compounds dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artemether and artesunic acid. The optimised methods employed ammonium formate buffered HPLC mobile phase in combination with moderate source temperatures (100-200 °C) and showed satisfactorily reduced in-source fragmentation. RESULTS With a full scan MS analyser method for the detection of the in vitro metabolites of the test compounds, the respective performance of the ESI and APCI methods was found to be comparable. ESI generally resulted in less in-source fragmentation. Incorrect assignment of metabolites resulted from strong in-source fragmentation of artemether using the APPI method. The most number of metabolites could be detected using ESI in combination with a selective MS analyser method. CONCLUSIONS ESI and APCI full scan methods proved to be capable of detecting any drug metabolites present in reasonable concentrations, and are useful when employed in addition to selective scan methods that target low level expected metabolites. APPI can be a valuable alternative for detecting expected metabolites due to good signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Louw
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Adegoke OA, Xiang LL, Idowu OS, Chen DY. Highly sensitive liquid chromatographic analysis of artemisinin and its derivatives after pre-column derivatization with 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrobenzene diazonium ion. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Du F, Liu T, Shen T, Zhu F, Xing J. Qualitative-(semi)quantitative data acquisition of artemisinin and its metabolites in rat plasma using an LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:246-52. [PMID: 22359336 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin (QHS) is one of the first-line antimalarials, and autoinduction of CYP-mediated metabolism can result in its reduced exposure. To better understand the autoinduction of QHS, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of QHS and its phase I metabolites in rats using an liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method. The LC separation was improved, allowing the separation of QHS and its metabolites from their diastereomers, and seven metabolites of QHS with relatively high exposure were identified in rat plasma, including deoxyartemisinin (DQHS), three monoyhydroxylated plus deoxyl metabolites (M1-M3) and three monohydroxylated metabolites (M4-M6). For detection, a high-resolution LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization (ESI) inlet in the positive ion mode was used. High-resolution extracted ion chromatograms for each analyte were obtained by processing the full-scan MS dataset with 10 ppm mass tolerance. The plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The standard curve was linear (r(2) > 0.99) over the QHS and DQHS concentration range of 5.0-200.0 ng/ml in 50 µl of plasma, which offered sufficient sensitivity and accuracy for the determination of QHS and its metabolites. A 3-day validation approach was used for absolute quantitation of QHS and DQHS. The other six metabolites of QHS were semiquantified based on the calibration curve of QHS. The present method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of QHS in rats after a single oral administration. The data shown here also suggest that this type of mass analyzer will be capable of a quantitative-qualitative workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Quantification of dihydroartemisinin, artesunate and artemisinin in human blood: overcoming the technical challenge of protecting the peroxide bridge. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1613-24. [PMID: 21756094 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of artemisinin (ARN) and its derivatives in whole blood has hitherto been thought impossible. RESULTS A LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of artesunate (ARS), its metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and artemisinin in human whole blood has been developed and successfully validated. The method includes stabilization of the blood matrix at the time of collection and at the time of analysis. Addition of potassium dichromate to the blood samples deactivated the Fe(2+) core in hemoglobin, while deferoxamine chelated Fe(3+) and prevented back conversion into Fe(2+). A pilot study showed that the blood:plasma ratio for ARS and DHA is approximately 0.75, indicating a significantly lower uptake in red blood cells than had previously been estimated using radiolabeled drug methodology. CONCLUSIONS The developed LC-MS/MS assay is the first method available for quantification of ARN and its derivatives in blood and opens up new possibilities of studying these drugs inside infected red blood cells.
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Jessing KK, Juhler RK, Strobel BW. Monitoring of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, and artemether in environmental matrices using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11735-11743. [PMID: 21961706 DOI: 10.1021/jf2027632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The area cultivated with Artemisia annua for the extraction of the antimalarial compound artemisinin is increasing, but the environmental impact of this cultivation has not yet been studied. A sensitive and robust method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of artemisinin in soil. Dihydroartemisinin and artemether were included in the method, and performance on analytical columns of both traditional C(18) phenyl-hexyl and porous shell particles-based Kinetex types was characterized. The versatility of the method was demonstrated on surface water and groundwater samples and plant extracts. The limit of detection was 55, 30 (25 ng/g soil), and 4 ng/mL for dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, and artemether, respectively. Method performance was demonstrated using naturally contaminated soil samples from A. annua fields in Kenya. The highest observed concentrations were above EC(10) for lettuce growth. Monitoring of artemisinin in soil with A. annua crop production seems necessary to further understand the impact in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Knudsmark Jessing
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:37-46. [PMID: 21083186 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemether-lumefantrine is the most widely recommended artemisinin-based combination treatment for falciparum malaria. Quantification of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in biological matrices has traditionally been difficult, with sensitivity being an issue. RESULTS A high-throughput bioanalytical method for the analysis of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma using solid-phase extraction in the 96-well plate format and liquid chromatography coupled to positive ion mode tandem mass spectroscopy has been developed and validated according to US FDA guidelines. The method uses 50 µl plasma and covers the calibration range 1.43-500 ng/ml with a limit of detection at 0.36 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS The developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay is more sensitive than all previous methods despite using a lower plasma volume (50 µl) and is highly suitable for clinical studies where plasma volumes are limited, such as pediatric trials.
