1
|
Abrams G, Devièse T, Pirson S, De Groote I, Flas D, Jungels C, Jadin I, Cattelain P, Bonjean D, Mathys A, Semal P, Higham T, Di Modica K. Investigating the co-occurrence of Neanderthals and modern humans in Belgium through direct radiocarbon dating of bone implements. J Hum Evol 2024; 186:103471. [PMID: 38043357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Abrams
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Scientific Department, Espace Muséal d'Andenne, B-5300, Andenne, Belgium; Faculty of Archaeology, Archaeological Sciences, Bio-Archaeology, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Thibaut Devièse
- Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, BP80-13545, Aix-en-Provence, cedex 4, France.
| | - Stéphane Pirson
- Direction scientifique et technique, Agence wallonne du Patrimoine, B-5100, Namur, Belgium
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Damien Flas
- Laboratoire Méditerranéen de Préhistoire Europe Afrique, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, 13097, Aix-en-Provence, cedex 2, France; Department of Prehistory, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Jungels
- Scientific Department, Préhistomuseum, B-4400, Flémalle, Belgium; Les Chercheurs de la Wallonie, B-4400, Flémalle, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jadin
- Operational Direction Earth and History of Life, Quaternary Environments & Humans, Anthropology & Prehistory, Royal Belgium Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cattelain
- Department of Prehistory, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium; Cedarc-Musée du Malgré-Tout, B-5670, Belgium; Centre de Recherches en Archéologie et Patrimoine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1150, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bonjean
- Scientific Department, Espace Muséal d'Andenne, B-5300, Andenne, Belgium
| | - Aurore Mathys
- Biological Collection and Data Management, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium; Scientific Heritage Service, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium; Art, Archaeology and Heritage Unit, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Semal
- Scientific Heritage Service, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Higham
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kévin Di Modica
- Scientific Department, Espace Muséal d'Andenne, B-5300, Andenne, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Ogawa NO, Ishikawa NF, Blattmann TM, Takano Y, Ohkouchi N. Application of a porous graphitic carbon column to carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of underivatized individual amino acids using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9602. [PMID: 37580505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isolation of underivatized amino acids (AAs) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is becoming a popular method for carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen isotope (δ15 N) analyses of AAs because of the high analytical precision and for performing dual-isotope analysis. However, some AAs in natural samples, especially small, hydrophilic AAs, are not suitably separated using reversed-phase columns (e.g., C18) and ion-exchange columns (e.g., Primesep A). METHODS We developed a new method for HPLC using a porous graphitic carbon column for the separation of nine hydrophilic AAs. After purification, δ13 C and δ15 N values of AAs were determined using elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS). We demonstrated the application of this method by determining δ13 C and δ15 N values of individual hydrophilic AAs in a biological sample, the muscle of blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus). RESULTS Chromatographically, the baseline separation of hydrophilic AAs was achieved in both the standard mixture and the biological sample. We confirmed that δ13 C and δ15 N values of AA standards remained unchanged during the whole experimental procedure. The δ13 C values of AAs in mackerel muscle are also in good agreement with the values obtained using another verified method for δ13 C analysis. CONCLUSIONS The good separation performance of hydrophilic AAs and the reliability of δ13 C and δ15 N analyses of individual AAs using the porous graphite column offer a significant advantage over conventional settings. We suggest that, in the future, the HPLC × EA/IRMS method can be used for reliable δ13 C and δ15 N analyses of AAs in natural samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Sun
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako O Ogawa
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Naoto F Ishikawa
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Thomas M Blattmann
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Biogeochemistry Research Center (BGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hendriks L, Portmann C. Compound Specific Radiocarbon (
