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Clifford MN, Ludwig IA, Pereira-Caro G, Zeraik L, Borges G, Almutairi TM, Dobani S, Bresciani L, Mena P, Gill CIR, Crozier A. Exploring and disentangling the production of potentially bioactive phenolic catabolites from dietary (poly)phenols, phenylalanine, tyrosine and catecholamines. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103068. [PMID: 38377790 PMCID: PMC10891336 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Following ingestion of fruits, vegetables and derived products, (poly)phenols that are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract pass to the colon, where they undergo microbiota-mediated ring fission resulting in the production of a diversity of low molecular weight phenolic catabolites, which appear in the circulatory system and are excreted in urine along with their phase II metabolites. There is increasing interest in these catabolites because of their potential bioactivity and their use as biomarkers of (poly)phenol intake. Investigating the fate of dietary (poly)phenolics in the colon has become confounded as a result of the recent realisation that many of the phenolics appearing in biofluids can also be derived from the aromatic amino acids, l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, and to a lesser extent catecholamines, in reactions that can be catalysed by both colonic microbiota and endogenous mammalian enzymes. The available evidence, albeit currently rather limited, indicates that substantial amounts of phenolic catabolites originate from phenylalanine and tyrosine, while somewhat smaller quantities are produced from dietary (poly)phenols. This review outlines information on this topic and assesses procedures that can be used to help distinguish between phenolics originating from dietary (poly)phenols, the two aromatic amino acids and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, IFAPA-Alameda Del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain; Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laila Zeraik
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Dobani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Perini M, Bontempo L. Liquid Chromatography coupled to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (LC-IRMS): A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rowe JT, King RFGJ, King AJ, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Wilson OJ, O'Hara JP. Glucose and Fructose Hydrogel Enhances Running Performance, Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation, and Gastrointestinal Tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:129-140. [PMID: 34334720 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Beneficial effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on exogenous CHO oxidation and endurance performance require a well-functioning gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, GI complaints are common during endurance running. This study investigated the effect of a CHO solution-containing sodium alginate and pectin (hydrogel) on endurance running performance, exogenous and endogenous CHO oxidation, and GI symptoms. METHODS Eleven trained male runners, using a randomized, double-blind design, completed three 120-min steady-state runs at 68% V˙O2max, followed by a 5-km time-trial. Participants ingested 90 g·h-1 of 2:1 glucose-fructose (13C enriched) as a CHO hydrogel, a standard CHO solution (nonhydrogel), or a CHO-free placebo during the 120 min. Fat oxidation, total and exogenous CHO oxidation, plasma glucose oxidation, and endogenous glucose oxidation from liver and muscle glycogen were calculated using indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. GI symptoms were recorded throughout the trial. RESULTS Time-trial performance was 7.6% and 5.6% faster after hydrogel ([min:s] 19:29 ± 2:24, P < 0.001) and nonhydrogel (19:54 ± 2:23, P = 0.002), respectively, versus placebo (21:05 ± 2:34). Time-trial performance after hydrogel was 2.1% faster (P = 0.033) than nonhydrogel. Absolute and relative exogenous CHO oxidation was greater with hydrogel (68.6 ± 10.8 g, 31.9% ± 2.7%; P = 0.01) versus nonhydrogel (63.4 ± 8.1 g, 29.3% ± 2.0%; P = 0.003). Absolute and relative endogenous CHO oxidation was lower in both CHO conditions compared with placebo (P < 0.001), with no difference between CHO conditions. Absolute and relative liver glucose oxidation and muscle glycogen oxidation were not different between CHO conditions. Total GI symptoms were not different between hydrogel and placebo, but GI symptoms were higher in nonhydrogel compared with placebo and hydrogel (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The ingestion of glucose and fructose in hydrogel form during running benefited endurance performance, exogenous CHO oxidation, and GI symptoms compared with a standard CHO solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy J King
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Oliver J Wilson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - John P O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
