1
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Côté MP, Boukouvala C, Richard-Daniel J, Ringe E, Boudreau D, Ritcey AM. Plasmonic Properties of Self-Assembled Gold Nanocrescents: Implications for Chemical Sensing. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:8783-8791. [PMID: 38694723 PMCID: PMC11059077 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
A bottom-up approach, the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, is used for the preparation of composite thin films of gold nanoparticles and polymers: poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine), poly-2-vinylpyridine, and polystyrene. The self-assembly of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) at the air-water interface leads to the formation of surface micelles, which serve as a template for the organization of gold nanoparticles into ring assemblies. By using poly-2-vinylpyridine in conjunction with low surface pressure, the distance between nanostructures can be increased, allowing for optical characterization of single nanostructures. Once deposited on a solid substrate, the preorganized gold nanoparticles are subjected to further growth by the reduction of additional gold, leading to a variety of nanostructures which can be divided into two categories: nanocrescents and circular arrays of nanoparticles. The optical properties of individual structures are investigated by optical dark-field spectroscopy and numerical calculations. The plasmonic behavior of the nanostructures is elucidated through the correlation of optical properties with structural features and the identification of dominant plasmon modes. Being based on a self-assembly approach, the reported method allows for the formation of interesting plasmonic materials under ambient conditions, at a relatively large scale, and at low cost. These attributes, in addition to the resonances located in the near-infrared region of the spectrum, make nanocrescents candidates for biological and chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Côté
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, and Center
for Research on Advanced Materials, Laval
University, Quebec
City G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christina Boukouvala
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Josée Richard-Daniel
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, and Center
for Research on Advanced Materials, Laval
University, Quebec
City G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Boudreau
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, and Center
for Research on Advanced Materials, Laval
University, Quebec
City G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anna M. Ritcey
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers, and Center
for Research on Advanced Materials, Laval
University, Quebec
City G1 V 0A6, Canada
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2
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Portal S, Corbella C, Arteaga O, Martin A, Mandal T, Kahr B. Characterization of Chiral Nanostructured Surfaces Made via Colloidal Lithography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2235. [PMID: 37570552 PMCID: PMC10421317 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Optically anisotropic materials were produced via colloidal lithography and characterized using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy, and polarimetry. A compact hexagonal array mask composed of silica sub-micron particles was fabricated via the Langmuir-Blodgett self-assembly technique. Subsequently, the mask pattern was transferred onto monocrystalline silicon and commercial glass substrates using ion beam etching in a vacuum. Varying the azimuthal angle while etching at oblique incidence carved screw-like shaped pillars into the substrates, resulting in heterochiral structures depending on the azimuthal angle direction. To enhance the material's optical properties through plasmon resonance, gold films were deposited onto the pillars. Polarimetric measurements were realized at normal and oblique incidences, showing that the etching directions have a clear influence on the value of the linear birefringence and linear dichroism. The polarimetric properties, especially the chiroptical responses, increased with the increase in the angle of incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Portal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Carles Corbella
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Experimental Physics II, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Alexander Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.M.); (T.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Trinanjana Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.M.); (T.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; (A.M.); (T.M.); (B.K.)
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3
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Menath J, Mohammadi R, Grauer JC, Deters C, Böhm M, Liebchen B, Janssen LMC, Löwen H, Vogel N. Acoustic Crystallization of 2D Colloidal Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206593. [PMID: 36281801 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
2D colloidal crystallization provides a simple strategy to produce defined nanostructure arrays over macroscopic areas. Regularity and long-range order of such crystals is essential to ensure functionality, but difficult to achieve in self-assembling systems. Here, a simple loudspeaker setup for the acoustic crystallization of 2D colloidal crystals (ACDC) of polystyrene, microgels, and core-shell particles at liquid interfaces is introduced. This setup anneals an interfacial colloidal monolayer and affords an increase in average grain size by almost two orders of magnitude. The order is characterized via the structural color of the colloidal crystal, the acoustic annealing process is optimized via the frequency and the amplitude of the applied sound wave, and its efficiency is rationalized via the surface coverage-dependent interactions within the interfacial colloidal monolayer. Computer simulations show that multiple rearrangement mechanisms at different length scales, from the local motion around voids to grain boundary movements via consecutive particle rotations around common centers, collude to remove defects. The experimentally simple ACDC process, paired with the demonstrated applicability toward complex particle systems, provides access to highly defined nanostructure arrays for a wide range of research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Menath
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Christian Grauer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudius Deters