14
C) Dating of Our Colorful Past: from Theory to Practice. Helv Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hendriks
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Chemical Technology HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Pérolles 80 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Cyril Portmann
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Chemical Technology HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Pérolles 80 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An Assessment of DNA Extraction Methods from Blood-Stained Soil in Forensic Science. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 341:111502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
5
|
Pilaar Birch SE, Szpak P. Current developments and future directions in archaeological science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212490119. [PMID: 36252010 PMCID: PMC9618125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212490119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Pilaar Birch
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Paul Szpak
- Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, K9L 0G2 ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Behnamian S, Esposito U, Holland G, Alshehab G, Dobre AM, Pirooznia M, Brimacombe CS, Elhaik E. Temporal population structure, a genetic dating method for ancient Eurasian genomes from the past 10,000 years. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100270. [PMID: 36046618 PMCID: PMC9421539 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiocarbon dating is the gold standard in archeology to estimate the age of skeletons, a key to studying their origins. Many published ancient genomes lack reliable and direct dates, which results in obscure and contradictory reports. We developed the temporal population structure (TPS), a DNA-based dating method for genomes ranging from the Late Mesolithic to today, and applied it to 3,591 ancient and 1,307 modern Eurasians. TPS predictions aligned with the known dates and correctly accounted for kin relationships. TPS dating of poorly dated Eurasian samples resolved conflicting reports in the literature, as illustrated by one test case. We also demonstrated how TPS improved the ability to study phenotypic traits over time. TPS can be used when radiocarbon dating is unfeasible or uncertain or to develop alternative hypotheses for samples younger than 10,000 years ago, a limitation that may be resolved over time as ancient data accumulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Behnamian
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Umberto Esposito
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Grace Holland
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ghadeer Alshehab
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Ann M. Dobre
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Conrad S. Brimacombe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Eran Elhaik
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rowe TB, Stafford TW, Fisher DC, Enghild JJ, Quigg JM, Ketcham RA, Sagebiel JC, Hanna R, Colbert MW. Human Occupation of the North American Colorado Plateau ∼37,000 Years Ago. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.903795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calibrating human population dispersals across Earth’s surface is fundamental to assessing rates and timing of anthropogenic impacts and distinguishing ecological phenomena influenced by humans from those that were not. Here, we describe the Hartley mammoth locality, which dates to 38,900–36,250 cal BP by AMS 14C analysis of hydroxyproline from bone collagen. We accept the standard view that elaborate stone technology of the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic was introduced into the Americas by arrival of the Native American clade ∼16,000 cal BP. It follows that if older cultural sites exist in the Americas, they might only be diagnosed using nuanced taphonomic approaches. We employed computed tomography (CT and μCT) and other state-of-the-art methods that had not previously been applied to investigating ancient American sites. This revealed multiple lines of taphonomic evidence suggesting that two mammoths were butchered using expedient lithic and bone technology, along with evidence diagnostic of controlled (domestic) fire. That this may be an ancient cultural site is corroborated by independent genetic evidence of two founding populations for humans in the Americas, which has already raised the possibility of a dispersal into the Americas by people of East Asian ancestry that preceded the Native American clade by millennia. The Hartley mammoth locality thus provides a new deep point of chronologic reference for occupation of the Americas and the attainment by humans of a near-global distribution.
