1
|
Liang H, Liu P, Wang Z, Xiong H, Yin C, Zhao D, Wu C, Chen L. TREM2 gene induces differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into dopaminergic neurons and promotes neuronal repair via TGF-β activation in 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14630. [PMID: 38348765 PMCID: PMC10862187 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold a promising potential for rescuing dopaminergic neurons in therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). This study clarifies a TREM2-dependent mechanism explaining the function of iPSC differentiation in neuronal repair of PD. METHODS PD-related differentially expressed genes were screened by bioinformatics analyses and their expression was verified using RT-qPCR in nigral tissues of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Following ectopic expression and depletion experiments in iPSCs, cell differentiation into dopaminergic neurons as well as the expression of dopaminergic neuronal markers TH and DAT was measured. Stereotaxic injection of 6-OHDA was used to develop a mouse model of PD, which was injected with iPSC suspension overexpressing TREM2 to verify the effect of TREM2 on neuronal repair. RESULTS TREM2 was poorly expressed in the nigral tissues of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. In the presence of TREM2 overexpression, the iPSCs showed increased expression of dopaminergic neuronal markers TH and DAT, which facilitated the differentiation of iPSCs into dopaminergic neurons. Mechanistic investigations indicated that TREM2 activated the TGF-β pathway and induced iPSC differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. In vivo data showed that iPSCs overexpressing TREM2 enhanced neuronal repair in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. CONCLUSION This work identifies a mechanistic insight for TREM2-mediated TGF-β activation in the regulation of neuronal repair in PD and suggests novel strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbai Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Zijing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Chunhui Wu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Longyi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song Y, Tian C, Lee Y, Yoon M, Yoon SE, Cho SY. Nanosensor Chemical Cytometry: Advances and Opportunities in Cellular Therapy and Precision Medicine. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:393-403. [PMID: 38145025 PMCID: PMC10740128 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
With the definition of therapeutics now encompassing transplanted or engineered cells and their molecular products, there is a growing scientific necessity for analytics to understand this new category of drugs. This Perspective highlights the recent development of new measurement science on label-free single cell analysis, nanosensor chemical cytometry (NCC), and their potential for cellular therapeutics and precision medicine. NCC is based on microfluidics integrated with fluorescent nanosensor arrays utilizing the optical lensing effect of a single cell to real-time extract molecular properties and correlate them with physical attributes of single cells. This new class of cytometry can quantify the heterogeneity of the multivariate physicochemical attributes of the cell populations in a completely label-free and nondestructive way and, thus, suggest the vein-to-vein conditions for the safe therapeutic applications. After the introduction of the NCC technology, we suggest the technological development roadmap for the maturation of the new field: from the sensor/chip design perspective to the system/software development level based on hardware automation and deep learning data analytics. The advancement of this new single cell sensing technology is anticipated to aid rich and multivariate single cell data setting and support safe and reliable cellular therapeutics. This new measurement science can lead to data-driven personalized precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Song
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyu Tian
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yullim Lee
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeong Yoon
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Yoon
- Division
of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Xia Y, Kou L, Yin S, Chi X, Li J, Sun Y, Wu J, Zhou Q, Zou W, Jin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. Astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming and crosstalk in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106224. [PMID: 37433411 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the fastest growing disabling neurological disorder worldwide, with motor and non-motor symptoms being its main clinical manifestations. The primary pathological features include a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and decrease in dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal pathway. Existing treatments only alleviate clinical symptoms and do not stop disease progression; slowing down the loss of dopaminergic neurons and stimulating their regeneration are emerging therapies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that transplantation of dopamine cells generated from human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells can restore the loss of dopamine. However, the application of cell transplantation is limited owing to ethical controversies and the restricted source of cells. Until recently, the reprogramming of astrocytes to replenish lost dopaminergic neurons has provided a promising alternative therapy for PD. In addition, repair of mitochondrial perturbations, clearance of damaged mitochondria in astrocytes, and control of astrocyte inflammation may be extensively neuroprotective and beneficial against chronic neuroinflammation in PD. