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Bale NJ, Ding S, Hopmans EC, Arts MGI, Villanueva L, Boschman C, Haas AF, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Lipidomics of Environmental Microbial Communities. I: Visualization of Component Distributions Using Untargeted Analysis of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659302. [PMID: 34367080 PMCID: PMC8343106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, as one of the main building blocks of cells, can provide valuable information on microorganisms in the environment. Traditionally, gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to analyze environmental lipids. The resulting spectra were then processed through individual peak identification and comparison with previously published mass spectra. Here, we present an untargeted analysis of MS1 spectral data generated by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry of environmental microbial communities. Rather than attempting to relate each mass spectrum to a specific compound, we have treated each mass spectrum as a component, which can be clustered together with other components based on similarity in their abundance depth profiles through the water column. We present this untargeted data visualization method on lipids of suspended particles from the water column of the Black Sea, which included >14,000 components. These components form clusters that correspond with distinct microbial communities driven by the highly stratified water column. The clusters include both known and unknown compounds, predominantly lipids, demonstrating the value of this rapid approach to visualize component distributions and identify novel lipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Su Ding
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Ellen C Hopmans
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Milou G I Arts
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine Boschman
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Andreas F Haas
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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2
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Ma C, Coffinet S, Lipp JS, Hinrichs KU, Zhang C. Marine Group II Euryarchaeota Contribute to the Archaeal Lipid Pool in Northwestern Pacific Ocean Surface Waters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1034. [PMID: 32582055 PMCID: PMC7291766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktonic archaea include predominantly Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota (MG I) and Marine Group II Euryarchaeota (MG II), which play important roles in the oceanic carbon cycle. MG I produce specific lipids called isoprenoid glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), which are being used in the sea surface temperature proxy named TEX86. Although MG II may be the most abundant planktonic archaeal group in surface water, their lipid composition remains poorly characterized because of the lack of cultured representatives. Circumstantial evidence from previous studies of marine suspended particulate matter suggests that MG II may produce both GDGTs and archaeol-based lipids. In this study, integration of the 16S rRNA gene quantification and sequencing and lipid analysis demonstrated that MG II contributed significantly to the pool of archaeal tetraether lipids in samples collected from MG II-dominated surface waters of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWPO). The archaeal lipid composition in MG II-dominated NWPO waters differed significantly from that of known MG I cultures, containing relatively more 2G-OH-, 2G- and 1G- GDGTs, especially in their acyclic form. Lipid composition in NWPO waters was also markedly different from MG I-dominated surface water samples collected in the East China Sea. GDGTs from MG II-dominated samples seemed to respond to temperature similarly to GDGTs from the MG I-dominated samples, which calls for further study using pure cultures to determine the exact impact of MG II on GDGT-based proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah Coffinet
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julius S Lipp
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Chuanlun Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Archaea Geo-Omics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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3
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Sollich M, Yoshinaga MY, Häusler S, Price RE, Hinrichs KU, Bühring SI. Heat Stress Dictates Microbial Lipid Composition along a Thermal Gradient in Marine Sediments. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1550. [PMID: 28878741 PMCID: PMC5572230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature exerts a first-order control on microbial populations, which constantly adjust the fluidity and permeability of their cell membrane lipids to minimize loss of energy by ion diffusion across the membrane. Analytical advances in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry have allowed the detection of a stunning diversity of bacterial and archaeal lipids in extreme environments such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents and deep subsurface marine sediments. Here, we investigated a thermal gradient from 18 to 101°C across a marine sediment field and tested the hypothesis that cell membrane lipids provide a major biochemical basis for the bioenergetics of archaea and bacteria under heat stress. This paper features a detailed lipidomics approach with the focus on membrane lipid structure-function. Membrane lipids analyzed here include polar lipids of bacteria and polar and core lipids of archaea. Reflecting the low permeability of their ether-linked isoprenoids, we found that archaeal polar lipids generally dominate over bacterial lipids in deep layers of the sediments influenced by hydrothermal fluids. A close examination of archaeal and bacterial lipids revealed a membrane quandary: not only low permeability, but also increased fluidity of membranes are required as a unified property of microbial membranes for energy conservation under heat stress. For instance, bacterial fatty acids were composed of longer chain lengths in concert with higher degree of unsaturation while archaea modified their tetraethers by incorporation of additional methyl groups at elevated sediment temperatures. It is possible that these configurations toward a more fluidized membrane at elevated temperatures are counterbalanced by the high abundance of archaeal glycolipids and bacterial sphingolipids, which could reduce membrane permeability through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Our results provide a new angle for interpreting membrane lipid structure-function enabling archaea and bacteria to survive and grow in hydrothermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sollich