Collapse
|
8
|
Reply to Van Peer: Direct radiocarbon dating and ancient genomic analysis reveal the true age of the Neanderthals at Spy Cave. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107116118. [PMID: 34155120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
9
|
Spindler L, Comeskey D, Chabai V, Uthmeier T, Buckley M, Devièse T, Higham T. Dating the last Middle Palaeolithic of the Crimean Peninsula: New hydroxyproline AMS dates from the site of Kabazi II. J Hum Evol 2021; 156:102996. [PMID: 34020296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from sites dating to the Middle and Upper Paleolithic is challenging due to low residual levels of radiocarbon. This means that small amounts of contaminating carbon can wield a great influence over accuracy unless they are fully removed. The site of Kabazi II in the Crimea is important because radiocarbon dates previously obtained from bones in archaeological horizons that date to the Western Crimean Mousterian (WCM) are surprisingly young. We redated the same samples using a single compound dating method that focuses on extracting and dating the amino acid hydroxyproline. We show that single amino acid dates produce significantly older determinations than those that use bulk collagen pretreatment procedures. Our results suggest that instead of dating to 35,000-40,000 cal BP, the bones actually date to >50,000 cal BP. This implies that the WCM at this site is much older than previously thought. In light of these current findings, we considered the dates of other key Crimean sites and concluded that in the absence of reliable pretreatment methods, it would be wise to consider many of them minimum ages. We conclude that there is little robust evidence to suggest Neanderthals were present in the Crimea after 40,000 cal BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Spindler
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, Dyson Perrins Building, University of Oxford, OX13QY, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Comeskey
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, Dyson Perrins Building, University of Oxford, OX13QY, Oxford, UK; Syft Technologies Ltd, 3 Craft Place, Middleton, PO Box 28 149, Christchurch 8242, New Zealand
| | - Victor Chabai
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology, Heroes of Stalingrad Avenue 12, 04210, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Thorsten Uthmeier
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistory, Department for Classical World an Asian Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Kochstrasse 4/18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buckley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thibaut Devièse
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, Dyson Perrins Building, University of Oxford, OX13QY, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, Dyson Perrins Building, University of Oxford, OX13QY, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prüfer K, Posth C, Yu H, Stoessel A, Spyrou MA, Deviese T, Mattonai M, Ribechini E, Higham T, Velemínský P, Brůžek J, Krause J. A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:820-825. [PMID: 33828249 PMCID: PMC8175239 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Modern humans expanded into Eurasia more than 40,000 years ago following their dispersal out of Africa. These Eurasians carried ~2–3% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes, originating from admixture with Neanderthals that took place sometime between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably in the Middle East. In Europe, the modern human expansion preceded the disappearance of Neanderthals from the fossil record by 3,000–5,000 years. The genetic makeup of the first Europeans who colonized the continent more than 40,000 years ago remains poorly understood since few specimens have been studied. Here, we analyse a genome generated from the skull of a female individual from Zlatý kůň, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. Her genome carries ~3% Neanderthal ancestry, similar to those of other Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. However, the lengths of the Neanderthal segments are longer than those observed in the currently oldest modern human genome of the ~45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim individual from Siberia, suggesting that this individual from Zlatý kůň is one of the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following the expansion out of Africa. The authors present the genome sequence of a >45,000-year-old female Homo sapiens individual from the site of Zlatý kůň, Czechia. Although radiometric dating of the human remains was inconclusive, the authors were able to use molecular methods to demonstrate that she was probably among the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following expansion out of Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Prüfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - He Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoessel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thibaut Deviese
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cleland TP, Sarancha JJ, France CAM. Proteomic profile of bone "collagen" extracted for stable isotopes: Implications for bulk and single amino acid analyses. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9025. [PMID: 33332665 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Protein studies in archaeology and paleontology have been dominated by stable isotope studies to understand diet and trophic levels, but recent applications of proteomic techniques have resulted in a more complete understanding of protein diagenesis than stable isotopes alone. In stable isotope analyses, samples are retained or discarded based on their properties. Proteomics can directly determine what proteins are present within the sample and may be able to allow previously discarded samples to be analyzed. METHODS Protein samples that had been previously analyzed for stable isotopes, including those with marginal and poor sample quality, were characterized by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer after separation on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 LC system. Data were analyzed using MetaMorpheus and custom R scripts. RESULTS We found a variety of proteins in addition to collagen, although collagen I was found in the majority of the samples (most samples >80%). We also found a positive correlation between total deamidation and wt% N, suggesting that deamidation may impact the overall nitrogen signal in bulk analyses. The amino acid profiles of samples, including those of marginal or poor stable isotope quality, reflect the expected collagen I percentages, allowing their use in single amino acid stable isotope analyses. CONCLUSIONS All the samples regardless of quality were found to have high concentrations of collagen I, making interpretations of dietary routing based on collagen I reasonably valid. The amino acid profiles on the marginal and poor samples reflect an expected collagen I profile and allow these samples to be recovered for single amino acid analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Cleland
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Julianne J Sarancha
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reevaluating the timing of Neanderthal disappearance in Northwest Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022466118. [PMID: 33798098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022466118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating when Neanderthal populations disappeared from Eurasia is a key question in paleoanthropology, and Belgium is one of the key regions for studying the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. Previous radiocarbon dating placed the Spy Neanderthals among the latest surviving Neanderthals in Northwest Europe with reported dates as young as 23,880 ± 240 B.P. (OxA-8912). Questions were raised, however, regarding the reliability of these dates. Soil contamination and carbon-based conservation products are known to cause problems during the radiocarbon dating of bulk collagen samples. Employing a compound-specific approach that is today the most efficient in removing contamination and ancient genomic analysis, we demonstrate here that previous dates produced on Neanderthal specimens from Spy were inaccurately young by up to 10,000 y due to the presence of unremoved contamination. Our compound-specific radiocarbon dates on the Neanderthals from Spy and those from Engis and Fonds-de-Forêt demonstrate that they disappeared from Northwest Europe at 44,200 to 40,600 cal B.P. (at 95.4% probability), much earlier than previously suggested. Our data contribute significantly to refining models for Neanderthal disappearance in Europe and, more broadly, show that chronometric models regarding the appearance or disappearance of animal or hominin groups should be based only on radiocarbon dates obtained using robust pretreatment methods.
