Synthesis, Antitubercular and Antimicrobial Activity of 1,2,4-Triazolidine-3-thione Functionalized Coumarin and Phenyl Derivatives and Molecular Docking Studies

Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative Effects and Docking Studies of Methoxy Group Enriched Coumarin-Chalcone Hybrids

Methoxy group enriched eight coumarin-chalcone hybrid derivatives were synthesized. Antimicrobial/ antiproliferative activities were tested against eight human pathogenic microorganisms and four cancer cell lines (AGS, HepG2, MCF-7 and PC-3), respectively. Antimicrobial results showed that most of the compounds were almost more active than used standard antibiotics. Cytotoxicity results showed that 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl and thiophene containing structures have promising antiproliferative effects against AGS gastric cell lines with ∼5 μg/ml IC₅₀ values. At the same time, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl bearing derivative exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ values against HepG2 (∼10 μg/ml) and PC-3 (∼5 μg/ml) cell lines. Particularly, the cell viabilities of MCF-7 cell lines were remarkably inhibited by all the compounds with lower IC₅₀ values. Therefore, molecular docking studies between hybrid ligands and quinone reductase-2 enzyme (regulates in MCF-7 cancer cells) were performed. The results demonstrated that all the derivatives can smoothly interact with interested enzyme in agreement with the experimental results. Finally, ADME parameters were studied to reveal drug-likeness potentials of the coumarin-chalcone hybrids.

Coumarin Triazoles as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Currently, in hospitals and community health centers, microbial infections are highly common diseases and are a leading cause of death worldwide. Antibiotics are generally used to fight microbial infections; however, because of the abuse of antibiotics, microbes have become increasingly more resistant to most of them. Therefore, medicinal chemists are constantly searching for new or improved alternatives to combat microbial infections. Coumarin triazole derivatives displayed a variety of therapeutic applications, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This review summarizes the advances of coumarin triazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents covering articles published from 2006 to 2022.

Molecular Insights into Coumarin Analogues as Antimicrobial Agents: Recent Developments in Drug Discovery

Simple Summary

Coumarins are a large family of benzopyrones, and more than 1300 coumarins have been reported to date. Natural, as well as synthetic, coumarins have demonstrated a diverse activity spectrum. On the other hand, the demands of the current health scenario witnessing morbidity and mortality due to microbial infections and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, the well-reported phytochemical coumarin can be of interest. Some of the well-reported coumarin analogues as antimicrobial agents include β-lactum derivatives, coumarin-based 1,2,3-triazole compounds, the miconazole analogue, coumarin-substituted pyrazole hybrids, pyranocoumarin, coumarin−sulphonamide hybrids, pyranocoumarins, coumarin−sulphonamide derivatives, chromenylpyrazoles candidates, 3-amidocoumarins analogues, uracil−coumarin hybrids, indolinedione−coumarin hybrids, coumarin−imidazole hybrids, coumarin-fused pyrazolones and methyl thiazole derivatives, coumarin−theophylline hybrids, etc. In the present review, several methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives as antimicrobial agents are reported, along with structure−activity relationship (SAR) studies focusing on the developments reported since 2016.

Abstract

A major global health risk has been witnessed with the development of drug-resistant bacteria and multidrug-resistant pathogens linked to significant mortality. Coumarins are heterocyclic compounds belonging to the benzophenone class enriched in different plants. Coumarins and their derivatives have a wide range of biological activity, including antibacterial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumour, and enzyme inhibitory effects. In the past few years, attempts have been reported towards the optimization, synthesis, and evaluation of novel coumarin analogues as antimicrobial agents. Several coumarin-based antibiotic hybrids have been developed, and the majority of them were reported to exhibit potential antibacterial effects. In the present work, studies reported from 2016 to 2020 about antimicrobial coumarin analogues are the focus. The diverse biological spectrum of coumarins can be attributed to their free radical scavenging abilities. In addition to various synthetic strategies developed, some of the structural features include a heterocyclic ring with electron-withdrawing/donating groups conjugated with the coumarin nucleus. The suggested structure−activity relationship (SAR) can provide insight into how coumarin hybrids can be rationally improved against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The present work demonstrates molecular insights for coumarin derivatives having antimicrobial properties from the recent past. The detailed SAR outcomes will benefit towards leading optimization during the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial therapeutics.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties of Oligomeric Dehydrogenation Polymer from Lignin Precursors