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Griffiths A, Deighton K, Boos CJ, Rowe J, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King R, O'Hara JP. Carbohydrate Supplementation and the Influence of Breakfast on Fuel Use in Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:785-795. [PMID: 33044437 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on substrate oxidation during exercise in hypoxia after preexercise breakfast consumption and omission. METHODS Eleven men walked in normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 ~11.7%) for 90 min at 50% of hypoxic V˙O2max. Participants were supplemented with a carbohydrate beverage (1.2 g·min-1 glucose) and a placebo beverage (both enriched with U-13C6 D-glucose) after breakfast consumption and after omission. Indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to calculate carbohydrate (exogenous and endogenous [muscle and liver]) and fat oxidation. RESULTS In the first 60 min of exercise, there was no significant change in relative substrate oxidation in the carbohydrate compared with placebo trial after breakfast consumption or omission (both P = 0.99). In the last 30 min of exercise, increased relative carbohydrate oxidation occurred in the carbohydrate compared with placebo trial after breakfast omission (44.0 ± 8.8 vs 28.0 ± 12.3, P < 0.01) but not consumption (51.7 ± 12.3 vs 44.2 ± 10.4, P = 0.38). In the same period, a reduction in relative liver (but not muscle) glucose oxidation was observed in the carbohydrate compared with placebo trials after breakfast consumption (liver, 7.7% ± 1.6% vs 14.8% ± 2.3%, P < 0.01; muscle, 25.4% ± 9.4% vs 29.4% ± 11.1%, P = 0.99) and omission (liver, 3.8% ± 0.8% vs 8.7% ± 2.8%, P < 0.01; muscle, 19.4% ± 7.5% vs 19.2% ± 12.2%, P = 0.99). No significant difference in relative exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was observed between breakfast consumption and omission trials (P = 0.14). CONCLUSION In acute normobaric hypoxia, carbohydrate supplementation increased relative carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (>60 min) after breakfast omission, but not consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Griffiths
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Joshua Rowe
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, SUERC, University of Glasgow. East Kilbride, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, SUERC, University of Glasgow. East Kilbride, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Roderick King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - John P O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
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Petropoulou K, Salt LJ, Edwards CH, Warren FJ, Garcia-Perez I, Chambers ES, Alshaalan R, Khatib M, Perez-Moral N, Cross KL, Kellingray L, Stanley R, Koev T, Khimyak YZ, Narbad A, Penney N, Serrano-Contreras JI, Charalambides MN, Miguens Blanco J, Castro Seoane R, McDonald JAK, Marchesi JR, Holmes E, Godsland IF, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Domoney C, Wilde PJ, Frost GS. A natural mutation in Pisum sativum L. (pea) alters starch assembly and improves glucose homeostasis in humans. NATURE FOOD 2020; 1:693-704. [PMID: 37128029 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-00159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated postprandial glucose (PPG) is a significant risk factor for non-communicable diseases globally. Currently, there is a limited understanding of how starch structures within a carbohydrate-rich food matrix interact with the gut luminal environment to control PPG. Here, we use pea seeds (Pisum sativum) and pea flour, derived from two near-identical pea genotypes (BC1/19RR and BC1/19rr) differing primarily in the type of starch accumulated, to explore the contribution of starch structure, food matrix and intestinal environment to PPG. Using stable isotope 13C-labelled pea seeds, coupled with synchronous gastric, duodenal and plasma sampling in vivo, we demonstrate that maintenance of cell structure and changes in starch morphology are closely related to lower glucose availability in the small intestine, resulting in acutely lower PPG and promotion of changes in the gut bacterial composition associated with long-term metabolic health improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Petropoulou
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Integrated Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rasha Alshaalan
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Clinical Nutrition Program, Department of Health, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Khatib
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | - Todor Koev
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas Penney
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Integrated Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Ivan Serrano-Contreras
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Integrated Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jesus Miguens Blanco
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rocio Castro Seoane
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julie A K McDonald
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Division of Integrated Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computational & Systems Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian F Godsland
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Tom Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | | | | | - Gary S Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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6