- University of Bremen, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- University of Bremen, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan Häusler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany
| | - Roy E Price
- University of Bremen, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, United States
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- University of Bremen, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany
| | - Solveig I Bühring
- University of Bremen, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany
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4
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Liu XL, De Santiago Torio A, Bosak T, Summons RE. Novel archaeal tetraether lipids with a cyclohexyl ring identified in Fayetteville Green Lake, NY, and other sulfidic lacustrine settings. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1197-1205. [PMID: 28328021 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The meromictic Fayetteville Green Lake (FGL) is of significant geobiological interest because of microbial cycling of sulfur within and below the permanent chemocline and in the euxinic deep waters. Studies of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) may help shed light on understanding the activity of archaeal communities in these habitats. METHODS Normal-phase and reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis on total lipid extracts of environmental samples revealed series of GDGTs with different biphytane structures. Comparison of the mass spectrum of biphytane obtained from separated novel GDGTs with that of a synthetic C40 biphytane confirms our structural assignments. RESULTS A unique cyclohexyl ring configured in the middle of a C40 biphytane chain was identified in these novel GDGTs. We suggest the trivial name S-GDGTs for these compounds, where 'S' stands for 'sulfidic' and 'six-membered ring'. S-GDGT derivatives composed of biphytanes modified with double bonds and cyclopentane rings were also detected in the samples we analyzed. Intact polar lipid precursors of S-GDGT include compounds with mono- and diglycosyl head groups. CONCLUSIONS The carbon isotopic composition of S-GDGTs and their occurrence in FGL, Messel Shale as well as Salt Pond and salt marshes on Cape Cod suggest that S-GDGTs may be produced by chemoautotrophic archaea that prefer sulfidic conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Liu
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Ana De Santiago Torio
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Tanja Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Roger Everett Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
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Zhu C, Wakeham SG, Elling FJ, Basse A, Mollenhauer G, Versteegh GJM, Könneke M, Hinrichs KU. Stratification of archaeal membrane lipids in the ocean and implications for adaptation and chemotaxonomy of planktonic archaea. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4324-4336. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhu
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Stuart G. Wakeham
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography; 10 Ocean Science Circle Savannah GA 31411 USA
| | - Felix J. Elling
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Andreas Basse
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI); Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Gesine Mollenhauer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI); Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Gerard J. M. Versteegh
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Martin Könneke
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences; University of Bremen; D-28359 Bremen Germany
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6
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Bauersachs T, Schwark L. Glycerol monoalkanediol diethers: a novel series of archaeal lipids detected in hydrothermal environments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:54-60. [PMID: 26661970 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent advances in analytical techniques used to study archaeal membrane lipids have led to the identification of several novel di- and tetraether lipid structures. Here, we report the presence of a previously unknown series of archaeal diethers that have been detected exclusively in hydrothermally affected environments. METHODS Polar lipid extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS). Identification of the novel archaeal diethers was achieved using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in MS/MS mode and by comparison of characteristic retention time patterns. RESULTS Modern and fossil sediments deposited under hydrothermal conditions contained variable abundances of archaeal lipids including archaeol, glycerol trialkyl glycerol tetraether (GTGT-0), isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGTs) and glycerol dialkanol diethers (GDDs). In addition to these well-established archaeal lipids, we detected a novel series of archaeal diethers (i.e., glycerol monoalkanediol diethers (GMDs)) that are structurally related to GMGTs but which lack one terminal glycerol moiety and contain 0-2 cyclopentyl ring systems. CONCLUSIONS The unique presence of GMDs in hydrothermally affected environments suggests that these compounds may constitute an exclusive and yet unknown component of the cell wall membrane of (hyper)thermophilic Archaea. The presented mass spectral characteristics will facilitate detection of these components in pure cultures of Archaea and natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bauersachs
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Geosciences, Department of Organic Geochemistry, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Schwark
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Geosciences, Department of Organic Geochemistry, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Curtin University, WA-OIGC, Department of Chemistry, 6845, Perth, Australia
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7
