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Sundaramoorthy R, Vadivelu M, Thirumoorthy K, Karthikeyan K, Praveen C. Step-Economical Mechanosynthesis of Hybrid Azoles: Deciphering Their π-Orbital and Pharmacological Characteristics. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300008. [PMID: 37055351 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid pharmacophore strategy for unifying 1,2,3-triazole with 1,2,4-triazole cores to prepare mixed triazoles was accomplished by a ball-milling approach. The developed chemistry works under the catalysis of cupric oxide nanoparticles with salient features like one-jar operation, lower number of synthetic steps, catalyst recyclability, time-dependent product control, and good overall yields. π-Orbital properties based on theoretical calculations supported the suitability of these molecules for pharmacological screening. Therefore, the biological potency of the synthesized molecules was evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. By virtue of their proton-donating tendency, all compounds showed promising radical-scavenging activity with the inhibition level reaching up to 90 %. These molecular hybrids also exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potencies similar to those of standard compounds, owing to their electron-rich nature. Finally, α-amylase inhibitory potential was demonstrated in silico; significant regions necessary for enzyme inhibition were identified by hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Vadivelu
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kesavan Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar Praveen
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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Saqib M, Izadi F, Isierhienrhien LU, Ončák M, Denifl S. Decomposition of triazole and 3-nitrotriazole upon low-energy electron attachment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13892-13901. [PMID: 37183636 PMCID: PMC10207873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Compounds based on nitrotriazole have been studied for their application as potential radiosensitizers for the treatment of tumors and as energetic materials. In the former application, the initial reduction of the compounds may serve as a mechanism which leads to the formation of tumor-active species. In this study, we investigated the fundamental properties of anion formation in isolated 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (3NTR) molecules upon attachment of low-energy electrons. The resulting product anions formed were detected via mass spectrometry. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to study the dissociation pathways and to derive the threshold energies. We also studied the attachment of electrons to the native 1H-1,2,4-triazole (TR) molecule, revealing the influence of the nitro group on anion formation. Comparing the results for these two systems, we computationally observed a considerable more stable parent anion for 3NTR, which results in significantly more effective degradation of the molecule at lower electron energies. Although characteristic fragmentation reactions in the presence of the nitro group were observed (like formation of NO2- or the release of an OH radical), the main dissociation channel for the 3NTR anion turned out to be the direct dissociation of a hydrogen radical by a single bond cleavage, which we also observed for TR as the main channel. Thus, the triazole ring shows a pronounced stability against electron attachment-induced cleavage compared, for example, to the imidazole ring, which is found in common nitroimidazolic radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Farhad Izadi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leon U Isierhienrhien
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Aouad MR, Khan DJO, Said MA, Al‐Kaff NS, Rezki N, Ali AA, Bouqellah N, Hagar M. Novel 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors against Covid-19 Main Protease: Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking and DFT Studies. ChemistrySelect 2021; 6:3468-3486. [PMID: 34230893 PMCID: PMC8250976 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly contagious nature of Covid-19 attracted us to this challenging area of research, mainly because the disease is spreading very fast and until now, no effective method of a safe treatment or a vaccine is developed. A library of novel 1,2,3-triazoles based 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and/or 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffolds were designed and successfully synthesized. Different spectroscopic tools efficiently characterized all the newly synthesized hybrid molecules. An interesting finding is that some of the newly designed compounds revealed two isomeric forms. The ratio is affected by the size of the attached group as well as the type of the heteroatom forming the side ring attached to the central 1,2,3-triazole ring. The experimental spectroscopic data is in agreement with the DFT calculations at B3LYP 6-31G (d,p) with regard to the geometrical conformation of the prepared compounds. The DFT results revealed that the stability of one isomeric form over the other in the range of 0.057-0.161 Kcal mol-1. A docking study was performed using PyRx and AutoDockVina to investigate the activity of the prepared 1,2,3-triazoles as antiviral agents. Bond affinity scores of the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were detected in the range of -6.0 to -8.8 kcal/mol showing binding to the active sites of the 6LU7 protease and hence could be anticipated to inhibit the activity of the enzyme. Verification of the docking results was performed using the Mpro alignment of coronaviruses substrate-binding pockets of COVID-19 against the ligands. As per these results, it can be proposed that the title hybrid molecules are acceptable candidates against COVID-19 for possible medicinal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Reda Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud J. O. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Musa A. Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia S. Al‐Kaff
