1
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Piper T, Krombholz S, Thevis M. Carbon isotope ratios of phenethylamine and its urinary metabolite phenylacetylglutamine. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38048815 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenethylamine (PEA) is a naturally occurring trace amine that acts as a modulator in the central nervous system. It is widely sold as a dietary supplement and advertised for its mood enhancing effects and should support weight loss. It is prohibited in sports and itemized as a stimulant on the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). After oral administration of PEA, its urinary concentration is found only slightly elevated while metabolites of PEA show a significant increase. Besides 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide sulfate, especially phenylacetylglutamine (PAG) was found at significantly elevated urinary concentrations after the administration. Due to large inter- and intra-individual variations in urinary concentrations of all metabolites, establishing a concentration or concentration ratio-based threshold remained complicated to unambiguously identify post-administration samples. In accordance with the approach employed in detecting testosterone misuse, the applicability of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to differentiate between endogenously elevated concentrations and PEA administrations was investigated. A method encompassing solid-phase extraction combined with acetylation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based clean-up was developed and validated for PEA. The more abundant metabolite PAG was purified by a direct injection approach on the HPLC and could be analyzed without the need for derivatization. Both methods were validated considering applicable WADA regulations. A reference population encompassing n = 57 samples was investigated to establish population-based thresholds considering the carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) found at natural abundance for PAG. The derived threshold was tested for its applicability by re-analysis of numerous post-administration samples encompassing single- and multi-dose trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophia Krombholz
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Germany
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2
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Saha N, Wanjari PJ, Dubey G, Mahawar N, Bharatam PV. Metal-free synthesis of imidazoles and 2-aminoimidazoles. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Piper T, Fusshöller G, Schänzer W, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Thevis M. Studies on the in vivo metabolism of methylstenbolone and detection of novel long term metabolites for doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1644-1655. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | | | - Dirk Kuehne
- Crop Science DivisionBayer AG Monheim Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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4
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Dmitrieva EV, Temerdashev AZ, Azaryan AA, Gashimova EM. Application of Solid-Phase Extraction for the Quantification of Urinary AICAR by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass-Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Sobolevsky T, Ahrens B. Urinary concentrations of AICAR and mannitol in athlete population. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:530-535. [PMID: 30548818 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Both AICAR and mannitol are prohibited for use in sports, but no decisive criteria that would guide anti-doping laboratories on data interpretation have been established so far. In an attempt to help harmonize reporting and management of analytical findings, reference population data collected for US athletes are presented. Upon analysis of 12 377 samples, mean urinary AICAR concentration was found to be 647 ± 365 ng/mL with median value of 574 ng/mL, 99th percentile at 1786 ng/mL and 99.7th percentile at 2151 ng/mL. Based on these results, we suggest that any sample with AICAR concentration greater than 2000 or 2500 ng/mL be analyzed by carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry to establish the origin. Urinary mannitol concentrations demonstrate larger variation with the mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL (n = 6407). While the 99.7th percentile for mannitol was measured to be 1094 μg/mL, the population data alone is not sufficient to suggest a threshold value. It is also shown that the use of mannitol as a sweetener in amounts of up to 20 g per day results in a urinary concentration of about 14 mg/mL. As only intravenous mannitol is prohibited in sports, controlled excretion studies are needed to see whether intravenous administration could in fact be discriminated from dietary intake. An important observation is that mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity, which makes a widely accepted normalization approach not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Piper T, Dib J, Putz M, Fusshöller G, Pop V, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Studies on thein vivometabolism of the SARM YK11: Identification and characterization of metabolites potentially useful for doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1646-1656. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Valentin Pop
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, National Anti‐Doping Agency Bvd. Basarabia, nr. 37‐39 022103 Bucuresti, sector 2 Romania
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division Alfred‐Nobel‐Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division Alfred‐Nobel‐Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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7
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8