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O'Hara JP, Duckworth L, Black A, Woods DR, Mellor A, Boos C, Gallagher L, Tsakirides C, Arjomandkhah NC, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ. Fuel Use during Exercise at Altitude in Women with Glucose-Fructose Ingestion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2586-2594. [PMID: 31206498 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the coingestion of glucose and fructose on exogenous and endogenous substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise at terrestrial high altitude (HA) versus sea level, in women. METHOD Five women completed two bouts of cycling at the same relative workload (55% Wmax) for 120 min on acute exposure to HA (3375 m) and at sea level (~113 m). In each trial, participants ingested 1.2 g·min of glucose (enriched with C glucose) and 0.6 g·min of fructose (enriched with C fructose) before and every 15 min during exercise. Indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to calculate fat oxidation, total and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, plasma glucose oxidation, and endogenous glucose oxidation derived from liver and muscle glycogen. RESULTS The rates and absolute contribution of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was significantly lower at HA compared with sea level (effect size [ES] > 0.99, P < 0.024), with the relative exogenous carbohydrate contribution approaching significance (32.6% ± 6.1% vs 36.0% ± 6.1%, ES = 0.56, P = 0.059) during the second hour of exercise. In comparison, no significant differences were observed between HA and sea level for the relative and absolute contributions of liver glucose (3.2% ± 1.2% vs 3.1% ± 0.8%, ES = 0.09, P = 0.635 and 5.1 ± 1.8 vs 5.4 ± 1.7 g, ES = 0.19, P = 0.217), and muscle glycogen (14.4% ± 12.2% vs 15.8% ± 9.3%, ES = 0.11, P = 0.934 and 23.1 ± 19.0 vs 28.7 ± 17.8 g, ES = 0.30, P = 0.367). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in total fat oxidation between HA and sea level (66.3 ± 21.4 vs 59.6 ± 7.7 g, ES = 0.32, P = 0.557). CONCLUSIONS In women, acute exposure to HA reduces the reliance on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during cycling at the same relative exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alistair Black
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David R Woods
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM.,Northumbria NHS Trust and Newcastle Trust, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Adrian Mellor
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM.,James Cook University Hospital, Middlesborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Christopher Boos
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM.,Department of Cardiology, Poole Hospital, Poole, Dorset, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Liam Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Costas Tsakirides
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Nicola C Arjomandkhah
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbridge, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbridge, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Roderick F G J King
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
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King AJ, O'Hara JP, Arjomandkhah NC, Rowe J, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ. Liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance with dose variation of glucose-fructose ingestion during prolonged (3 h) exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1157-1169. [PMID: 30840136 PMCID: PMC6469629 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of small manipulations in carbohydrate (CHO) dose on exogenous and endogenous (liver and muscle) fuel selection during exercise. METHOD Eleven trained males cycled in a double-blind randomised order on 4 occasions at 60% [Formula: see text] for 3 h, followed by a 30-min time-trial whilst ingesting either 80 g h-1 or 90 g h-1 or 100 g h-1 13C-glucose-13C-fructose [2:1] or placebo. CHO doses met, were marginally lower, or above previously reported intestinal saturation for glucose-fructose (90 g h-1). Indirect calorimetry and stable mass isotope [13C] techniques were utilised to determine fuel use. RESULT Time-trial performance was 86.5 to 93%, 'likely, probable' improved with 90 g h-1 compared 80 and 100 g h-1. Exogenous CHO oxidation in the final hour was 9.8-10.0% higher with 100 g h-1 compared with 80 and 90 g h-1 (ES = 0.64-0.70, 95% CI 9.6, 1.4 to 17.7 and 8.2, 2.1 to 18.6). However, increasing CHO dose (100 g h-1) increased muscle glycogen use (101.6 ± 16.6 g, ES = 0.60, 16.1, 0.9 to 31.4) and its relative contribution to energy expenditure (5.6 ± 8.4%, ES = 0.72, 5.6, 1.5 to 9.8 g) compared with 90 g h-1. Absolute and relative muscle glycogen oxidation between 80 and 90 g h-1 were similar (ES = 0.23 and 0.38) though a small absolute (85.4 ± 29.3 g, 6.2, - 23.5 to 11.1) and relative (34.9 ± 9.1 g, - 3.5, - 9.6 to 2.6) reduction was seen in 90 g h-1 compared with 100 g h-1. Liver glycogen oxidation was not significantly different between conditions (ES < 0.42). Total fat oxidation during the 3-h ride was similar in CHO conditions (ES < 0.28) but suppressed compared with placebo (ES = 1.05-1.51). CONCLUSION 'Overdosing' intestinal transport for glucose-fructose appears to increase muscle glycogen reliance and negatively impact subsequent TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK.