Collapse
|
13
|
Herrando-Pérez S. Bone need not remain an elephant in the room for radiocarbon dating. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201351. [PMID: 33614076 PMCID: PMC7890471 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (14C) analysis of skeletal remains by accelerator mass spectrometry is an essential tool in multiple branches of science. However, bone 14C dating results can be inconsistent and not comparable due to disparate laboratory pretreatment protocols that remove contamination. And, pretreatments are rarely discussed or reported by end-users, making it an 'elephant in the room' for Quaternary scientists. Through a questionnaire survey, I quantified consensus on the reliability of collagen pretreatments for 14C dating across 132 experts (25 countries). I discovered that while more than 95% of the audience was wary of contamination and would avoid gelatinization alone (minimum pretreatment used by most 14C facilities), 52% asked laboratories to choose the pretreatment method for them, and 58% could not rank the reliability of at least one pretreatment. Ultrafiltration was highly popular, and purification by XAD resins seemed restricted to American researchers. Isolating and dating the amino acid hydroxyproline was perceived as the most reliable pretreatment, but is expensive, time-consuming and not widely available. Solid evidence supports that only molecular-level dating accommodates all known bone contaminants and guarantees complete removal of humic and fulvic acids and conservation substances, with three key areas of progress: (i) innovation and more funded research is required to develop affordable analytical chemistry that can handle low-mass samples of collagen amino acids, (ii) a certification agency overseeing dating-quality control is needed to enhance methodological reproducibility and dating accuracy among laboratories, and (iii) more cross-disciplinary work with better 14C reporting etiquette will promote the integration of 14C dating across disciplines. Those developments could conclude long-standing debates based on low-accuracy data used to build chronologies for animal domestications, human/megafauna extirpations and migrations, archaeology, palaeoecology, palaeontology and palaeoclimate models.