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on the progress and remaining issues in astrocyte reprogramming using transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, as well as exploring possible new targets for treating PD by repairing astrocytic mitochondria and reducing astrocytic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaosa Chi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiulu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenkai Zou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongjie Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lokai T, Albin B, Qubbaj K, Tiwari AP, Adhikari P, Yang IH. A review on current brain organoid technologies from a biomedical engineering perspective. Exp Neurol 2023; 367:114461. [PMID: 37295544 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brain organoids are 3D cytoarchitectures resembling the embryonic human brain. This review focuses on current advancements in biomedical engineering methods to develop organoids such as pluripotent stem cells assemblies, quickly aggregated floating culture, hydrogel suspension, microfluidic systems (both photolithography and 3D printing), and brain organoids-on-a-chip. These methods have the potential to create a large impact on neurological disorder studies by creating a model of the human brain investigating pathogenesis and drug screening for individual patients. 3D brain organoid cultures mimic not only features of patients' unknown drug reactions, but also early human brain development at cellular, structural, and functional levels. The challenge of current brain organoids lies in the formation of distinct cortical neuron layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, as they are critically specialized, developmental aspects. Furthermore, recent advances such as vascularization and genome engineering are in development to overcome the barrier of neuronal complexity. Future technology of brain organoids is needed to improve tissue cross-communication, body axis simulation, cell patterning signals, and spatial-temporal control of differentiation, as engineering methods discussed in this review are rapidly evolving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Lokai
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Bayne Albin
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Khayzaran Qubbaj
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Prashant Adhikari
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - In Hong Yang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang W, Zhang H, Wei L, Ma Y, Jiang H, Yuen CNT, Zhang J, Wu H, Shu Y. Microcystin-leucine arginine causes brain injury and functional disorder in Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles by oxidative stress and inflammation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106509. [PMID: 36989925 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a toxin commonly found in eutrophic waters worldwide, but its potential effects on amphibian brain toxicity and exposure mechanisms are unclear. In this study, Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were exposed to MC-LR for 30 days at realistic ambient concentrations (0, 0.5, and 2 µg/L) to reveal its effects on brain health. The MC-LR bioaccumulation in the brain increased in dependence on the concentration of MC-LR exposure. Exposure to 0.5 and 2 µg/L MC-LR resulted in a significant down-regulation of the expression of structural components of the blood-brain barrier (CLDN1), while the expression of genes associated with inflammation (NLRP3, TNF, IL-1β, and CXCL12) was significantly up-regulated with increased number of eosinophils. In the hippocampal and hypothalamic regions, the number of vacuolated neuropils increased with increasing MC-LR exposure concentration, while the expression of genes associated with neuronal development (LGALS1, CACNA2D2, and NLGN4X) and neurotransmitter transmission (SLC6A13 and AChE) was significantly down-regulated. Moreover, the levels of neurotransmitters (5-HT, glutamate, GABA, and ACh) were significantly reduced. These results provide strong evidence that MC-LR exposure at realistic ambient concentrations of 0.5 and 2 µg/L can break the blood-brain barrier and raise the accumulation of MC-LR in the brain tissue, causing structural damage and functional disorder to brain neurons. Further, based on transcriptomic and biochemical analysis, it was revealed that MC-LR exposure induces DNA damage through oxidative stress and may be an important pathway causing brain structural damage and functional disorder. Overall, this study demonstrates the significant effects of MC-LR on the brain tissue of amphibians, highlighting the sensitivity of amphibians to MC-LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Calista N T Yuen