- Department of BiologyCollege of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeeb A. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla Bouqellah
- Department of BiologyCollege of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah30002Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Sciences, YanbuTaibah UniversityYanbu30799Saudi Arabia
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityAlexandria21321Egypt
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Pachuta-Stec A. Antioxidant Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole and Its Derivatives: A Mini Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1081-1094. [PMID: 33797373 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210401091802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The information about the presence of free radicals in biological materials was given for the first time about 70 years ago. Since then, numerous scientific studies have been conducted and the science of free radicals was born. Today we know that free radicals are by-products of enzymatic reactions occurring in the organism. They are produced during endogenous processes such as: cell respiration, phagocytosis, biosynthesis, catalysis, and biotransformation. They can also be produced by exogenous processes (radiation, sunlight, heavy metals, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses). The overproduction of free radicals affects the aging processes, oxidative stress (OS) and takes part in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Among them are cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer and Parkinson, pulmonary diseases, atherosclerosis and DNA damage. Compounds with antioxidant activity are very important nowadays because they allow organisms to keep a balance between the production of free radicals and the speed of their neutralization in the body. Next to the natural antioxidants (flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, etc.), synthetic ones are also of great importance. Among synthetic compounds with antioxidant activity are 1,2,4-triazoles and its derivatives. 1,2,4-Triazoles are heterocyclic compounds with three nitrogen atoms. Due to a broad spectrum of biological activities, these derivatives have been of interest to scientists for many years. Some of them are also used as drugs. The finding of new synthetic compounds with antioxidant features in the triazole group has become important problem of medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pachuta-Stec
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin. Poland
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Zherebtsov MA, Arsenyev MV, Baranov EV, Chesnokov SA, Cherkasov VK. Synthesis and structure of sterically hindered o-benzoquinone carboxylic acid. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Qi L, Wu S, Li M, Bai J, Ma H, Ren Y. Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel 5‐Substituted‐1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐thione Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University, Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Shao‐Jie Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University, Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Mou‐Cui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University, Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jia‐Chao Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University, Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Xia Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University, Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Hui Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering Northwest University, Xi'an People's Republic of China
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Jakovljević K, Joksović MD, Botta B, Jovanović LS, Avdović E, Marković Z, Mihailović V, Andrić M, Trifunović S, Marković V. Novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole conjugates derived from protocatechuic acid: Synthesis, antioxidant activity, and computational and electrochemical studies. CR CHIM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Đorović J, Milenković D, Joksović L, Joksović M, Marković Z. Study of Influence of Free Radical Species on Antioxidant Activity of Selected 1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐thiones. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Đorović
- Bioengineering Research and Development CenterPrvoslava Stojanovića 6 Kragujevac Republic of Serbia
| | - Dejan Milenković
- Bioengineering Research and Development CenterPrvoslava Stojanovića 6 Kragujevac Republic of Serbia
| | - Ljubinka Joksović
- University of KragujevacFaculty of ScienceDepartment of Chemistry Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Republic of Serbia
| | - Milan Joksović
- University of KragujevacFaculty of ScienceDepartment of Chemistry Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Republic of Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- Bioengineering Research and Development CenterPrvoslava Stojanovića 6 Kragujevac Republic of Serbia
- Department of Chemical-Technological SciencesState University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb 36300 Novi Pazar Republic of Serbia
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Mihailović N, Marković V, Matić IZ, Stanisavljević NS, Jovanović ŽS, Trifunović S, Joksović L. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and their diacylhydrazine precursors derived from phenolic acids. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and eight of their diacylhydrazine precursors were synthesized and examined for their antioxidative potential using different tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Mihailović
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Violeta Marković
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Ivana Z. Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | | | - Živko S. Jovanović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | | | - Ljubinka Joksović
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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