1
|
French AD, Melby KM, Hobbs KP, Cox RM, Eiden G, Hoppe EW, Arnquist IJ, Harouaka K. The importance of ion kinetic energy for interference removal in ICP-MS/MS. Talanta 2024; 272:125799. [PMID: 38422903 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The effect of ion kinetic energy on gas phase ion reactivity with ICP-MS/MS was investigated in order to explore tuning strategies for interference removal. The collision/reaction gases CO2, N2O and O2 were used to observe the ion product distribution for 48 elements using an Agilent tandem ICP-MS (ICP-MS/MS) as a function of reaction gas flow rate (pressure) and ion kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the incident ion was varied by adjusting the octopole bias (Voct). The three gases all form oxides (MO+) as the primary product with differing reaction enthalpies that result in distinct differences in the ion energies required for reaction with product ion distributions that vary with Voct. Consequently, by varying the ion kinetic energy (i.e., Voct), differences in interference reactivity can be used to achieve maximum separation. Three practical application examples were reported to demonstrate how the ion kinetic energy can be varied to achieve the ideal ion product distribution for interference resolution: CO2 for the removal of 238U in Pu analyses, CO2 for the removal of 40Ar16O vs. 56Fe, and O2 for the removal of Sm in Eu analyses, analogous to Pu/Am. The results demonstrate how the starting ion energy defined by Voct is an important factor to fully leverage the utility of any given reaction gas to remove interferences in the mass spectrum using ICP-MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D French
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Kali M Melby
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Kirby P Hobbs
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Richard M Cox
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Greg Eiden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA; Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Eric W Hoppe
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y. On-line generated ozone as a reactive cell gas for tandem quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3974-3977. [PMID: 38501959 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
On-line generated ozone was introduced as the cell gas of tandem quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Product ions of the ozone reaction showed that the formation of singly charged monoxide ions and dioxide ions was apparently improved for most elements, resulting in maximum improvement of the signal intensity by over 1000 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Zhu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lancaster ST, Prohaska T, Irrgeher J. Characterisation of gas cell reactions for 70+ elements using N 2O for ICP tandem mass spectrometry measurements. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2023; 38:1135-1145. [PMID: 37180679 PMCID: PMC10171245 DOI: 10.1039/d3ja00025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
One widely utilised method to reduce spectral interferences for measurements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is to employ the use of a reaction cell gas. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a highly reactive gas typically used for mass-shifting only target analytes to a higher mass-to-charge ratio with increased sensitivity (e.g. +16, +32, +48 amu for monoxide, dioxide, and trioxide product ions respectively). Traditionally, the use of N2O was limited to selected applications due to the creation of new interferences that also interfere with the detected masses of interest. However, with the advent of inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS), the use of N2O has gained more traction, with a growing number of publications in recent years. Here, a comprehensive study of the use of N2O for the determination of 73 elements has been conducted, with a comparison to the most widely used mass-shift method using oxygen (O2) as a reaction gas. In total, 59 elements showed improved sensitivity when performing mass-shift with N2O compared to O2, with 8 elements showing no reaction with either gas. Additionally, N2O demonstrated a collisional focusing effect for 36 elements when measuring on-mass. This effect was not observed using O2. Monitoring asymmetric charge transfer reactions with N2O highlighted 14 elements, primarily non-metals and semi-metals, that enter the gas cell as metastable ions and could be used as an alternative mass-shift option. The results from this study highlight the high versatility of N2O as a reaction cell gas for routine ICP-MS/MS measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun T Lancaster
- Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben Leoben Austria
| | - Thomas Prohaska
- Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben Leoben Austria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary Calgary Canada
| | - Johanna Irrgeher
- Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben Leoben Austria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary Calgary Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A bioavailable strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isoscape for Aotearoa New Zealand: Implications for food forensics and biosecurity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264458. [PMID: 35294466 PMCID: PMC8926269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As people, animals and materials are transported across increasingly large distances in a globalized world, threats to our biosecurity and food security are rising. Aotearoa New Zealand is an island nation with many endemic species, a strong local agricultural industry, and a need to protect these from pest threats, as well as the economy from fraudulent commodities. Mitigation of such threats is much more effective if their origins and pathways for entry are understood. We propose that this may be addressed in Aotearoa using strontium isotope analysis of both pests and products. Bioavailable radiogenic isotopes of strontium are ubiquitous markers of provenance that are increasingly used to trace the origin of animals and plants as well as products, but currently a baseline map across Aotearoa is lacking, preventing use of this technique. Here, we have improved an existing methodology to develop a regional bioavailable strontium isoscape using the best available geospatial datasets for Aotearoa. The isoscape explains 53% of the variation (R2 = 0.53 and RMSE = 0.00098) across the region, for which the primary drivers are the underlying geology, soil pH, and aerosol deposition (dust and sea salt). We tested the potential of this model to determine the origin of cow milk produced across Aotearoa. Predictions for cow milk (n = 33) highlighted all potential origin locations that share similar 87Sr/86Sr values, with the closest predictions averaging 7.05 km away from their true place of origin. These results demonstrate that this bioavailable strontium isoscape is effective for tracing locally produced agricultural products in Aotearoa. Accordingly, it could be used to certify the origin of Aotearoa’s products, while also helping to determine if new pest detections were of locally breeding populations or not, or to raise awareness of imported illegal agricultural products.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wiggenhauser M, Moore RET, Wang P, Bienert GP, Laursen KH, Blotevogel S. Stable Isotope Fractionation of Metals and Metalloids in Plants: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840941. [PMID: 35519812 PMCID: PMC9063737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work critically reviews stable isotope fractionation of essential (B, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo), beneficial (Si), and non-essential (Cd, Tl) metals and metalloids in plants. The review (i) provides basic principles and methodologies for non-traditional isotope analyses, (ii) compiles isotope fractionation for uptake and translocation for each element and connects them to physiological processes, and (iii) interlinks knowledge from different elements to identify common and contrasting drivers of isotope fractionation. Different biological and physico-chemical processes drive isotope fractionation in plants. During uptake, Ca and Mg fractionate through root apoplast adsorption, Si through diffusion during membrane passage, Fe and Cu through reduction prior to membrane transport in strategy I plants, and Zn, Cu, and Cd through membrane transport. During translocation and utilization, isotopes fractionate through precipitation into insoluble forms, such as phytoliths (Si) or oxalate (Ca), structural binding to cell walls (Ca), and membrane transport and binding to soluble organic ligands (Zn, Cd). These processes can lead to similar (Cu, Fe) and opposing (Ca vs. Mg, Zn vs. Cd) isotope fractionation patterns of chemically similar elements in plants. Isotope fractionation in plants is influenced by biotic factors, such as phenological stages and plant genetics, as well as abiotic factors. Different nutrient supply induced shifts in isotope fractionation patterns for Mg, Cu, and Zn, suggesting that isotope process tracing can be used as a tool to detect and quantify different uptake pathways in response to abiotic stresses. However, the interpretation of isotope fractionation in plants is challenging because many isotope fractionation factors associated with specific processes are unknown and experiments are often exploratory. To overcome these limitations, fundamental geochemical research should expand the database of isotope fractionation factors and disentangle kinetic and equilibrium fractionation. In addition, plant growth studies should further shift toward hypothesis-driven experiments, for example, by integrating contrasting nutrient supplies, using established model plants, genetic approaches, and by combining isotope analyses with complementary speciation techniques. To fully exploit the potential of isotope process tracing in plants, the interdisciplinary expertise of plant and isotope geochemical scientists is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Group of Plant Nutrition, Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebekah E. T. Moore
- MAGIC Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gerd Patrick Bienert
- Crop Physiology, Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristian Holst Laursen
- Plant Nutrients and Food Quality Research Group, Plant and Soil Science Section and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Blotevogel
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions (LMDC), UPS/INSA, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Christopher SJ, Ellisor DL, Davis WC. Investigating the feasibility of ICP-MS/MS for differentiating NIST salmon reference materials through determination of Sr and S isotope ratios. Talanta 2021; 231:122363. [PMID: 33965029 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) was investigated for possible use in food fraud studies through the measurement of strontium and sulfur isotope ratios. Oxygen mass shift mode was applied to shift 87Sr/86Sr and 34S/32S isotope ratios to their respective oxides, 87Sr16O+/86Sr16O+ and 34S16O+/32S16O+, effecting a gas-phase chemical separation of the elements from Rb and Kr (for Sr) and molecular N and O species, along with P- and S-hydrides (for S). A total least squares regression approach was employed to generate the isotope ratio data from time-resolved analyses, and method uncertainties and accuracies were determined. The utility of the approach was shown by using the Sr and S isotope ratios together to differentiate between NIST RM 8256 Wild-Caught Coho Salmon and NIST RM 8257 Aquacultured Coho Salmon. These materials are currently under development at NIST as certified food fraud standards and method evaluation materials for comprehensive chemical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Christopher