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biology Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Du H, Huo Z, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Meng F, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang H, Zhou F, Liu J, Zhang L, Zhou S, Guan Y, Wang X. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Applications in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060971. [PMID: 36980310 PMCID: PMC10047679 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that results in the loss of motor function in the central nervous system (CNS) and ultimately death. The mechanisms underlying ALS pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated, and ALS cannot be treated effectively. Most studies have applied animal or single-gene intervention cell lines as ALS disease models, but they cannot accurately reflect the pathological characteristics of ALS. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be reprogrammed from somatic cells, possessing the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cells. iPSCs can be obtained from ALS patients with different genotypes and phenotypes, and the genetic background of the donor cells remains unchanged during reprogramming. iPSCs can differentiate into neurons and glial cells related to ALS. Therefore, iPSCs provide an excellent method to evaluate the impact of diseases on ALS patients. Moreover, patient-derived iPSCs are obtained from their own somatic cells, avoiding ethical concerns and posing only a low risk of immune rejection. The iPSC technology creates new hope for ALS treatment. Here, we review recent studies on iPSCs and their applications in disease modeling, drug screening and cell therapy in ALS, with a particular focus on the potential for ALS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Du
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Zijun Huo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Zhenhan Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fandi Meng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shiyue Liu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Haoyun Zhang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yingjun Guan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mo C, Lin S, Li Z, Liu X, Ye S, Liang H, Ma H, Shen C, Fan W, Wang Y, Liu K, He Q. Qilong Capsule Alleviated MPTP-Induced Neuronal Defects by Inhibiting Apoptosis, Regulating Autophagy in Zebrafish Embryo Model. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200926. [PMID: 36661244 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Qilong capsule (QLC) originates from the famous "Buyang Huanwu decoction" prescription. It is representative of drugs used in China during recovery from stroke, but its neuroprotective mechanism of action remains obscure. HPLC was used to evaluate the similarity of 10 batches of QLC samples. Then we used a zebrafish model to study the neuroprotective effect of QLC. At 24 hpf, embryos were treated with QLC and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and zebrafish were observed the neuronal length and the number of apoptotic cells in the brain at 72 hpf. At 120 hpf, we conduct zebrafish behavioural tests. We then also used qPCR to detect the expression of genes related to autophagy and apoptosis. The results showed that QLC significantly reduced the damage of dopaminergic neurons, the number of apoptotic cells in the brain, and alleviated motor disturbances induced by MPTP. We found that the mechanism of QLC activity involved decreased neuron cell death by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy, promoting autophagy, degradation of alpha-synuclein, and neuron cell growth, and rescuing the function of neurons damaged by MPTP. The results indicated that QLC protected against MPTP-induced neuron injury and provided pharmacological evidence for clinical use of QLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cailian Mo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Shenghua Lin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Suyan Ye
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Huiliang Liang
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Honglin Ma
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanlin Shen
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
- Science and technology service platform, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao P, Sun T, Lyu C, Liang K, Niu Y, Zhang Y, Cao C, Xiang C, Du Y. Scar-Degrading Endothelial Cells as a Treatment for Advanced Liver Fibrosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203315. [PMID: 36494102 PMCID: PMC9896053 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver is an important feature of liver cirrhosis. Recovery from liver cirrhosis is physiologically challenging, partially due to the ECM in scar tissue showing resistance to cell-mediated degradation by secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Here, a cell-mediated ECM-degradation screening system (CEDSS) in vitro is constructed for high-throughput searching for cells with tremendous degradation ability. ECM-degrading liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (dLSECs) are screened using CEDSS, which exhibit 17 times the ability to degrade collagen when compared to other cells. The degradation ability of dLSECs is mediated by the upregulation of MMP9. In particular, mRNA expression of MMP9 shows an 833-fold increase in dLSECs compared to normal endothelial cells (nLSECs), and MMP9 is regulated by transcription factor c-Fos. In vivo, single intrasplenic injection of dLSECs alleviates advanced liver fibrosis in mice, while intraperitoneal administration of liver-targeting peptide-modified dLSECs shows enhanced fibrosis-targeting effects. Degradative human umbilical vein endothelial cells (dHUVECs) prove their enhanced potential of clinical translation. Together, these results highlight the potential of ECM-degrading endothelial cells in alleviating advanced liver fibrosis, thus providing remarkable insights in the development of ECM-targeting therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yudi Niu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Chenhui Cao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Canhong Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryBeijing Tsinghua Changgung HospitalBeijing100084China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu XY, Chang ZH, Chen C, Liang J, Shi JX, Fan X, Shao Q, Meng WW, Wang JJ, Li XH. 3D printing of injury-preconditioned secretome/collagen/heparan sulfate scaffolds for neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:525. [PMID: 36536463 PMCID: PMC9764714 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can include physical disability and even death. The development of effective therapies to promote neurological recovery is still a challenging problem. 