Collapse
|
14
|
The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America. Nature 2020; 584:93-97. [PMID: 32699413 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The peopling of the Americas marks a major expansion of humans across the planet. However, questions regarding the timing and mechanisms of this dispersal remain, and the previously accepted model (termed 'Clovis-first')-suggesting that the first inhabitants of the Americas were linked with the Clovis tradition, a complex marked by distinctive fluted lithic points1-has been effectively refuted. Here we analyse chronometric data from 42 North American and Beringian archaeological sites using a Bayesian age modelling approach, and use the resulting chronological framework to elucidate spatiotemporal patterns of human dispersal. We then integrate these patterns with the available genetic and climatic evidence. The data obtained show that humans were probably present before, during and immediately after the Last Glacial Maximum (about 26.5-19 thousand years ago)2,3 but that more widespread occupation began during a period of abrupt warming, Greenland Interstadial 1 (about 14.7-12.9 thousand years before AD 2000)4. We also identify the near-synchronous commencement of Beringian, Clovis and Western Stemmed cultural traditions, and an overlap of each with the last dates for the appearance of 18 now-extinct faunal genera. Our analysis suggests that the widespread expansion of humans through North America was a key factor in the extinction of large terrestrial mammals.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kontopoulos I, Penkman K, Mullin VE, Winkelbach L, Unterländer M, Scheu A, Kreutzer S, Hansen HB, Margaryan A, Teasdale MD, Gehlen B, Street M, Lynnerup N, Liritzis I, Sampson A, Papageorgopoulou C, Allentoft ME, Burger J, Bradley DG, Collins MJ. Screening archaeological bone for palaeogenetic and palaeoproteomic studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235146. [PMID: 32584871 PMCID: PMC7316274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery and analysis of ancient DNA and protein from archaeological bone is time-consuming and expensive to carry out, while it involves the partial or complete destruction of valuable or rare specimens. The fields of palaeogenetic and palaeoproteomic research would benefit greatly from techniques that can assess the molecular quality prior to sampling. To be relevant, such screening methods should be effective, minimally-destructive, and rapid. This study reports results based on spectroscopic (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance [FTIR-ATR]; n = 266), palaeoproteomic (collagen content; n = 226), and palaeogenetic (endogenous DNA content; n = 88) techniques. We establish thresholds for three different FTIR indices, a) the infrared splitting factor [IRSF] that assesses relative changes in bioapatite crystals’ size and homogeneity; b) the carbonate-to-phosphate [C/P] ratio as a relative measure of carbonate content in bioapatite crystals; and c) the amide-to-phosphate ratio [Am/P] for assessing the relative organic content preserved in bone. These thresholds are both extremely reliable and easy to apply for the successful and rapid distinction between well- and poorly-preserved specimens. This is a milestone for choosing appropriate samples prior to genomic and collagen analyses, with important implications for biomolecular archaeology and palaeontology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kontopoulos
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirsty Penkman
- Department of Chemistry, BioArCh, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria E. Mullin
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Winkelbach
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Unterländer
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
- German Federal Criminal Police Office, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Amelie Scheu
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Kreutzer
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henrik B. Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Centre for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew D. Teasdale
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Archaeology, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Gehlen
- Collaborative Research Centre, project D4, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Street
- MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM Leibniz Research Institute for Archaeology, Neuwied, Germany
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioannis Liritzis
- Laboratory of Archaeometry, Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece
- Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development and Collaborative Innovation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Adamantios Sampson
- Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece
| | - Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Morten E. Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel G. Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- Department of Archaeology, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Evogenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dinnis R, Bessudnov A, Reynolds N, Pate A, Sablin M, Sinitsyn A. Response to Bataille et al.'s 'Technological differences between Kostenki 17/II (Spitsynskaya industry, Central Russia) and the Protoaurignacian: Reply to Dinnis et al. (2019)' [J. Hum. Evol. (2019), 102685]. J Hum Evol 2020; 146:102792. [PMID: 32359721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Dinnis
- The British Museum, Franks House, 56 Orsman Road, London, N1 5QL, UK.
| | - Alexander Bessudnov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaia Naberezhnaia 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russia
| | - Natasha Reynolds
- UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, Pessac Cedex, 33615, France
| | | | - Mikhail Sablin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Andrei Sinitsyn
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaia Naberezhnaia 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Single-compound analysis of stable or radioactive isotopes has found application in a number of fields ranging from archaeology to forensics. Often, the most difficult part of these analyses is the development of a method for isolating the compound(s) of interest, which can derive from a wide range of sample types including the hair, nails, and bone.Here we describe three complementary preparative HPLC techniques suitable for separating and isolating amino acids from bone collagen and hair keratin. Using preparative reversed-phase, ion-pair, or mixed-mode chromatography in aqueous carbon-free mobile phases, or those from which carbon can easily be removed, underivatized single amino acids can be isolated and further analyzed using mass spectrometric techniques.