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Kjøbsted R, Hingst JR, Fentz J, Foretz M, Sanz MN, Pehmøller C, Shum M, Marette A, Mounier R, Treebak JT, Wojtaszewski JFP, Viollet B, Lantier L. AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism. FASEB J 2018; 32:1741-1777. [PMID: 29242278 PMCID: PMC5945561 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700442r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable ability to adapt to various physiologic conditions. AMPK is a sensor of intracellular energy status that maintains energy stores by fine-tuning anabolic and catabolic pathways. AMPK’s role as an energy sensor is particularly critical in tissues displaying highly changeable energy turnover. Due to the drastic changes in energy demand that occur between the resting and exercising state, skeletal muscle is one such tissue. Here, we review the complex regulation of AMPK in skeletal muscle and its consequences on metabolism (e.g., substrate uptake, oxidation, and storage as well as mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle fibers). We focus on the role of AMPK in skeletal muscle during exercise and in exercise recovery. We also address adaptations to exercise training, including skeletal muscle plasticity, highlighting novel concepts and future perspectives that need to be investigated. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of AMPK as a therapeutic target as well as different AMPK activators and their potential for future drug development.—Kjøbsted, R., Hingst, J. R., Fentz, J., Foretz, M., Sanz, M.-N., Pehmøller, C., Shum, M., Marette, A., Mounier, R., Treebak, J. T., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., Viollet, B., Lantier, L. AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fentz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Nieves Sanz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, and.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pehmøller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Shum
- Axe Cardiologie, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Axe Cardiologie, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Remi Mounier
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM Unité 1217, CNRS UMR, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Buisson C, Frelat C, Mongongu C, Martinat N, Audran M. Implementation of AICAR analysis by GC-C-IRMS for anti-doping purposes. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1704-1712. [PMID: 29032594 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside), is a naturally occurring substance which is part to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. It is claimed to improve physical performance when administered as a supplement. As for other endogenous compounds such as steroids, the gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis remains an efficient tool to differentiate endogenous substances from exogenous ones. A protocol was described in the literature for the analysis of AICAR by GC-C-IRMS. The aim of the present study was to implement this protocol in our laboratory and to propose solutions to avoid the difficulties encountered. The first point discussed in this study is the derivatization step. Due to the structure of the AICAR molecule, conventional derivatization for GC-C-IRMS such as acetylation could not be applied and silylation was preferred. The improvement of the derivatives stability was achieved thanks to several derivatization conditions tested. This adjustment led to a reproducible derivatization pattern with the 3-TMS form as major derivative product. The second point discussed in this study is the diminution of extracts' background noise. Indeed, the implementation of the published protocol was not easy due to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) problems encountered when concentrated urine was injected into our system. Also, too many interferences in the endogenous reference compound fractions were observed. The addition of both a wash step before the HPLC purification and a HPLC purification step for the endogenous reference compound (ERC) fraction allowed us to increase the robustness of the method. This study presents the modified protocol compared to the original protocol as well as the evaluation of the whole method performances. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buisson
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Frelat
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - C Mongongu
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - N Martinat
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - M Audran
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
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10
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Piper T, Mehling LM, Spottke A, Heidbreder A, Young P, Madea B, Hess C, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Potential of GHB phase-II-metabolites to complement current approaches in GHB post administration detection. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:157-164. [PMID: 28869822 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, phase-II-metabolites of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), namely GHB-β-O-glucuronide and GHB-4-sulfate, were implemented in the scope of drug testing methods The clearance of GHB from the circulation is extremely fast due to its incorporation into the metabolic pathway of the citrate cycle. The elimination half-life of GHB from blood was reported to be dose dependent between 30 and 50min resulting in narrow detection windows of less than 12h after illicit administration or cases of drug facilitated sexual assault regardless of the biological matrix used. As sulfated metabolites tend to show prolonged half-lives and slower elimination kinetics compared to unmodified or glucuronidated drugs, the potential of GHB-4-sulfate in prolonging the detection of GHB administration was assessed. Its urinary concentrations were determined in n=100 samples from athletes and n=50 samples from sport students, and the resulting data were used to calculate a preliminary reference population-based threshold for urinary GHB-sulfate concentration. The threshold was then compared to concentrations found in post-administration urine samples collected from 3 volunteers who administered GHB within the setting of a clinical trial. Due to the large inter-individual variability of concentrations found in the reference population, GHB-4-sulfate itself was not suitable to prolong the detection times for GHB applications, even when specific gravity-corrected values were used. Therefore, a metabolomics-based approach was applied to the reference population samples and evaluated regarding other urinary metabolites that potentially correlate with the urinary excretion of GHB-4-sulfate and GHB-β-O-glucuronide in order to find a suitable marker to normalize urinary concentrations. The most promising candidate was found at a molecular mass of 321.0696 and was preliminarily identified as β-citryl-glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany.