3D-printed biomaterials are considered to have a promising future in TBI repair. The injury-preconditioned secretome derived from human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells showed better stability in neurological recovery after TBI. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that a biological scaffold loaded with an injury-preconditioned secretome could facilitate neural network reconstruction after TBI. METHODS In this study, we fabricated injury-preconditioned secretome/collagen/heparan sulfate scaffolds by 3D printing. The scaffold structure and porosity were examined by scanning electron microscopy and HE staining. The cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was characterized by MTT analysis, HE staining and electron microscopy. The modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS), Morris water maze (MWM), and motor evoked potential (MEP) were used to examine the recovery of cognitive and locomotor function after TBI in rats. HE staining, silver staining, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect the reconstruction of neural structures and pathophysiological processes. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds in vivo was characterized by tolerance exposure and liver/kidney function assays. RESULTS The excellent mechanical and porosity characteristics of the composite scaffold allowed it to efficiently regulate the secretome release rate. MTT and cell adhesion assays demonstrated that the scaffold loaded with the injury-preconditioned secretome (3D-CH-IB-ST) had better cytocompatibility than that loaded with the normal secretome (3D-CH-ST). In the rat TBI model, cognitive and locomotor function including mNSS, MWM, and MEP clearly improved when the scaffold was transplanted into the damage site. There is a significant improvement in nerve tissue at the site of lesion. More abundant endogenous neurons with nerve fibers, synaptic structures, and myelin sheaths were observed in the 3D-CH-IB-ST group. Furthermore, the apoptotic response and neuroinflammation were significantly reduced and functional vessels were observed at the injury site. Good exposure tolerance in vivo demonstrated favorable biocompatibility of the scaffold. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that injury-preconditioned secretome/collagen/heparan sulfate scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing promoted neurological recovery after TBI by reconstructing neural networks, suggesting that the implantation of the scaffolds could be a novel way to alleviate brain damage following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yin Liu
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Zhe-Han Chang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Chong Chen
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Characteristic Medical Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162 China
| | - Jun Liang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Jian-Xin Shi
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Xiu Fan
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Qi Shao
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Wei-Wei Meng
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Characteristic Medical Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng Y, Gallegos CM, Xue H, Li S, Kim DH, Zhou H, Xia X, Liu Y, Cao Q. Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells Promotes Forelimb Functional Recovery after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172765. [PMID: 36078173 PMCID: PMC9454923 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical for assessing recovery. Currently, available means to improve locomotor function include surgery, physical therapy rehabilitation and exoskeleton. Stem cell therapy with neural progenitor cells (NPCs) transplantation is a promising reparative strategy. Along this line, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a remarkable autologous cell source, which offer many advantages including: great potential to generate isografts avoiding immunosuppression; the availability of a variety of somatic cells without ethical controversy related to embryo use; and vast differentiation. In this current work, to realize the therapeutic potential of iPSC-NPCs for the treatment of SCI, we transplanted purified iPSCs-derived NPCs into a cervical contusion SCI rat model. Our results showed that the iPSC-NPCs were able to survive and differentiate into both neurons and astrocytes and, importantly, improve forelimb locomotor function as assessed by the grooming task and horizontal ladder test. Purified iPSC-NPCs represent a promising cell type that could be further tested and developed into a clinically useful cell source for targeted cell therapy for cervical SCI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Zheng
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chrystine M. Gallegos
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong H. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhou
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Xugang Xia
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +1-(772)-345-4734 (Y.L.); +1-(772)-345-4622 (Q.C.)