| | - John P O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| | | | - Josh Rowe
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| | | | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roderick F G J King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
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Ding B, Zeng G, Wang Z, Xie J, Wang L, Chen W. Authenticity determination of tea drinks in the Chinese market by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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King AJ, O'Hara JP, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ. Carbohydrate dose influences liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance during prolonged exercise. Physiol Rep 2018; 6. [PMID: 29333721 PMCID: PMC5789655 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) dose and composition on fuel selection during exercise, specifically exogenous and endogenous (liver and muscle) CHO oxidation. Ten trained males cycled in a double‐blind randomized order on 5 occasions at 77% V˙O2max for 2 h, followed by a 30‐min time‐trial (TT) while ingesting either 60 g·h−1 (LG) or 75 g·h−113C‐glucose (HG), 90 g·h−1 (LGF) or 112.5 g·h−113C‐glucose‐13C‐fructose ([2:1] HGF) or placebo. CHO doses met or exceed reported intestinal transporter saturation for glucose and fructose. Indirect calorimetry and stable mass isotope [13C] tracer techniques were utilized to determine fuel use. TT performance was 93% “likely/probable” to be improved with LGF compared with the other CHO doses. Exogenous CHO oxidation was higher for LGF and HGF compared with LG and HG (ES > 1.34, P < 0.01), with the relative contribution of LGF (24.5 ± 5.3%) moderately higher than HGF (20.6 ± 6.2%, ES = 0.68). Increasing CHO dose beyond intestinal saturation increased absolute (29.2 ± 28.6 g·h−1, ES = 1.28, P = 0.06) and relative muscle glycogen utilization (9.2 ± 6.9%, ES = 1.68, P = 0.014) for glucose‐fructose ingestion. Absolute muscle glycogen oxidation between LG and HG was not significantly different, but was moderately higher for HG (ES = 0.60). Liver glycogen oxidation was not significantly different between conditions, but absolute and relative contributions were moderately attenuated for LGF (19.3 ± 9.4 g·h−1, 6.8 ± 3.1%) compared with HGF (30.5 ± 17.7 g·h−1, 10.1 ± 4.0%, ES = 0.79 & 0.98). Total fat oxidation was suppressed in HGF compared with all other CHO conditions (ES > 0.90, P = 0.024–0.17). In conclusion, there was no linear dose response for CHO ingestion, with 90 g·h−1 of glucose‐fructose being optimal in terms of TT performance and fuel selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J King
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John P O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick F G J King
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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10
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O'Hara JP, Woods DR, Mellor A, Boos C, Gallagher L, Tsakirides C, Arjomandkhah NC, Holdsworth DA, Cooke CB, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RF. A comparison of substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise in men at terrestrial altitude and normobaric normoxia following the coingestion of 13C glucose and 13C fructose. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/1/e13101. [PMID: 28082428 PMCID: PMC5256160 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of coingesting glucose and fructose on exogenous and endogenous substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise at altitude and sea level, in men. Seven male British military personnel completed two bouts of cycling at the same relative workload (55% Wmax) for 120 min on acute exposure to altitude (3375 m) and at sea level (~113 m). In each trial, participants ingested 1.2 g·min−1 of glucose (enriched with 13C glucose) and 0.6 g·min−1 of fructose (enriched with 13C fructose) directly before and every 15 min during exercise. Indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to calculate fat oxidation, total and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, plasma glucose oxidation, and endogenous glucose oxidation derived from liver and muscle glycogen. Total carbohydrate oxidation during the exercise period was lower at altitude (157.7 ± 56.3 g) than sea level (286.5 ± 56.2 g, P = 0.006, ES = 2.28), whereas fat oxidation was higher at altitude (75.5 ± 26.8 g) than sea level (42.5 ± 21.3 g, P = 0.024, ES = 1.23). Peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was lower at altitude (1.13 ± 0.2 g·min−1) than sea level (1.42 ± 0.16 g·min−1, P = 0.034, ES = 1.33). There were no differences in rates, or absolute and relative contributions of plasma or liver glucose oxidation between conditions during the second hour of exercise. However, absolute and relative contributions of muscle glycogen during the second hour were lower at altitude (29.3 ± 28.9 g, 16.6 ± 15.2%) than sea level (78.7 ± 5.2 g (P = 0.008, ES = 1.71), 37.7 ± 13.0% (P = 0.016, ES = 1.45). Acute exposure to altitude reduces the reliance on muscle glycogen and increases fat oxidation during prolonged cycling in men compared with sea level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David R Woods