| | - Lena-Maria Mehling
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Spottke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
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11
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Wong JKY, Kwok WH, Chan GHM, Choi TLS, Ho ENM, Jaubert M, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Bonnaire Y, Cawley A, Ming Williams H, Keledjian J, Brooks L, Chambers A, Lin Y, Wan TSM. Doping control study of AICAR in post-race urine and plasma samples from horses. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1363-1371. [PMID: 28407446 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside, commonly known as AICAR, is a naturally occurring adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator in many mammals, including humans and horses. AICAR has attracted considerable attention recently in the field of doping control because of a study showing the enhancement of endurance performance in unexercised or untrained mice, resulting in the term 'exercise pill'. Its use has been classified as gene doping by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and since it is endogenous, it may only be possible to control deliberate administration of AICAR to racehorses after establishment of an appropriate threshold. Herein we report our studies of AICAR in post-race equine urine and plasma samples including statistical studies of AICAR concentrations determined from 1,470 urine samples collected from thoroughbreds and standardbreds and analyzed in Australia, France, and Hong Kong. Quantification methods in equine urine and plasma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed by the laboratories in each country. An exchange of spiked urine and plasma samples between the three countries was conducted, confirming no significant differences in the methods. However, the concentration of AICAR in plasma was found to increase upon haemolysis of whole blood samples, impeding the establishment of a suitable threshold in equine plasma. A possible urine screening cut-off at 600 ng/mL for the control of AICAR in racehorses could be considered for adoption. Application of the proposed screening cut-off to urine samples collected after intravenous administration of a small dose (2 g) of AICAR to a mare yielded a short detection time of approximately 4.5 h. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - George H M Chan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Murielle Jaubert
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrieres le Buisson, France
| | | | - Yves Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370, Verrieres le Buisson, France
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - H Ming Williams
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - John Keledjian
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Lydia Brooks
- Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency, 1130 Morrison Dr. Suite 101, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 9N6, Canada
| | - Adam Chambers
- Equine Drug Evaluation Centre, Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency, 115 Sunnyridge, RR#1, Jerseyville, Ontario, L0R 1R0, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Lin
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
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Piper T, Thevis M. Applications of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing Accounting for Isotope Fractionation in Analysis of Biological Samples. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:403-432. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Piper T, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Genotype-dependent metabolism of exogenous testosterone - new biomarkers result in prolonged detectability. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1163-1173. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Köln Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Köln Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Köln Germany
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14
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Piper T, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Revisiting the metabolism of 19-nortestosterone using isotope ratio and high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:80-91. [PMID: 26699683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid 19-nortestosterone is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to its performance-enhancing effects. Today, doping controls focus predominantly on one main urinary metabolite, 19-norandrosterone glucuronide, which offers the required detection windows for an appropriate retrospectivity of sports drug testing programs. As 19-norandrosterone can also be found in urine at low concentrations originating from in situ demethylation of other abundant steroids or from endogenous production, the exogenous source of 19-norandrosterone needs to be verified, which is commonly accomplished by carbon isotope ratio analyses. The aim of this study was to re-investigate the metabolism of 19-nortestosterone in order to probe for additional diagnostic long-term metabolites, which might support the unambiguous attribution of an endo- or exogenous source of detected 19-nortestosterone metabolites. Employing a recently introduced strategy for metabolite identification, threefold deuterated 19-nortestosterone (16,16,17-(2)H3-NT) was administered to one healthy male volunteer and urine samples were collected for 20 days. Samples were prepared with established methods separating unconjugated, glucuronidated and sulfated steroids, and analytes were further purified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography before trimethylsilylation. Deuterated metabolites were identified using gas chromatograph/thermal conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometer comprising an additional single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Additional structural information was obtained by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. In general, sulfo-conjugated metabolites were excreted for a longer time period than the corresponding glucuronides. Several unexpected losses of the arguably stable isotope labels were observed and characterized, attributed to metabolic reactions and sample preparation procedures. The detection window of one of the newly detected metabolites was higher than currently used metabolites. The suitability of this metabolite to differentiate between endo- or exogenous sources could however not be verified conclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