Collapse
|
18
|
Swift JA, Bunce M, Dortch J, Douglass K, Faith JT, Fellows Yates JA, Field J, Haberle SG, Jacob E, Johnson CN, Lindsey E, Lorenzen ED, Louys J, Miller G, Mychajliw AM, Slon V, Villavicencio NA, Waters MR, Welker F, Wood R, Petraglia M, Boivin N, Roberts P. Micro Methods for Megafauna: Novel Approaches to Late Quaternary Extinctions and Their Contributions to Faunal Conservation in the Anthropocene. Bioscience 2019; 69:877-887. [PMID: 31719710 PMCID: PMC6829010 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drivers of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions are relevant to modern conservation policy in a world of growing human population density, climate change, and faunal decline. Traditional debates tend toward global solutions, blaming either dramatic climate change or dispersals of Homo sapiens to new regions. Inherent limitations to archaeological and paleontological data sets often require reliance on scant, poorly resolved lines of evidence. However, recent developments in scientific technologies allow for more local, context-specific approaches. In the present article, we highlight how developments in five such methodologies (radiocarbon approaches, stable isotope analysis, ancient DNA, ancient proteomics, microscopy) have helped drive detailed analysis of specific megafaunal species, their particular ecological settings, and responses to new competitors or predators, climate change, and other external phenomena. The detailed case studies of faunal community composition, extinction chronologies, and demographic trends enabled by these methods examine megafaunal extinctions at scales appropriate for practical understanding of threats against particular species in their habitats today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A Swift
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Anthropology Department of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai’i
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joe Dortch
- Centre for Rock Art Research and Management, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kristina Douglass
- Department of Anthropology and with the Institutes for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - J Tyler Faith
- Natural History Museum of Utah and with the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James A Fellows Yates
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Field
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon G Haberle
- College of Asia and the Pacific and the School of Culture, History, and Language, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence, Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eileen Jacob
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Chris N Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence, Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Emily Lindsey
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, part of the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eline D Lorenzen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julien Louys
- Australian Research Center for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gifford Miller
- INSTAAR and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Alexis M Mychajliw
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, part of the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California
| | - Viviane Slon
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalia A Villavicencio
- Departamento de Ecología, in the Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología and Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael R Waters
- Center for the Study of the First Americans, the Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Frido Welker
- Evolutionary Genomics Section of the GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and with the Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rachel Wood
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Garralda M, Maíllo‐Fernández J, Higham T, Neira A, Bernaldo de Quirós F. The Gravettian child mandible from El Castillo Cave (Puente Viesgo, Cantabria, Spain). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:331-350. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María‐Dolores Garralda
- Dpto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución. Facultad de CC. BiológicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Thomas Higham
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of ArtUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
- Keble CollegeUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ana Neira