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Northumbria NHS Trust and Newcastle Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Mellor
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,James Cook University Hospital, Middlesborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Boos
- Department of Cardiology, Poole Hospital, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Costas Tsakirides
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Arjomandkhah
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlton B Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick Fgj King
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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11
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Tea I, Tcherkez G. Natural Isotope Abundance in Metabolites: Techniques and Kinetic Isotope Effect Measurement in Plant, Animal, and Human Tissues. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:113-147. [PMID: 28911768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The natural isotope abundance in bulk organic matter or tissues is not a sufficient base to investigate physiological properties, biosynthetic mechanisms, and nutrition sources of biological systems. In fact, isotope effects in metabolism lead to a heterogeneous distribution of 2H, 18O, 13C, and 15N isotopes in metabolites. Therefore, compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) is crucial to biological and medical applications of stable isotopes. Here, we review methods to implement CSIA for 15N and 13C from plant, animal, and human samples and discuss technical solutions that have been used for the conversion to CO2 and N2 for IRMS analysis, derivatization and isotope effect measurements. It appears that despite the flexibility of instruments used for CSIA, there is no universal method simply because the chemical nature of metabolites of interest varies considerably. Also, CSIA methods are often limited by isotope effects in sample preparation or the addition of atoms from the derivatizing reagents, and this implies that corrections must be made to calculate a proper δ-value. Therefore, CSIA has an enormous potential for biomedical applications, but its utilization requires precautions for its successful application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illa Tea
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Cancer Metabolism and Genetics Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Basler A, Dyckmans J. Compound-specific δ 13 C analysis of monosaccharides from soil extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2546-2550. [PMID: 24123643 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carbohydrates represent up to 25% of soil organic matter and derive from fresh plant input or organic matter transformation within the soil. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of monosaccharides (sugars) extracted from soil provides a powerful tool to disentangle the dynamics of different carbohydrate pools of soils. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography/oxidation/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HPLC/o/IRMS) allows isotope measurements without the need for derivatisation and thus increasing accuracy and precision of the isotopic measurement, compared with gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/c/IRMS). METHODS The CSIA of soil carbohydrates was performed using a HPLC/o/IRMS system. The chromatographic and mass spectrometric subunits were coupled with a LC-Isolink interface. Soil sugars were extracted after mild hydrolysis using 4 M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Chromatographic separation of the sugars was achieved using a low strength 0.25 mM NaOH solution as mobile phase at a flow rate of 250 μL min-1 at 10 °C. RESULTS The chromatographic conditions allowed the baseline separation of the seven most abundant sugars in soil. Complete removal of TFA from the soil hydrolysate ensured chromatographic stability. The accuracy was better than 0.66 ‰ for amounts of >2.5 nM sugar on column. The sugars extracted from an agricultural soil appeared to be more enriched in 13 C than the soil organic carbon, and to have a similar isotopic signature to the soil microbial biomass. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method proved to be suitable for the analysis of the common sugars in soil extracts and represents a precise tool for the study of carbohydrate dynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basler