- NIST Chemical Sciences Division, NIST Charleston Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - D L Ellisor
- NIST Chemical Sciences Division, NIST Charleston Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - W C Davis
- NIST Chemical Sciences Division, NIST Charleston Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hoegg ED, Godin S, Szpunar J, Lobinski R, Koppenaal DW, Marcus RK. Resolving Severe Elemental Isobaric Interferences with a Combined Atomic and Molecular Ionization Source-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Approach: The 87Sr and 87Rb Geochronology Pair. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11506-11514. [PMID: 34375523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many fields of basic and applied sciences, including geochronology, astronomy, metabolism, etc., rely on the ability of mass spectrometry to obtain isotope ratio measurements having a high degree of certainty. The inability to resolve difficult isobaric interferences plagues certain measurements. A combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization source has been interfaced to a high-field Orbitrap mass spectrometer to alleviate severe atomic, isobaric interferences. This work examines the geochronologically significant 87Sr and 87Rb isotope pair. The mass difference between 87Sr and 87Rb is approximately 0.3 mDa, requiring a minimum resolving power (R = m/Δm) of ∼290,000, a value ∼30× higher than available with sector-field elemental mass spectrometers. Under ultrahigh-resolution conditions, Sr isotope ratio accuracy and precision were evaluated using NIST Sr SRM 987, yielding precision values of <0.1% relative standard deviation (RSD) for the major isotopes and a calculated LOD of 2 pg mL-1 (120 fg of Sr for a 60 μL injection). In addition to manipulating the signal transient length, the total number of ions in the electrostatic trap and the 87Sr/87Rb concentration ratio were found to influence resolution. Ultimately, the isotopes were baseline-resolved with a calculated mass resolution of >1.7M. At equal 87Sr and 87Rb intensities, 87Sr/86Sr was measured as 0.71294 (a relative error of only 0.37%) with a precision of 0.097% RSD, clearly reflecting the alleviation of the isobaric interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Hoegg
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Simon Godin
- CNRS, Institute for Analytical & Physical Chemistry of the Environment & Materials, UPPA, IPREM, UMR 5254, Helioparc 2, Av Pr Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- CNRS, Institute for Analytical & Physical Chemistry of the Environment & Materials, UPPA, IPREM, UMR 5254, Helioparc 2, Av Pr Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- CNRS, Institute for Analytical & Physical Chemistry of the Environment & Materials, UPPA, IPREM, UMR 5254, Helioparc 2, Av Pr Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holder PW, Van Hale RJ, Frew R, George S, Armstrong KF. Natal origin of the invasive biosecurity pest, brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys: Penatomidae), determined by dual-element stable isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1456-1463. [PMID: 31659828 PMCID: PMC7065004 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-border detection of a single brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) in New Zealand warranted a biosecurity response, the nature of which would be influenced by its status as part of an established population or as a new arrival. Stable isotope analysis has the potential to determine natal origins, but is difficult to achieve for samples as small as a single insect. Here an analytical modification to measure small samples was successfully trialled as a means to supply evidence as to the local or exotic natal origin of the intercepted BMSB specimen. RESULTS Sufficient analytical sensitivity was achieved using a modified isotope ratio mass spectrometry method, involving thermolysis and carbon monoxide cryofocusing, to enable the simultaneous analysis of δ2 H and δ18 O from wings of the post-border BMSB sample. The values were much lower than those of the New Zealand green vegetable bug, used as a local reference. However, they fell within the range of those for BMSB of Northern Hemisphere origin intercepted at the New Zealand border over the same time period, specifically overlapping with the USA and Italy, but not China. CONCLUSION The isotope signature of the post-border detected BMSB suggested a significantly cooler climate than the North Island of New Zealand, indicating that it was a new arrival and did not represent an established population. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Holder
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreLincoln UniversityChristchurchNew Zealand
| | | | - Russell Frew
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Sherly George
- Plant Health & Environment LaboratoryMinistry for Primary IndustriesAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Karen F Armstrong
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreLincoln UniversityChristchurchNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|