The lignin precursors of coniferin and syringin were synthesised, and guaiacyl-type and guaiacyl-syringyl-type oligomeric lignin dehydrogenation polymers (DHP and DHP-GS) were prepared with the bulk method. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that both DHP-G and DHP-GS contained β-O-4, β-5, β-β, β-1, and 5-5 substructures. Extraction with petroleum ether, ether, ethanol, and acetone resulted in four fractions for each of DHP-G (C₁₁–C₁₄) and DHP-GS (C₂₁–C₂₄). The antibacterial experiments showed that the fractions with lower molecular weight had relatively strong antibacterial activity. The ether-soluble fractions (C₁₂ of DHP-G and C₂₂ of DHP-GS) had strong antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus. The C₁₂ and C₂₂ fractions were further separated by preparative chromatography, and 10 bioactive compounds (G₁–G₅ and GS₁–GS₅) were obtained. The overall antibacterial activities of these 10 compounds was stronger against E. coli than S. aureus. Compounds G₁, G₂, G₃, and GS₁, which had the most significant antibacterial activities, contained β-5 substructures. Of these, G₁ had the best antibacterial activity. Its inhibition zone diameter was 19.81 ± 0.82 mm, and the minimum inhibition concentration was 56.3 ± 6.20 μg/mL. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) showed that the antibacterial activity of G₁ was attributable to a phenylcoumarin dimer, while the introduction of syringyl units reduced antibacterial activity.

A review on Coumarin derivatives as potent anti-Tuberculosis agent

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis (TB) is an acute or chronic infectious disease caused by several species of Myco-bacterium, collectively called as tubercle bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Around 10 million people get sick with tuberculosis (TB) each year. TB is the second leading cause of deaths today after HIV/AIDS. A serious problem in the context of MDR-TB, is the extensively drug-resistant TB which is an im-portant reason for the restricted chemotherapy in TB. Therefore, there is a need to explore new antitubercular (anti-TB) agents. Coumarin is an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound and can be widely found in many natural products, and many of them display diverse biological activities.The wide spectrum of activities of coumarin molecules have intrigued the scientists to explore the natural coumarins and their synthetic deriva-tives for their potential as anti-TB drugs.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review is to emphasize on important coumarin analogs with anti-TB activities and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) for designing better anti-TB agents.

METHOD

Latest, authentic and published reports on various synthetic and natural coumarin derivatives and their anti-TB activities is being thoroughly studied and analyzed. The structural requirements of coumarins as anti-TB drugs have also been studied.

RESULT

Collection and compilation of reports on various synthetic and natural coumarin derivatives and their anti-TB activities is being done.

CONCLUSION

The study provides latest report on coumarin derivatives synthesized as anti-TB agent and wheth-er their activity depends on structural changes or not.

Coumarin-containing hybrids and their antibacterial activities

Infections caused by Gram-positive and -negative bacteria are one of the foremost causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy for bacterial infections, but the emergence and wide spread of drug-resistant pathogens have already become a huge issue for public healthcare systems. The coumarin moiety, which is ubiquitous in nature, could bind to the B subunit of DNA gyrase in bacteria and inhibit DNA supercoiling by blocking the ATPase activity; hence, coumarin derivatives possess potential antibacterial activity. Several coumarin-containing hybrids such as coumermycin A1, clorobiocin, and novobiocin have already been used in clinical practice for the treatment of various bacterial infections; thus, it is conceivable that hybridization of the coumarin moiety with other antibacterial pharmacophores may provide opportunities for the development of novel antibiotics. This review outlines the advances in coumarin-containing hybrids with antibacterial potential in the recent 5 years and the structure-activity relationships are also discussed.

Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Anacardic Acid Derivatives

Anacardic acid (AA) and its derivatives are well-known for their therapeutic applications ranging from antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and so forth. However, their poor pharmacokinetic and safety properties create significant hurdles in the formulation of the final drug molecule. As a part of our endeavor to enhance the potential and exploration of the anticancer activities, a detailed study on the properties of selected AA derivatives was performed in this work. A comprehensive analysis of the drug-like properties of 100 naturally occurring AA derivatives was performed, and the results were compared with certain marketed anticancer drugs. The work focused on the understanding of the interplay among eight physicochemical properties. The relationships between the physicochemical properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion attributes, and the in silico toxicity profile for the set of AA derivatives were established. The ligand efficacy of the finally scrutinized 17 AA derivatives on the basis of pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity parameters was further subjected to dock against the potential anticancer target cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (PDB ID: 1W98). In the docked complex, the ligand molecules (AA derivatives) selectively bind with the target residues, and a high binding affinity of the ligand molecules was ensured by the full fitness score using the SwissDock Web server. The BOILED-Egg model shows that out of 17 scrutinized molecules, 3 molecules exhibit gastrointestinal absorption capability and 14 molecules exhibit permeability through the blood-brain barrier penetration. The analysis can also provide some useful insights to chemists to modify the existing natural scaffolds in designing new anacardic anticancer drugs. The increased probability of success may lead to the identification of drug-like candidates with favorable safety profiles after further clinical evaluation.