- Centre for Stable Isotope Research and Analysis, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Czank C, Cassidy A, Zhang Q, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Kroon PA, Botting NP, Kay CD. Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside: a (13)C-tracer study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:995-1003. [PMID: 23604435 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.049247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods beneficially affects cardiovascular health; however, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of anthocyanin-rich foods are relatively unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the ADME of a (13)C5-labeled anthocyanin in humans. DESIGN Eight male participants consumed 500 mg isotopically labeled cyanidin-3-glucoside (6,8,10,3',5'-(13)C5-C3G). Biological samples were collected over 48 h, and (13)C and (13)C-labeled metabolite concentrations were measured by using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean ± SE percentage of (13)C recovered in urine, breath, and feces was 43.9 ± 25.9% (range: 15.1-99.3% across participants). The relative bioavailability was 12.38 ± 1.38% (5.37 ± 0.67% excreted in urine and 6.91 ± 1.59% in breath). Maximum rates of (13)C elimination were achieved 30 min after ingestion (32.53 ± 14.24 μg(13)C/h), whereas (13)C-labeled metabolites peaked (maximum serum concentration: 5.97 ± 2.14 μmol/L) at 10.25 ± 4.14 h. The half-life for (13)C-labeled metabolites ranged between 12.44 ± 4.22 and 51.62 ± 22.55 h. (13)C elimination was greatest between 0 and 1 h for urine (90.30 ± 15.28 μg/h), at 6 h for breath (132.87 ± 32.23 μg/h), and between 6 and 24 h for feces (557.28 ± 247.88 μg/h), whereas the highest concentrations of (13)C-labeled metabolites were identified in urine (10.77 ± 4.52 μmol/L) and fecal samples (43.16 ± 18.00 μmol/L) collected between 6 and 24 h. Metabolites were identified as degradation products, phenolic, hippuric, phenylacetic, and phenylpropenoic acids. CONCLUSION Anthocyanins are more bioavailable than previously perceived, and their metabolites are present in the circulation for ≤48 h after ingestion. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01106729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Czank
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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O'Hara JP, Carroll S, Cooke CB, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ. Preexercise galactose and glucose ingestion on fuel use during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:1958-67. [PMID: 22525771 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318258bf85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study determined the effect of ingesting galactose and glucose 30 min before exercise on exogenous and endogenous fuel use during exercise. METHODS Nine trained male cyclists completed three bouts of cycling at 60% W(max) for 120 min after an overnight fast. Thirty minutes before exercise, the cyclists ingested a fluid formulation containing placebo, 75 g of galactose (Gal), or 75 g of glucose (Glu) to which (13)C tracers had been added, in a double-blind randomized manner. Indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to calculate fat oxidation, total carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, exogenous CHO oxidation, plasma glucose oxidation, and endogenous liver and muscle CHO oxidation rates. RESULTS Peak exogenous CHO oxidation was significantly higher after Glu (0.68 ± 0.08 g.min(-1), P < 0.05) compared with Gal (0.44 ± 0.02 g.min(-1)); however, mean rates were not significantly different (0.40 ± 0.03 vs. 0.36 ± 0.02 g.min(-1), respectively). Glu produced significantly higher exogenous CHO oxidation rates during the initial hour of exercise (P < 0.01), whereas glucose rates derived from Gal were significantly higher during the last hour (P < 0.01). Plasma glucose and liver glucose oxidation at 60 min of exercise were significantly higher for Glu (1.07 ± 0.1 g.min(-1), P < 0.05, and 0.57 ± 0.08 g.min(-1), P < 0.01) compared with Gal (0.64 ± 0.05 and 0.29 ± 0.03 g.min(-1), respectively). There were no significant differences in total CHO, whole body endogenous CHO, muscle glycogen, or fat oxidation between conditions. CONCLUSION The preexercise consumption of Glu provides a higher exogenous source of CHO during the initial stages of exercise, but Gal provides the predominant exogenous source of fuel during the latter stages of exercise and reduces the reliance on liver glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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