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Guan K, Wu J, Zhou J, Li Y, Pei L, Shi X. Synthesis Strategy Guided by Decision Tree for Morphology Control of Metal Phosphonates. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18758-18766. [PMID: 37919939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The morphology control of metal phosphonates is always a difficulty because there are many challenges derived from the complexity of crystallization and the multivariable synthesis system. Responding to challenges, we propose a synthesis strategy guided by a decision tree for morphology control of metal phosphonates, through which directional design of the morphology-controlled synthesis can be realized. Specifically, any one synthetic condition involving the synthesis of metal phosphonates can be regarded as a decision problem to construct a binary decision tree. By means of the classification principle of the binary decision tree, the samples synthesized under the boundary value of each synthesis condition are classified based on crystal phase and morphology. The key synthetic conditions determining crystal phase and morphology can be precisely screened out to serve as decision nodes for the binary decision tree and are also rapidly optimized by the recursion level by level, whereas others cannot. Here, the β-polymorph of copper phenylphosphonate (β-CuPP) is selected as an example to elaborate the decision-tree-guided synthesis strategy for morphology control of metal phosphonates. From the constructed binary decision tree, it is clear that the right amount of methanol in the solvent is vital to obtain β-phase of CuPP, whereas the reactant concentration, pH value, and reaction time are important for morphology and phase transformation. Under the optimal synthetic conditions screened out by the binary decision tree, β-CuPP can thus be controlled to be hierarchically flower-like microsphere morphology through either the direct synthesis route or the solid-to-solid phase transformation route. This research work confirms that the decision-tree-guided synthesis is highly efficacious for the morphology control of metal phosphonates. Furthermore, the morphology-controlled synthesis guided by a decision tree may provide some valuable inspiration for morphology control of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and even coordinate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Guan
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Lingnan Pei
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Institute of Chemistry for Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Dalian 116029, China
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2
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Gao T, Yu S, Chen Y, Li X, Tang X, Wu S, He B, Lan H, Li S, Yue Q, Xiao D. Regulating the thickness of the carbon coating layer in iron/carbon heterostructures to enhance the catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:120-128. [PMID: 37001451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of high-performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial and urgent for the fast development of green and renewable hydrogen energy. Herein, an ultra-fast and energy-efficient preparation strategy (microwave-assisted rapid in-situ pyrolysis of organometallic compounds induced by carbon nanotube (CNT)) is developed to obtain iron/carbon (Fe/C) heterogeneous materials (Fe/Fe3C particles wrapped by carbon coating layer). The thickness of the carbon coating layer can be adjusted by changing the content and form of carbon in the metal sources during the fast preparation process. Fe/Fe3C-A@CNT using iron acetylacetonate as metal sources possesses unique Fe/C heterogeneous, small Fe/Fe3C particles encapsulated by the thin carbon coating layer (1.77 nm), and obtains the optimal electron penetration effect. The electron penetration effect derives from the redistribution of charge between the surface carbon coating layer and inner Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles efficiently improving both catalytic activity and stability. Therefore, Fe/Fe3C-A@CNT shows efficient OER catalytic activity, just needing a low overpotential of 292 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm-2, and long-lasting stability. More importantly, the unique control strategy for carbon thickness in this work provides more opportunity and perspective to prepare robust metal/carbon-based catalytic materials at the nanoscale.
