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Mella-Raipán J, Romero-Parra J, Recabarren-Gajardo G. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Heroin and Desomorphine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3905-3927. [PMID: 32568519 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are arguably one of the most important pharmacologic classes, mainly due to their rich history, their useful and potent analgesic effects, and also, just as importantly, their "Dark Side", constituted by their reinforcing properties that have led countless of users to a spiral of addiction, biological dependence, tolerance, withdrawal syndromes, and death. Among the most significant abused and addictive known opioids are heroin and desomorphine, both synthetic derivatives of morphine that belong to the 4,5-epoxymorphinan structural chemical group of the opioid family drugs. These agents share not only structural, pharmacological, and epidemiological features but also a common geographical distribution. A drop in Afghan heroin production and its "exports" to Russia gave rise to widespread consumption of desomorphine in ex-Soviet republics during the first decade of the 21st century, representing an economical and accessible alternative for misusers to this sort of derivative. Herein we review the state of the art of history, chemistry and synthesis, pharmacology, and impact on society of these "cursed cousins".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Mella-Raipán
- Instituto de Quı́mica y Bioquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaı́so, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaı́so 2360102, Chile
- Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaı́so,, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaı́so 2360102, Chile
| | - Javier Romero-Parra
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Fisicoquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla
233, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Recabarren-Gajardo
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory, BHSL, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Quı́mica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436 Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,, Marcoleta 391, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
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Makarova M, Endoma-Arias MAA, Dela Paz HE, Simionescu R, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of ent-Oxycodone: Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Generation Strategies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10883-10904. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Makarova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Mary Ann A. Endoma-Arias
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Helen E. Dela Paz
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Razvan Simionescu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Ho Kenny Park K, Chen R, Chen DYK. Programmed serial stereochemical relay and its application in the synthesis of morphinans. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7031-7037. [PMID: 29147530 PMCID: PMC5642196 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a rationally designed, serial point-to-axial and axial-to-point stereoinduction and its integration into multi-step and target-oriented organic synthesis. In this proof-of-concept study, the configurational stability of several carefully designed atropisomeric intermediates and the fidelity of their unconventional stereoinductions were systematically investigated. The highly functionalized prepared synthetic intermediate was further applied in a novel chemical method to access the morphinans and it is potentially applicable to other structurally related alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ho Kenny Park
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea .
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea .
| | - David Y-K Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea .
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No 2, North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650091 (P. R. China)
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No 2, North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650091 (P. R. China)
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Tissot M, Phipps RJ, Lucas C, Leon RM, Pace RDM, Ngouansavanh T, Gaunt MJ. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through anortho-paraOxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13498-501. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tissot M, Phipps RJ, Lucas C, Leon RM, Pace RDM, Ngouansavanh T, Gaunt MJ. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through anortho-paraOxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Geffe M, Opatz T. Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Dihydrocodeine and Formal Synthesis of (−)-Thebaine, (−)-Codeine, and (−)-Morphine from a Deprotonated α-Aminonitrile. Org Lett 2014; 16:5282-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5023849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Geffe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Li J, Liu GL, Zhao XH, Du JY, Qu H, Chu WD, Ding M, Jin CY, Wei MX, Fan CA. Formal Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1105-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dinh TN, Chen A, Chai CL. A pattern recognition approach to 14-epi-hydrophenanthrene core of the morphine alkaloids based on shikimic acid. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Crabbendam PR, Beyerman HC, Lie TS, Maat L. On the total synthesis of the naloxones from 1-benzylisoquinolines via 1-bromo-2-(1-phenyltetrazol-5-yloxy)dihydrocodeinone (Chemistry of Opium Alkaloids, Part XVII). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19831020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Olieman C, Maat L, Beyerman HC. Oxidation of (-)-2-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-methyl-6-oxomorphinan with Fremy's salt. An unprecedented 2,4-shift of the bromo substituent. (Chemistry of opium alkaloids, Part XIII). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19800990506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Magnus P, Sane N, Fauber BP, Lynch V. Concise syntheses of (-)-galanthamine and (+/-)-codeine via intramolecular alkylation of a phenol derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16045-7. [PMID: 19835379 DOI: 10.1021/ja9085534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suzuki coupling of 7 to 8 gave the biphenyl derivative 9. Reaction of 9 with ethyl vinyl ether/bromine/base gave 10, which on treatment with CsF/DMF at 130 degrees C resulted in the cross-conjugated 2,5-cyclohexadienone 6. Acid hydrolysis of 6 gave 11, which was reductively aminated to give (+/-)-narwedine 2. Since 2 has been converted into (-)-galanthamine 1 in two steps, this synthesis proceeds in eight steps with an overall yield of 63%. Also treatment of the cross-conjugated cyclohexadienone 6 with nitromethane/base gave 12, which was reduced to provide 13. Reduction of the nitro group in 13 to an amine, followed by reductive amination under acidic conditions, arrives at the codeine skeleton 15. Elaboration of 15 into (+/-)-codeine proceeds via the previously unknown alpha-epoxide derivative 18. This is the shortest synthesis of codeine (13 steps, 20% overall yield) and, for the first time, allows access to codeine without having to reduce codeinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Magnus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1167, USA.