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Wang X, Zhao XE, Yang B, Dong H, Liu D, Huang L. A combination of ultrasonic-assisted extraction with RRLC-QQQ method for the determination of artemisinin in the Chinese herb Artemisia annua L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:280-284. [PMID: 21337647 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artemisinin, the primary active ingredient of the Chinese herb Artemisia annua L., is known to have considerable anti-malaria properties. However, rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of artemisinin in it is not currently available. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an efficient method for extraction and analysis of artemisinin from the plant samples of Artemisia annua L. by rapid resolution liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (RRLC-QQQ). METHODOLOGY Following ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE), RRLC-QQQ was utilised to separate and determine artemisinin from the plant sample of Artemisia annua L. The LC separation, QQQ-MS detection and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were optimised, and the method validation concluding selectivity, calibration, accuracy and precision, and recovery were also evaluated. RESULTS LC separation was performed with an isocratic elution of 20% of methanol-water (10 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 4.0) on a C(18) column. The triple quadrupole MS detection was carried out under MRM mode of precursor ion [M + H]+ → fragment ions m/z 265.1 and m/z 247.2. The limits of detection and quantitation of artemisinin were 0.20 and 0.75 ng/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precisions did not exceed 3.71%, and the deviation of the intra- and inter-day mean values did not exceed ±7.50. The average recoveries for artemisinin ranged from 92.45 to 103.8% with an RSD from 2.47 to 2.79%. CONCLUSION The developed RRLC-QQQ assay is an efficient method for separation and determination of artemisinin from the plant samples of Artemisia annua L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Material Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Dongzhimennei Street, Beijing 100700, China
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Duthaler U, Keiser J, Huwyler J. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography and ion spray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of artesunate, artemether and their major metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in sheep plasma. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:172-181. [PMID: 21259399 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, promising fasciocidal activities of artesunate and artemether were described in rats and sheep. Therefore, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantify artesunate, artemether and their metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in sheep plasma. Protein precipitation with methanol was used for sample workup. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using an Atlantis C18 analytical column with a mobile phase gradient system of ammonium formate and acetonitrile. The analytes were detected by MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with electrospray ionisation in the positive mode (transition m/z 267.4 → 163.0). The analytical range for dihydroartemisinin, dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide and artesunate was 10-1000 ng/ml and for artemether 90-3000 ng/ml with a lower limit of quantification of 10 and 90 ng/ml, respectively. Inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision deviations were < 10%. Consistent relative recoveries (60-80%) were observed over the investigated calibration range for all analytes. All analytes were stable in the autosampler for at least 30 h (6 °C) and after three freeze and thaw cycles. The validation results demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method is precise, accurate and selective and can be used for the determination of the artemisinins in sheep plasma. The method was applied successfully to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and its metabolites in plasma of intramuscularly treated sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Duthaler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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César IC, de Aquino Ribeiro JA, de Souza Teixeira L, Bellorio KB, de Abreu FC, Moreira JM, Chellini PR, Pianetti GA. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of artemether and lumefantrine in human plasma: Application for a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xing J, Bai K, Liu T, Wang R, Zhang L, Zhang S. The multiple-dosing pharmacokinetics of artemether, artesunate, and their metabolite dihydroartemisinin in rats. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:252-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.542257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Avula B, Wang YH, Smillie TJ, Mabusela W, Vincent L, Weitz F, Khan IA. Comparison of LC–UV, LC–ELSD and LC–MS Methods for the Determination of Sesquiterpenoids in Various Species of Artemisia. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of artemether and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:959-65. [PMID: 19646837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the pharmacokinetic profile of artemether in children and in the context of antiviral drugs for HIV infected patients co-infected with malaria, an LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. Using artemisinin as the internal standard, 0.5 mL samples were processed with solid phase extraction (Waters Oasis HLB column), the elutes were directly injected onto a C18 LC column (Waters, Symmetry, 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm). Mass detection utilized ESI+ as the ionization mode and MRM as the quantitation mode. In respect to the low ionization capacity of artemether, ammonium formate was added to the LC mobile phase to facilitate ionization (M+NH4+). The calibration range was 2-200 ng/mL. The recovery was 73-81% for artemether and 90-99% for dihydroartemisinin. The validated method was applied to analysis of clinical samples with results in good agreement with an existing method.