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3
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Yang PZ, Wang X, Zhang LJ, Tong N, Wang XL. Electrochemically Reconstructed Vanadic Oxide-Doped Cobalt Pyrophosphate as an Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2317-2325. [PMID: 36696163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
More and more attention has been paid to the development of the efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a porous vanadic oxide-doped cobalt pyrophosphate electrocatalyst, namely V2O5-Co2P2O7, was exploited by using the electrochemical reconstruction method in the alkaline electrolyte and selecting a cobalt vanadium phosphate Co(H2O)4(VOPO4)2 as a precursor. The reconstructed vanadic oxide-doped cobalt pyrophosphate catalyst V2O5-Co2P2O7 exhibited efficient electrocatalytic activity for the OER in 1.0 M KOH, requiring a low overpotential of 199 mV at 10 mA cm-2, compared to the reported pyrophosphate electrocatalysts. The porous morphology and doping of vanadic oxide after electrochemical reconstruction were beneficial to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for the OER, through improving the surface area to bring in more accessibly active sites and regulating the electronic structures. The results provided a promising strategy to prepare the pyrophosphate electrocatalysts and improve the performance of the OER catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ze Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Na Tong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liaoning Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province for Conversion Materials of Solar Cell, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
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Bazaga-García M, Vílchez-Cózar Á, Maranescu B, Olivera-Pastor P, Marganovici M, Ilia G, Cabeza Díaz A, Visa A, Colodrero RMP. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of metal(ii)-carboxyethylphenylphosphinates. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6539-6548. [PMID: 33890594 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis, structural characterization and electrocatalytic properties of three new coordination polymers, resulting from the combination of divalent metal (Ca2+, Cd2+ or Co2+) salts with (2-carboxyethyl)(phenyl)phosphinic acid. In addition to the usual hydrothermal procedure, the Co2+ derivative could also be prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis, in much shorter times. The crystal structures were solved by ab initio calculations, from powder diffraction data. Compounds MII[O2P(CH2CH2COOH)(C6H5)]2 {M = Cd (1) or Ca (2)} crystallize in the monoclinic system and display a layered topology, with the phenyl groups pointing toward the interlayer space in a interdigitated fashion. Compound Co2[(O2P(CH2CH2COO)(C6H5)(H2O)]2·2H2O (3) presents a 1D structure composed of zig-zag chains, formed by edge-sharing cobalt octahedra, with the phenyl groups pointing outside. Packing of these chains is favored by hydrogen bond interactions via lattice water molecules. In addition, H-bonds along the chains are established with the participation of the water molecules and the hydrophilic groups from the ligand. However, the solid exhibits a low proton conductivity, attributed to the isolation of the hydrophilic regions caused by the arrangement of hydrophobic phenyl groups. Preliminary studies on the electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been conducted for compound 3 and its pyrolytic derivatives, which were previously thoroughly characterized. By comparison, another Co2+ phosphinate, 4, obtained by microwave-assisted synthesis, but with distinct stoichiometry and a known structure was also tested. For the OER, the best performance was achieved with a derivative of 3, prepared by heating this compound in N2 at 200 °C. This derivative showed overpotential (339 mV, at a current density of 10 mA cm-2) and Tafel slope (51.7 mV dec-1) values comparable to those of other Co2+ related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Bazaga-García
- Dpo Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
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Zhu C, Yu Z, Lin T, Li J, Luo X. Structural design of cobalt phosphate on nickel foam for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:305702. [PMID: 33794511 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The elaborate design and synthesis of low-cost, efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which may alleviate the current energy shortage and environment pollution, is still a great challenge. Herein, metal phosphonate precursors with controllable morphologies were synthesizedin situon the surface of nickel foam with different solvents, and could be easily converted into carbon- and nitrogen-doped cobalt phosphate through a calcination method. The OER catalytic performance of the final products was studied in detail. The results showed that the nanowire shaped samples of CoPiNF-800 synthesized with deionized water under hydrothermal conditions had the strongest electrochemical performance. They exhibited extraordinary catalytic activity with a very low overpotential of 222 mV at 100 mA cm-2, the smallest impedance and excellent electrochemical stability. These results not only demonstrate the possibility of preparing low-cost OER catalysts based on transition metal phosphate, but also aid our understanding of the controllable synthesis process of different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Zhu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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6