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15
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Emerging drugs affecting skeletal muscle function and mitochondrial biogenesis - Potential implications for sports drug testing programs. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:635-651. [PMID: 26842585 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A plethora of compounds potentially leading to drug candidates that affect skeletal muscle function and, more specifically, mitochondrial biogenesis, has been under (pre)clinical investigation for rare as well as more common diseases. Some of these compounds could be the object of misuse by athletes aiming at artificial and/or illicit and drug-facilitated performance enhancement, necessitating preventive and proactive anti-doping measures. METHODS Early warnings and the continuous retrieval and dissemination of information are crucial for sports drug testing laboratories as well as anti-doping authorities, as they assist in preparation of efficient doping control analytical strategies for potential future threats arising from new therapeutic developments. Scientific literature represents the main source of information, which yielded the herein discussed substances and therapeutic targets, which might become relevant for doping controls in the future. Where available, mass spectrometric data are presented, supporting the development of analytical strategies and characterization of compounds possibly identified in human sports drug testing samples. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Focusing on skeletal muscle and mitochondrial biogenesis, numerous substances exhibiting agonistic or antagonistic actions on different cellular 'control centers' resulting in increased skeletal muscle mass, enhanced performance (as determined with laboratory animal models), and/or elevated amounts of mitochondria have been described. Substances of interest include agonists for REV-ERBα (e.g. SR9009, SR9011, SR10067, GSK4112), sirtuin 1 (e.g. SRT1720, SRT2104), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK, e.g. AICAR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ (e.g. GW1516, GW0742, L165041), and inhibitory/antagonistic agents targeting the methionine-folate cycle (MOTS-c), the general control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5) acetyl transferase (e.g. CPTH2, MB-3), myostatin (e.g. MYO-029), the myostatin receptor (bimagrumab), and myostatin receptor ligands (e.g. sotatercept, ACE-031). In addition, potentially relevant drug targets were identified, e.g. with the sarcoplasmic transmembrane peptide myoregulin and the nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR-1). The antagonism of these has shown to result in substantially enhanced physical performance in animals, necessitating the monitoring of strategies such as RNA interference regarding these substances. Most drug candidates are of lower molecular mass and comprise non-natural compositions, facts which suggest approaches for their qualitative identification in doping control samples by mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization/collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of representatives of the aforementioned substances and selected in vitro derived phase-I metabolites support this assumption, and test methods for a subset of these have been recently established. Expanding the knowledge on analytical data will further facilitate the identification of such analytes and related compounds in confiscated material as well as sports drug testing specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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"Dilute-and-inject" multi-target screening assay for highly polar doping agents using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry for sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5365-79. [PMID: 25925859 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the field of LC-MS, reversed phase liquid chromatography is the predominant method of choice for the separation of prohibited substances from various classes in sports drug testing. However, highly polar and charged compounds still represent a challenging task in liquid chromatography due to their difficult chromatographic behavior using reversed phase materials. A very promising approach for the separation of hydrophilic compounds is hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). Despite its great potential and versatile advantages for the separation of highly polar compounds, HILIC is up to now not very common in doping analysis, although most manufacturers offer a variety of HILIC columns in their portfolio. In this study, a novel multi-target approach based on HILIC high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry is presented to screen for various polar stimulants, stimulant sulfo-conjugates, glycerol, AICAR, ethyl glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, and myo-inositol trispyrophosphate after direct injection of diluted urine specimens. The usage of an effective online sample cleanup and a zwitterionic HILIC analytical column in combination with a new generation Hybrid Quadrupol-Orbitrap® mass spectrometer enabled the detection of highly polar analytes without any time-consuming hydrolysis or further purification steps, far below the required detection limits. The methodology was fully validated for qualitative and quantitative (AICAR, glycerol) purposes considering the parameters specificity; robustness (rRT < 2.0%); linearity (R > 0.99); intra- and inter-day precision at low, medium, and high concentration levels (CV < 20%); limit of detection (stimulants and stimulant sulfo-conjugates < 10 ng/mL; norfenefrine; octopamine < 30 ng/mL; AICAR < 10 ng/mL; glycerol 100 μg/mL; ETG < 100 ng/mL); accuracy (AICAR 103.8-105.5%, glycerol 85.1-98.3% at three concentration levels) and ion suppression/enhancement effects.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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