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Gumieniczek A, Berecka-Rycerz A. Metabolism and Chemical Degradation of New Antidiabetic Drugs: A Review of Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Glutides and Gliflozins. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2127. [PMID: 37626624 PMCID: PMC10452759 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug metabolism and drug degradation pathways may overlap, resulting in the formation of similar constituents. Therefore, the metabolism data can be helpful for deriving safe levels of degradation impurities and improving the quality of respective pharmaceutical products. The present article contains considerations on possible links between metabolic and degradation pathways for new antidiabetic drugs such as glutides, gliflozins, and gliptins. Special attention was paid to their reported metabolites and identified degradation products. At the same time, many interesting analytical approaches to conducting metabolism as well as degradation experiments were mentioned, including chromatographic methods and radioactive labeling of the drugs. The review addresses the analytical approaches elaborated for examining the metabolism and degradation pathways of glutides, i.e., glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and gliflozins, i.e., sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The problems associated with the chromatographic analysis of the peptide compounds (glutides) and the polar drugs (gliflozins) were addressed. Furthermore, issues related to in vitro experiments and the use of stable isotopes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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PAMAM-G4 protect the N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA) and maintain its antiproliferative effects on MCF-7. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3383. [PMID: 36854957 PMCID: PMC9974963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our work group designed and synthesized a promissory compound N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA). The HO-AAVPA is a HDAC1 inhibitor and antiproliferative in cancer cell lines. However, HO-AAVPA is poor water solubility and enzymatically metabolized. In this work, the fourth-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM-G4) was used as a drug deliver carrier of HO-AAVPA. Moreover, HO-AAVPA and HO-AAVPA-PAMAM complex were submitted to forced degradation studies (heat, acid, base, oxidation and sunlight). Also, the HO-AAVPA-PAMAM-G4 complex was assayed as antiproliferative in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The HO-AAVPA-PAMAM-G4 complex was obtained by docking and experimentally using three pH conditions: acid (pH = 3.0), neutral (pH = 7.0) and basic (pH = 9.0) showing that PAMAM-G4 captureand protect the HO-AAVPA from forced degradation, it is due to sunlight yielded a by-product from HO-AAVPA. In addition, the PAMAM-G4 favored the HO-AAVPA water solubility under basic and neutral pH conditions with significant difference (F(2,18) = 259.9, p < 0.001) between the slopes of the three conditions being the basic condition which solubilizes the greatest amount of HO-AAVPA. Finally, the HO-AAVPA-PAMAM-G4 complex showed better antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 (IC50 = 75.3 μM) than HO-AAVPA (IC50 = 192 μM). These results evidence that PAMAM-G4 complex improve the biological effects of HO-AAVPA.
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Recent trends in pharmaceutical analysis to foster modern drug discovery by comparative in-silico profiling of drugs and related substances. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jahani M, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Akaberi M, Rajabi O, Hadizadeh F. Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1094-1115. [PMID: 35108132 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yerra NV, Dadinaboyina SB, Vigjna Abbaraju L, Kumar Talluri M, Reddy Thota J. Identification and characterization of degradation products of indacaterol using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:425-431. [PMID: 33153322 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720971550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indacaterol (IND), 5-[2-[(5,6-Diethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) which is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We followed the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guide lines to study the degradation behavior of IND under various stress conditions. Stressed degradation of the drug was performed under hydrolytic (alkaline, acidic and neutral), photolytic, oxidative and thermal conditions. Identification and characterization of IND and its forced degradation products (DPs) were demonstrated by using LC-HRMS and MS/MS method. A total of three DPs (DP1-DP3) were identified and characterized. The IND was found to be stable under photolytic, oxidative and thermal conditions, whereas it produced three DPs in acidic, basic and neutral hydrolytic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Veera Yerra
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - S Babu Dadinaboyina
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Lssn Vigjna Abbaraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mvn Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jagadeshwar Reddy Thota
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Thalluri B, Dhiman V, Tiwari S, Baira SM, Kumar Talluri MVN. Study on forced degradation behaviour of dofetilide by LC-PDA and Q-TOF/MS/MS: Mechanistic explanations of hydrolytic, oxidative and photocatalytic rearrangement of degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112985. [PMID: 31780282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A solution and solid state forced decomposition study was carried on dofetilide under diverse stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal as per International Council for Harmonisation guidelines (ICH) Q1A(R2) to understand its degradation behaviour. A total of eight degradation products (DPs) were identified and separated on reversed phase kromasil 100 C8 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm x5 μm) using gradient elution with ammonium acetate (10 mM, pH 6.2) and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was selected as 230 nm. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study found that the drug was susceptible to hydrolytic stress condition, but it was highly unstable to photolytic and oxidative conditions. The solid drug was stable in thermal and photolytic conditions. Initially comprehensive mass fragmentation pattern of the drug was accomplished with the LC/ESI/QTOF/MS/MS studies in positive ionization mode. The same was followed for all the eight degradation products to characterise their structure. The DP4 was N-oxide and the structure was confirmed by LC/APCI/QTOF/MS/MS in positive ionization mode. The complete mass fragmentation pattern of the drug and its DPs were established which in turn helped the characterisation of their structures. The mechanistic pathway for the formation of all the DPs was explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Thalluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Shristy Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Shandaliya Mahamuni Baira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - M V N Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India.
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Baira SM, Ragampeta S, Talluri MVNK. A comprehensive study on rearrangement reactions in collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometric fragmentation of protonated diphenyl and phenyl pyridyl ethers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1440-1448. [PMID: 31115092 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, we have reported a forced degradation study of a pharmaceutical drug regorafenib which contains a phenyl pyridyl ether derivative as building block. We observed interesting rearrangements in two of its degradation products in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments. As diphenyl ether derivatives are also molecular building blocks of biological importance and used as herbicides and flame retardants, we decided to investigate specifically the fragmentation behavior of these compounds along with phenyl pyridyl derivatives in detail using high-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) MS/MS. METHODS To understand the fragmentation reactions of protonated substituted diphenyl ethers and phenyl pyridyl ethers, ESI-MS/MS experiments were performed using a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. RESULTS In contrast to radical cations of diphenyl ether derivatives which do not eliminate CO, the [M + H]+ ions of substituted diphenyl ethers undergo rearrangement reactions after loss of neutral molecules (H2 O, HCl, etc.) to form a bicyclic structure containing a keto group and do eliminate CO. Similar rearrangement followed by fragmentation was observed for protonated phenyl pyridyl ethers and the degradation products formed from regorafenib and sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS The protonated ions of substituted diphenyl ethers and phenyl pyridyl ethers on collision-induced dissociation have exhibited interesting rearrangement reactions, despite the nature of the substituent on both the aryl moieties. The proposed fragmentation patterns of these compounds give an insight into the understanding of gas-phase reactions in mass spectrometric studies of diphenyl ether and phenyl pyridyl ether derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandilya Mahamuni Baira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Ragampeta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Analytical Department, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M V N Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Identification and structural characterization of hydrolytic degradation products of alvimopan by LC/QTOF/MS/MS and NMR studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:399-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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