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Stork G, Yamashita A, Adams J, Schulte GR, Chesworth R, Miyazaki Y, Farmer JJ. Regiospecific and Stereoselective Syntheses of (±) Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine via a Highly Stereocontrolled Intramolecular 4 + 2 Cycloaddition Leading to a Phenanthrofuran System. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11402-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9038505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Stork
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ayako Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Julian Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gary R. Schulte
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Yoji Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jay J. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Trost BM, Tang W, Toste FD. Divergent enantioselective synthesis of (-)-galanthamine and (-)-morphine. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:14785-803. [PMID: 16231933 DOI: 10.1021/ja054449+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient divergent synthetic strategy for the synthesis of the opiate and amaryllidaceae alkaloids emerges by employing a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) to set the stereochemistry. Three generations of syntheses of galanthamine are discussed in detail with particular focus on the scope of the palladium-catalyzed AAA reactions and intramolecular Heck reactions. The pivotal tricyclic intermediate is available in six steps from 2-bromovanillin and the monoester of methyl 6-hydroxycyclohexene-1-carboxylate. This intermediate requires only two steps to convert to (-)-galanthamine. Using a Heck vinylation, we found that the fourth ring of codeine/morphine could be formed. The final ring formation involves a novel visible light-promoted hydroamination. Thus, six steps are required to convert the pivotal tricyclic intermediate into codeine, which has been demethylated in high yield to morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Hsu FL, Rice KC, Brossi A. Total Synthesis of (±)-3-Deoxy-7,8-dihydromorphine, (±)-4-Methoxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one and 2,4-Dioxygenated (±)-Congeners. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19820650531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Taber DF, Neubert TD, Schlecht MF. Chapter 11 The enantioselective synthesis of morphine. STRATEGIES AND TACTICS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6004(04)80034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ludwig W, Schäfer HJ. Total Synthesis ofrac-Salutaridine and Sinoacutine ((−)-salutaridine)-A Novel Route to the Morphine Skeleton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198610251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Endoma MA, Butora G, Claeboe CD, Hudlicky T, Abboud KA. Chemoenzymatic and electrochemical oxidations in the synthesis of octahydroisoquinolines for conversion to morphine. Relative merits of radical vs. acid-catalyzed cyclizations. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Feldman KS. Cyclization Pathways of a (Z)-Stilbene-Derived Bis(orthoquinone monoketal). J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9704220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken S. Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the morphine skeleton via radical cyclization and a C10C11 closure. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hudlicky T, Butora G, Fearnley SP, Gum AG, Stabile MR. A Historical Perspective of Morphine Syntheses. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS (PART K) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(96)80025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Szántay C, Dörnyei G, Blaskó G. Chapter 2 The Morphine Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Ludwig W, Schäfer HJ. Totalsysnthese vonrac-Salutaridin und Sinoacutin ((–)-Salutaridin), ein neuer Weg zum Morphingerüst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19860981132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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The Development of a Practical Total Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Codeine, Morphine and Thebaine. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70128-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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