| | - Qilin Cao
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +1-(772)-345-4734 (Y.L.); +1-(772)-345-4622 (Q.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bazarek S, Johnston BR, Sten M, Mandeville R, Eggan K, Wainger BJ, Brown JM. Spinal motor neuron transplantation to enhance nerve reconstruction strategies: Towards a cell therapy. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114054. [PMID: 35341748 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nerve transfers have become a powerful intervention to restore function following devastating paralyzing injuries. A major limitation to peripheral nerve repair and reconstructive strategies is the progressive, fibrotic degeneration of the distal nerve and denervated muscle, eventually precluding recovery of these targets and thus defining a time window within which reinnervation must occur. One proven strategy in the clinic has been the sacrifice and transfer of an adjacent distal motor nerve to provide axons to occupy, and thus preserve (or "babysit"), the target muscle. However, available nearby nerves are limited in severe brachial plexus or spinal cord injury. An alternative and novel proposition is the transplantation of spinal motor neurons (SMNs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the target nerve to extend their axons to occupy and preserve the targets. These cells could potentially be delivered through minimally invasive or percutaneous techniques. Several reports have demonstrated survival, functional innervation, and muscular preservation following transplantation of SMNs into rodent nerves. Advances in the generation, culture, and differentiation of human iPSCs now offer the possibility for an unlimited supply of clinical grade SMNs. This review will discuss the previous reports of peripheral SMN transplantation, outline key considerations, and propose next steps towards advancing this approach to clinic. Stem cells have garnered great enthusiasm for their potential to revolutionize medicine. However, this excitement has often led to premature clinical studies with ill-defined cell products and mechanisms of action, particularly in spinal cord injury. We believe the peripheral transplantation of a defined SMN population to address neuromuscular degeneration will be transformative in augmenting current reconstructive strategies. By thus removing the current barriers of time and distance, this strategy would dramatically enhance the potential for reconstruction and functional recovery in otherwise hopeless paralyzing injuries. Furthermore, this strategy may be used as a permanent axon replacement following destruction of lower motor neurons and would enable exogenous stimulation options, such as pacing of transplanted SMN axons in the phrenic nerve to avoid mechanical ventilation in high cervical cord injury or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Bazarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Margaret Sten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ross Mandeville
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Eggan
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian J Wainger
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Justin M Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun Y, Feng L, Liang L, Stacey GN, Wang C, Wang Y, Hu B. Neuronal cell-based medicines from pluripotent stem cells: Development, production, and preclinical assessment. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10 Suppl 2:S31-S40. [PMID: 34724724 PMCID: PMC8560198 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain degeneration and damage is difficult to cure due to the limited endogenous repair capability of the central nervous system. Furthermore, drug development for treatment of diseases of the central nervous system remains a major challenge. However, it now appears that using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells to replace degenerating cells provides a promising cell-based medicine for rejuvenation of brain function. Accordingly, a large number of studies have carried out preclinical assessments, which have involved different neural cell types in several neurological diseases. Recent advances in animal models identify the transplantation of neural derivatives from pluripotent stem cells as a promising path toward the clinical application of cell therapies [Stem Cells Transl Med 2019;8:681-693; Drug Discov Today 2019;24:992-999; Nat Med 2019;25:1045-1053]. Some groups are moving toward clinical testing in humans. However, the difficulty in selection of valuable critical quality criteria for cell products and the lack of functional assays that could indicate suitability for clinical effect continue to hinder neural cell-based medicine development [Biologicals 2019;59:68-71]. In this review, we summarize the current status of preclinical studies progress in this area and outline the biological characteristics of neural cells that have been used in new developing clinical studies. We also discuss the requirements for translation of stem cell-derived neural cells in examples of stem cell-based clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingmin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Glyn N Stacey
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- International Stem Cell Banking Initiative, Barley, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|