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Knappy C, Barillà D, Chong J, Hodgson D, Morgan H, Suleman M, Tan C, Yao P, Keely B. Mono-, di- and trimethylated homologues of isoprenoid tetraether lipid cores in archaea and environmental samples: mass spectrometric identification and significance. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1420-1432. [PMID: 26634977 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Higher homologues of widely reported C(86) isoprenoid diglycerol tetraether lipid cores, containing 0-6 cyclopentyl rings, have been identified in (hyper)thermophilic archaea, representing up to 21% of total tetraether lipids in the cells. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirms that the additional carbon atoms in the C(87-88) homologues are located in the etherified chains. Structures identified include dialkyl and monoalkyl ('H-shaped') tetraethers containing C(40-42) or C(81-82) hydrocarbons, respectively, many representing novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of hydrocarbons released from the lipid cores by ether cleavage suggests that the C(40) chains are biphytanes and the C(41) chains 13-methylbiphytanes. Multiple isomers, having different chain combinations, were recognised among the dialkyl lipids. Methylated tetraethers are produced by Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus in varying proportions depending on growth conditions, suggesting that methylation may be an adaptive mechanism to regulate cellular function. The detection of methylated lipids in Pyrobaculum sp. AQ1.S2 and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius represents the first reported occurrences in Crenarchaeota. Soils and aquatic sediments from geographically distinct mesotemperate environments that were screened for homologues contained monomethylated tetraethers, with di- and trimethylated structures being detected occasionally. The structural diversity and range of occurrences of the C(87-89) tetraethers highlight their potential as complementary biomarkers for archaea in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Knappy
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniela Barillà
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Chong
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Dominic Hodgson
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Hugh Morgan
- Thermophile Research Unit, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University, Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Christine Tan
- Thermophile Research Unit, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Peng Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Brendan Keely
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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8
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Meador TB, Bowles M, Lazar CS, Zhu C, Teske A, Hinrichs KU. The archaeal lipidome in estuarine sediment dominated by members of the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2441-58. [PMID: 25403417 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The anoxic sediments of the White Oak River estuary comprise a distinctive sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) and natural enrichment of the archaea affiliated with the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group (MCG). Archaeal biphytanes were generally depleted in (13) C, with δ(13) C values being less than -35‰, indicative of production by active sedimentary archaeal populations. Multivariate analysis of the downcore distributions of 63 lipid biomarkers identified three major groups of lipids that were enriched in the surface, SMTZ or subsurface depths. Intact polar lipids with phosphatidylglycerol headgroups and glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers containing one, two or three cyclopentane rings were enriched at the base of the SMTZ and likely represent the accumulated product of a small but active ANME-1 community. The recently identified butanetriol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (BDGT), which increased relatively to other lipids with depth, were correlated with the relative abundance of MCG in archaeal 16S rRNA clone libraries, and were (13) C depleted throughout the depth profile, suggesting BDGT lipids as putative biomarkers of an MCG community that may either be autotrophic or feeding on (13) C-depleted organic substrates transported by porewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis B Meador
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marshall Bowles
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Cassandre S Lazar
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chun Zhu
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Teske
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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9
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Yoshinaga MY, Gagen EJ, Wörmer L, Broda NK, Meador TB, Wendt J, Thomm M, Hinrichs KU. Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus modulates its membrane lipids in response to hydrogen and nutrient availability. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:5. [PMID: 25657645 PMCID: PMC4302986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus strain ΔH is a model hydrogenotrophic methanogen, for which extensive biochemical information, including the complete genome sequence, is available. Nevertheless, at the cell membrane lipid level, little is known about the responses of this archaeon to environmental stimuli. In this study, the lipid composition of M. thermautotrophicus was characterized to verify how this archaeon modulates its cell membrane components during growth phases and in response to hydrogen depletion and nutrient limitation (potassium and phosphate). As opposed to the higher abundance of phospholipids in the stationary phase of control experiments, cell membranes under nutrient, and energy stress were dominated by glycolipids that likely provided a more effective barrier against ion leakage. We also identified particular lipid regulatory mechanisms in M. thermautotrophicus, which included the accumulation of polyprenols under hydrogen-limited conditions and an increased content of sodiated adducts of lipids in nutrient-limited cells. These findings suggest that M. thermautotrophicus intensely modulates its cell membrane lipid composition to cope with energy and nutrient availability in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Emma J Gagen
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lars Wörmer
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Nadine K Broda
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Travis B Meador
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Jenny Wendt
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Thomm
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
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10
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Wörmer L, Lipp JS, Hinrichs KU. Comprehensive Analysis of Microbial Lipids in Environmental Samples Through HPLC-MS Protocols. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/8623_2015_183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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