- Área de PrehistoriaUniversidad de León León Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dinnis R, Bessudnov A, Reynolds N, Devièse T, Pate A, Sablin M, Sinitsyn A, Higham T. New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia). J Hum Evol 2019; 127:21-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Devièse T, Massilani D, Yi S, Comeskey D, Nagel S, Nickel B, Ribechini E, Lee J, Tseveendorj D, Gunchinsuren B, Meyer M, Pääbo S, Higham T. Compound-specific radiocarbon dating and mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Pleistocene hominin from Salkhit Mongolia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:274. [PMID: 30700710 PMCID: PMC6353915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A skullcap found in the Salkhit Valley in northeast Mongolia is, to our knowledge, the only Pleistocene hominin fossil found in the country. It was initially described as an individual with possible archaic affinities, but its ancestry has been debated since the discovery. Here, we determine the age of the Salkhit skull by compound-specific radiocarbon dating of hydroxyproline to 34,950-33,900 Cal. BP (at 95% probability), placing the Salkhit individual in the Early Upper Paleolithic period. We reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of the specimen. It falls within a group of modern human mtDNAs (haplogroup N) that is widespread in Eurasia today. The results now place the specimen into its proper chronometric and biological context and allow us to begin integrating it with other evidence for the human occupation of this region during the Paleolithic, as well as wider Pleistocene sequences across Eurasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Devièse
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Diyendo Massilani
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Seonbok Yi
- Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Daniel Comeskey
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Sarah Nagel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgit Nickel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Damdinsuren Tseveendorj
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jucov St 77, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Byambaa Gunchinsuren
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jucov St 77, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 2019; 565:640-644. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
23
|
Cersoy S, Daheur G, Zazzo A, Zirah S, Sablier M. Pyrolysis comprehensive gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: A new tool to assess the purity of ancient collagen prior to radiocarbon dating. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1041:131-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Evolution and extinction of the giant rhinoceros Elasmotherium sibiricum sheds light on late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:31-38. [PMID: 30478308 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding extinction events requires an unbiased record of the chronology and ecology of victims and survivors. The rhinoceros Elasmotherium sibiricum, known as the 'Siberian unicorn', was believed to have gone extinct around 200,000 years ago-well before the late Quaternary megafaunal extinction event. However, no absolute dating, genetic analysis or quantitative ecological assessment of this species has been undertaken. Here, we show, by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of 23 individuals, including cross-validation by compound-specific analysis, that E. sibiricum survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago, corroborating a wave of megafaunal turnover before the Last Glacial Maximum in Eurasia, in addition to the better-known late-glacial event. Stable isotope data indicate a dry steppe niche for E. sibiricum and, together with morphology, a highly specialized diet that probably contributed to its extinction. We further demonstrate, with DNA sequencing data, a very deep phylogenetic split between the subfamilies Elasmotheriinae and Rhinocerotinae that includes all the living rhinoceroses, settling a debate based on fossil evidence and confirming that the two lineages had diverged by the Eocene. As the last surviving member of the Elasmotheriinae, the demise of the 'Siberian unicorn' marked the extinction of this subfamily.
Collapse
|
25
|
Moreno-Mayar JV, Vinner L, de Barros Damgaard P, de la Fuente C, Chan J, Spence JP, Allentoft ME, Vimala T, Racimo F, Pinotti T, Rasmussen S, Margaryan A, Iraeta Orbegozo M, Mylopotamitaki D, Wooller M, Bataille C, Becerra-Valdivia L, Chivall D, Comeskey D, Devièse T, Grayson DK, George L, Harry H, Alexandersen V, Primeau C, Erlandson J, Rodrigues-Carvalho C, Reis S, Bastos MQR, Cybulski J, Vullo C, Morello F, Vilar M, Wells S, Gregersen K, Hansen KL, Lynnerup N, Mirazón Lahr M, Kjær K, Strauss A, Alfonso-Durruty M, Salas A, Schroeder H, Higham T, Malhi RS, Rasic JT, Souza L, Santos FR, Malaspinas AS, Sikora M, Nielsen R, Song YS, Meltzer DJ, Willerslev E. Early human dispersals within the Americas. Science 2018; 362:science.aav2621. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the peopling of the Americas have focused on the timing and number of initial migrations. Less attention has been paid to the subsequent spread of people within the Americas. We sequenced 15 ancient human genomes spanning from Alaska to Patagonia; six are ≥10,000 years old (up to ~18× coverage). All are most closely related to Native Americans, including those from an Ancient Beringian individual and two morphologically distinct “Paleoamericans.” We found evidence of rapid dispersal and early diversification that included previously unknown groups as people moved south. This resulted in multiple independent, geographically uneven migrations, including one that provides clues of a Late Pleistocene Australasian genetic signal, as well as a later Mesoamerican-related expansion. These led to complex and dynamic population histories from North to South America.
