Decellularized small intestine scaffolds: a potential xenograft for restoration of intestinal perforation

Small intestine perforation is a serious medical condition that requires immediate medical attention. The traditional course of treatment entails resection followed by anastomosis; however, it has complications such as small bowel syndrome (SBS), anastomotic leakage, and fistula formation. Here, a novel strategy is demonstrated, that utilizes the xenogeneic, decellularized goat small intestine as a patch for small intestine regeneration in cases of intestinal perforation. The goat small intestine scaffold underwent sodium dodecyl sulfate decellularization, which revealed consistent, quick, and effective decellularization. Decellularization contributed the least amount of extracellular matrix degradation while maintaining the intestinal architecture. By implanting the decellularized goat small intestine scaffolds (DGSIS) on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), no discernible loss of angiogenesis was seen in the CAM region, and this enabled the DGSIS to be evaluated for biocompatibility in ovo. The DGSIS was then xeno-transplanted as a patch on a small intestine perforation rat model. After 30 days post transplant, barium salt used as contrast gastrointestinal X-ray imaging revealed no leakage or obstruction in the small intestine. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry assisted in analyzing the engraftment of host cells into the xeno patch. The xeno-patch expressed high levels of E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Occludin, Zonnula occluden (ZO-1), Ki 67, and Na+/K+-ATPase. The xeno-patch was consequently recellularized and incorporated into the host without causing an inflammatory reaction. As an outcome, decellularized goat small intestine was employed as a xenograft and could be suitable for regeneration of the perforated small intestine.

Comparatively sonophotochemical and photochemical studies of phthalocyanines with cationic substituents on nonperipheral positions

The term sonophotodynamic therapy (SPDT) refers to a combination of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which the efficacy of the treatment is boosted by utilizing the proper amount of a sensitizer that is responsive to both light and ultrasound. Although it has been proven in photophysicochemical studies that SPDT enhances singlet oxygen production, related studies in the literature are very limited. Considering this situation, this study aims to investigate the efficacy of synthesized phthalocyanines in terms of PDT and SPDT. The singlet oxygen quantum values calculated as 0.13 for 5, 0.44 for 6, and 0.61 for 7 in photochemical (PDT) application increased to 0.18, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively, with sonophotochemical (SPDT) application. According to the results, singlet oxygen production was more efficient with SPDT. This work will add to the body of knowledge on employing the SPDT approach to increase singlet oxygen generation.

Pegylated metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines: synthesis, photophysicochemical properties and in vitro photodynamic activities against head, neck and colon cancer cell lines

In this study, a series of peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-substituted metal-free and zinc(II) phthalocyanines were successfully prepared in good yields by cyclotetramerization of the phthalonitrile derivative bearing a tetraethylene glycol methyl ether group at 3- and 4- positions. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods, such as FT-IR, NMR, mass and UV-Vis spectroscopy. To determine the therapeutic potential of the synthesized phthalocyanines, the effects of the substitution pattern (peripheral and non-peripheral) and central metal atom on the photophysicochemical properties were investigated. When comparing their singlet oxygen generation capabilities (Φ_Δ), metallo-phthalocyanine derivatives with zinc (0.73 for 1b and 0.70 for 2b) showed higher singlet oxygen yield than metal-free derivatives (0.21 for 1a and 0.12 for 2a) in DMSO. The photodynamic therapy activities of the water-soluble phthalocyanines were tested via in vitro studies using the A253, FaDu (head and neck cancer cell lines), and HT29 (colon cancer) cell lines. The strongest photodynamic activity was found in 1b and 2b molecules with a metal core among the four molecules studied. The results suggested that the non-peripherally tetra-substituted 1b molecule was regarded as a suitable photodynamic therapy agent due to its light cytotoxicity and secondary impact induced by ROS production.

Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines containing azo moiety; Synthesis and photophysical properties

Unsymmetrical metal-free phthalocyanine was synthesized through cyclotetramerization of 4-[2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-tert-butyl-phenylazo)phenoxy]phthalonitrile and 4-(hexylthio)phthalonitrile in the presence of lithium in [Formula: see text]-pentanol, then metal-free phthalocyanine was obtained by acidification with acetic acid. Finally, metalation was achieved by refluxing metal-free phthalocyanine in [Formula: see text]-pentanol in the presence of zinc (II) salt. The structure of synthesized phthalocyanine derivatives were characterized by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The HOMO–LUMO energies were computed using density functional theory. The HOMO–LUMO energy difference is 2.28 eV. The calculated results were consistent with the experimental data. In addition, aggregation behaviors and general trends for photophysical properties of these phthalocyanine derivatives were studied in tetrahydrofuran. The emission intensities of these phthalocyanine derivatives were strongly quenched by 1,4-benzoquinone in tetrahydrofuran.

Synthesis, characterization and staining performance of peripherally and non-peripherally substituted metallo-phthalocyanines bearing 1,3-bis-(trimethylamino)-2-propoxy groups

In this study, water-soluble symmetrical phthalocyanines having cationic 1,3-bis-(trimethylamino)-2-propoxy groups at the peripheral and non-peripheral positions were synthesized and characterized.

Thiazole-substituted non-symmetrical metallophthalocyanines: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical and heavy metal ion sensing properties

Novel non-symmetrical metallophthalocyanines with a thiazole functional group were prepared. Their redox properties and heavy metal ion sensing performances were fully investigated.