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Lindegardh N, Tarning J, Toi PV, Hien TT, Farrar J, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Ashton M, Day NPJ. Quantification of artemisinin in human plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:768-73. [PMID: 19162422 PMCID: PMC2658735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectroscopy method for the quantification of artemisinin in human heparinised plasma has been developed and validated. The method uses Oasis HLB mu-elution solid phase extraction 96-well plates to facilitate a high throughput of 192 samples a day. Artesunate (internal standard) in a plasma-water solution was added to plasma (50 microL) before solid phase extraction. Artemisinin and its internal standard artesunate were analysed by liquid chromatography and MS/MS detection on a Hypersil Gold C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) column using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-ammonium acetate 10mM pH 3.5 (50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The method has been validated according to published FDA guidelines and showed excellent performance. The within-day, between-day and total precisions expressed as R.S.D., were lower than 8% at all tested quality control levels including the upper and lower limit of quantification. The limit of detection was 0.257 ng/mL for artemisinin and the calibration range was 1.03-762 ng/mL using 50 microL plasma. The method was free from matrix effects as demonstrated both graphically and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lindegardh
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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22
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Hodel E, Zanolari B, Mercier T, Biollaz J, Keiser J, Olliaro P, Genton B, Decosterd L. A single LC–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 14 antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:867-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of artesunate and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Reale S, Pace L, Monti P, De Angelis F, Marcozzi G. A rapid method for the quantification of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. plants cultivated for the first time in Burundi. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:360-4. [PMID: 18322852 DOI: 10.1080/14786410701855951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple, rapid combined method for extracting the antimalarial compound artemisinin from the leaves of Artemisia annua L. cultivated for the first time in Burundi, and quantitating the active principle by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Reale
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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25
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Electrochemical Determination of Artemisinin Using a Multi-wall Carbon Nanotube Film-modified Electrode. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.7.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Shih CH, Siu SO, Ng R, Wong E, Chiu LCM, Chu IK, Lo C. Quantitative analysis of anticancer 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in infected sorghum seedlings. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:254-9. [PMID: 17227050 DOI: 10.1021/jf062516t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
3-Deoxyanthocyanidins are structurally related to the anthocyanin pigments, which are popular as health-promoting phytochemicals. Here, it is demonstrated that the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins are more cytotoxic on human cancer cells than the 3-hydroxylated anthocyanidin analogues. At 200 microM concentration, luteolinidin reduced the viability of HL-60 and HepG2 cells by 90 and 50%, respectively. Sorghum is a major source of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, which are present as seed pigments and as phytoalexins responding to pathogen attack. On the basis of the collision-induced dissociation spectra of luteolinidin and apigeninidin, an LC-MS/MS method, operating in multiple-reaction monitoring mode, was developed for the specific detection and accurate quantification of these compounds in complex mixtures, which may be difficult to analyze using absorbance measurements. The results demonstrated that inoculated sorghum seedlings could be utilized for convenient and large-scale production of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. A quantity of almost 270 microg/g (fresh weight) of luteolinidin was produced 72 h after fungal inoculation of 1-week-old seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hat Shih
- Department of Botany, Department of Chemistry, and Genome Research Center, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Xing J, Xie C, Lou H. Recent applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:368-78. [PMID: 17317073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and sesquiterpenoids have been extensively investigated because of their biological and physiological significances, as well as their promising clinical uses. It is necessary to monitor them or their metabolites in biological fluids for both pre-clinical studies and routine clinical uses. The successful hyphenation of LC and MS, which was thought as "the bird wants to marry with fish", has been conducted widely in biological samples analysis. This present paper reviewed the feasibility of LC-MS techniques in the identification and quantification of natural products (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and sesquiterpenoids) in biological fluids, dealing with sample preparation, LC techniques, suitability of different MS techniques. Perspective of LC-MS was also discussed to show the potential of this technology. The citations cover the period 2002-2006. We conclude that LC-MS is an extremely powerful tool for the analysis of natural products in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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28
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1654-1665. [PMID: 17136768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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29
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Jin MC, Chen XH. Rapid determination of three anticoagulant rodenticides in whole blood by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2741-6. [PMID: 16921552 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of bromadiolone, flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood using warfarin as internal standard (IS) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) has been developed and validated. The target compounds were extracted from the whole blood with ethyl acetate and separated on an XDB C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm i.d. x 5 microm) by using a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% acetic acid/methanol (12/88, v/v) at a constant flow rate of 0.50 mL/min. The analytes were detected using negative ESI-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The molecular ions [M-H]- of m/z 527, 541,523 and 307 were selected for the quantification for bromadiolone, flocoumafen, brodifacoum and the IS, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.995) in the concentration range of 0.50-100.00 ng/mL. The method showed a satisfactory sensitivity (0.05-0.5 ng/mL using 200 microL blood), precision (RSD < 11.9%), accuracy (recovery: 82.0-96.1%) and selectivity. This method was successfully applied to the determination of the analytes for the diagnoses of poisoned human beings and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Cong Jin
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 237 Yongfeng Road, Ningbo 315010, China.
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