Collapse
|
26
|
McColl H, Racimo F, Vinner L, Demeter F, Gakuhari T, Moreno-Mayar JV, van Driem G, Gram Wilken U, Seguin-Orlando A, de la Fuente Castro C, Wasef S, Shoocongdej R, Souksavatdy V, Sayavongkhamdy T, Saidin MM, Allentoft ME, Sato T, Malaspinas AS, Aghakhanian FA, Korneliussen T, Prohaska A, Margaryan A, de Barros Damgaard P, Kaewsutthi S, Lertrit P, Nguyen TMH, Hung HC, Minh Tran T, Nghia Truong H, Nguyen GH, Shahidan S, Wiradnyana K, Matsumae H, Shigehara N, Yoneda M, Ishida H, Masuyama T, Yamada Y, Tajima A, Shibata H, Toyoda A, Hanihara T, Nakagome S, Deviese T, Bacon AM, Duringer P, Ponche JL, Shackelford L, Patole-Edoumba E, Nguyen AT, Bellina-Pryce B, Galipaud JC, Kinaston R, Buckley H, Pottier C, Rasmussen S, Higham T, Foley RA, Lahr MM, Orlando L, Sikora M, Phipps ME, Oota H, Higham C, Lambert DM, Willerslev E. The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia. Science 2018; 361:88-92. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human occupation history of Southeast Asia (SEA) remains heavily debated. Current evidence suggests that SEA was occupied by Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers until ~4000 years ago, when farming economies developed and expanded, restricting foraging groups to remote habitats. Some argue that agricultural development was indigenous; others favor the “two-layer” hypothesis that posits a southward expansion of farmers giving rise to present-day Southeast Asian genetic diversity. By sequencing 26 ancient human genomes (25 from SEA, 1 Japanese Jōmon), we show that neither interpretation fits the complexity of Southeast Asian history: Both Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers and East Asian farmers contributed to current Southeast Asian diversity, with further migrations affecting island SEA and Vietnam. Our results help resolve one of the long-standing controversies in Southeast Asian prehistory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh McColl
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Museum of Natural History, Ecoanthropology and Ethnobiology, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
| | - Takashi Gakuhari
- Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - George van Driem
- Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Uffe Gram Wilken
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andaine Seguin-Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratoire AMIS, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sally Wasef
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Rasmi Shoocongdej
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Viengkeo Souksavatdy
- Department of Heritage, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Thongsa Sayavongkhamdy
- Department of Heritage, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Mohd Mokhtar Saidin
- Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Morten E. Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farhang A. Aghakhanian
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ana Prohaska
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Supannee Kaewsutthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Lertrit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thi Mai Huong Nguyen
- Anthropological and Paleoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hsiao-chun Hung
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Thi Minh Tran
- Anthropological and Paleoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huu Nghia Truong
- Anthropological and Paleoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Giang Hai Nguyen
- Anthropological and Paleoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shaiful Shahidan
- Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Hiromi Matsumae
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shigehara
- Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- University Museum, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | | | - Shigeki Nakagome
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thibaut Deviese
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Bacon
- Laboratoire AMIS, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Montrouge, France
| | - Philippe Duringer
- École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg (IPGS) (CNRS/UDS UMR 7516), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ponche
- Laboratory “Image Ville et Environnement LIVE,” UMR7362, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Shackelford
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Anthropological and Paleoenvironmental Department, Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bérénice Bellina-Pryce
- CNRS, UMR7055 “Préhistoire et Technologie,” Maison Archéologie et Ethnologie, Nanterre, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Galipaud
- Research Institute for Development, National Museum of Natural History, UMR Paloc, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Kinaston
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Hallie Buckley
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tom Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert A. Foley
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta Mirazón Lahr
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratoire AMIS, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maude E. Phipps
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hiroki Oota
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Charles Higham
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- St. Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David M. Lambert
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Found in 1968, the archaeological site of Anzick, Montana, contains the only known Clovis burial. Here, the partial remains of a male infant, Anzick-1, were found in association with a Clovis assemblage of over 100 lithic and osseous artifacts-all red-stained with ochre. The incomplete, unstained cranium of an unassociated, geologically younger individual, Anzick-2, was also recovered. Previous chronometric work has shown an age difference between Anzick-1 and the Clovis assemblage (represented by dates from two antler rod samples). This discrepancy has led to much speculation, with some discounting Anzick-1 as Clovis. To resolve this issue, we present the results of a comprehensive radiocarbon dating program that utilized different pretreatment methods on osseous material from the site. Through this comparative approach, we obtained a robust chronometric dataset that suggests that Anzick-1 is temporally coeval with the dated antler rods. This implies that the individual is indeed temporally associated with the Clovis assemblage.
Collapse
|