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Iron anchored microporous cobalt phosphonate novel nanostructure for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: An Overview. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-021-09329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhao H, Yuan ZY. Design Strategies of Transition-Metal Phosphate and Phosphonate Electrocatalysts for Energy-Related Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:130-149. [PMID: 33030810 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The key challenge to developing renewable energy conversion and storage devices lies in the exploration and rational engineering of cost-effective and highly efficient electrocatalysts for various energy-related electrochemical reactions. Transition-metal phosphates and phosphonates have shown remarkable performances for these reactions based on their unique physicochemical properties. Compared with transition-metal oxides, phosphate groups in transition-metal phosphates and phosphonates show flexible coordination with diverse orientations, making them an ideal platform for designing active electrocatalysts. Although numerous efforts have been spent on the development of transition-metal phosphate and phosphonate electrocatalysts, some urgent issues, such as low intrinsic catalytic efficiency and low electronic conductivity, have to be resolved in accordance with their applications. In this Review, we focus on the design strategies of highly efficient transition-metal phosphate and phosphonate electrocatalysts, with special emphasis on the tuning of transition-metal-center coordination environment, optimization of electronic structures, increase of catalytically active site densities, and construction of heterostructures. Guided by these strategies, recently developed transition-metal phosphate and phosphonate materials have exhibited excellent activity, selectivity, and stability for various energy-related electrocatalytic reactions, showing great potential for replacing noble-metal-based catalysts in next-generation advanced energy techniques. The existing challenges and prospects regarding these materials are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Xu W, Feng L, Wang Z, Liu B, Li X, Chen Y. Novel microporous cobalt phosphonate: Efficient heterogeneous catalyst towards oxygen evolution reaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Liu MR, Lin YP, Wang K, Chen S, Wang F, Zhou T. Hierarchical cobalt phenylphosphonate nanothorn flowers for enhanced electrocatalytic water oxidation at neutral pH. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li C, Gao Y, Xia X, Zhu J, Wang X, Fu Y. Hierarchically Structured Two-Dimensional Bimetallic CoNi-Hexaaminobenzene Coordination Polymers Derived from Co(OH) 2 for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907043. [PMID: 32003933 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated coordination polymers (CPs) with designable and predictable structures have drawn tremendous attention in recent years. However, the poor electrical conductivity and low structural stability seriously restrict their practical applications in electronic devices. Herein, the rational design and synthesis of a hierarchically structured 2D bimetallic CoNi-hexaaminobenzene CPs derived from Co(OH)2 are reported as an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) self-supported electrode. The as-obtained electrode possesses high electrochemical surface area and intrinsic activity, exhibiting high electrochemical catalytic activity, favorable reaction kinetics performance, and strong durability compared with those of the powder catalysts. As a result, the electrode delivers low overpotential of 219 mV @ 10 mA cm-2 and Tafel slope of 42 mV dec-1 as well as 91.3% retention of current density after 24 h of reaction time. The results of density functional theory computations reveal that the synergistic effect of Co and Ni plays an important role in OER. This work not only presents a strategy to fabricate advanced self-supported electrodes with abundant and dense active sites, but also promotes the development of conjugated CPs for electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yanting Gao
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xifeng Xia
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yongsheng Fu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Phosphonate-derived nitrogen-doped cobalt phosphate/carbon nanotube hybrids as highly active oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Cobalt-Nickel Wrapped Hydroxyapatite Carbon Nanotubes as a New Catalyst in Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-019-00565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Xing W, Yin S, Tu W, Liu G, Wu S, Wang H, Kraft M, Wu G, Xu R. Rational Synthesis of Amorphous Iron‐Nickel Phosphonates for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Water Oxidation with Almost 100 % Yield. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1171-1175. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Xing
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- College of Biology and the Environment Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shengming Yin
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Wenguang Tu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Guanyu Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- eCO2 Intra CREATE National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Shuyang Wu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- C4T CREATE, National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Haojing Wang
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Markus Kraft
- C4T CREATE, National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3RA UK
| | - Guangyu Wu
- College of Biology and the Environment Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Rong Xu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- C4T CREATE, National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
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Xing W, Yin S, Tu W, Liu G, Wu S, Wang H, Kraft M, Wu G, Xu R. Rational Synthesis of Amorphous Iron‐Nickel Phosphonates for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Water Oxidation with Almost 100 % Yield. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Xing
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- College of Biology and the Environment Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shengming Yin
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Wenguang Tu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Guanyu Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- eCO2 Intra CREATE National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Shuyang Wu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- C4T CREATE, National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Haojing Wang
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Markus Kraft
- C4T CREATE, National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3RA UK
| | - Guangyu Wu
- College of Biology and the Environment Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Rong Xu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
- C4T CREATE, National Research Foundation CREATE Tower 1 Create Way Singapore 138602 Singapore
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