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maike Böhm
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institute of Physics: Theory of Soft Matter, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 12, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Goerlitzer ESA, Mohammadi R, Nechayev S, Volk K, Rey M, Banzer P, Karg M, Vogel N. Chiral Surface Lattice Resonances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001330. [PMID: 32319171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Collective excitation of periodic arrays of metallic nanoparticles by coupling localized surface plasmon resonances to grazing diffraction orders leads to surface lattice resonances with narrow line width. These resonances may find numerous applications in optical sensing and information processing. Here, a new degree of freedom of surface lattice resonances is experimentally investigated by demonstrating handedness-dependent excitation of surface lattice resonances in arrays of chiral plasmonic crescents. The self-assembly of particles used as mask and modified colloidal lithography is applied to produce arrays of planar and 3D gold crescents over large areas. The excitation of surface lattice resonances as a function of the interparticle distance and the degree of order within the arrays is investigated. The chirality of the individual 3D crescents leads to the formation of chiral lattice modes, that is, surface lattice resonances that exhibit optical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S A Goerlitzer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
| | - Sergey Nechayev
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7/B2, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
| | - Kirsten Volk
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Marcel Rey
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
| | - Peter Banzer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7/B2, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I: Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, Erlangen, D-91058, Germany
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5
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Rey M, Yu T, Guenther R, Bley K, Vogel N. A Dirty Story: Improving Colloidal Monolayer Formation by Understanding the Effect of Impurities at the Air/Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:95-103. [PMID: 30543431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal monolayers are important tools to fabricate surface structures at the nanoscale. A typical monolayer fabrication strategy involves the self-assembly of colloidal building blocks at liquid interfaces, which are subsequently deposited on a solid substrate. Even though this process is well established, the resulting order of the particles within the colloidal monolayer differs between batches of colloidal particles and can even change with the age of the dispersion. In this study, we investigate the origins of this variation of monolayer quality for polystyrene particles synthesized by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. We correlate the interfacial behavior of the colloidal particles at the air/water interface on a Langmuir trough with the resulting quality of the monolayer after transfer to a solid substrate. We identify surface-active impurities as a major cause for a disturbed self-assembly of the colloidal particles. These impurities form during the particle synthesis and consist of copolymers of styrene, the comonomer acrylic acid, and sulfonate species from the initiator. We show that they can be removed by cleaning protocols to increase the monolayer quality. However, our experiments demonstrate that the impurities reappear over time even for cleaned dispersions, indicating desorption from the surface of the colloidal particles. We identify strategies to avoid the presence of the impurities at the air/water interface or to inhibit their effect on the self-assembly process. These simple guidelines improve the quality of the resulting colloidal monolayer, which is a prerequisite for the reliable fabrication of high-quality surface nanostructures from colloidal templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Rey
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Taotao Yu
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Roman Guenther
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Karina Bley
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 4 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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6
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Tang JS, Bader RS, Goerlitzer ESA, Wendisch JF, Bourret GR, Rey M, Vogel N. Surface Patterning with SiO 2@PNiPAm Core-Shell Particles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12089-12098. [PMID: 30288467 PMCID: PMC6166996 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal lithography is a cost-efficient method to produce large-scale nanostructured arrays on surfaces. Typically, colloidal particles are assembled into hexagonal close-packed monolayers at liquid interfaces and deposited onto a solid substrate. Many applications, however, require non close-packed monolayers, which are more difficult to fabricate. Preassembly at the oil/water interface provides non close-packed colloidal assemblies but these are difficult to transfer to a solid substrate without compromising the ordering due to capillary forces acting upon drying. Alternatively, plasma etching can reduce a close-packed monolayer into a non close-packed arrangement, however, with limited interparticle distance and compromised particle shape. Here, we present a simple alternative approach toward non close-packed colloidal monolayers with tailored interparticle distance, high order, and retained spherical particle shape. We preassemble poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-silica (SiO2@PNiPAm) core-shell particles at the air/water interface, transfer the interfacial spacer to a solid substrate, and use the polymer shell as a sacrificial layer that can be thermally removed to leave a non close-packed silica monolayer. The shell thickness, cross-linking density, and the phase behavior upon compression of these complex particles at the air/water interface provide parameters to precisely control the lattice spacing in these surface nanostructures. We achieve hexagonal non close-packed arrays of silica spheres with interparticle distances between 400 and 1280 nm, up to 8 times their diameter. The retained spherical shape is advantageous for surface nanostructuring, which we demonstrate by the fabrication of gold nanocrescent arrays via colloidal lithography and silicon nanopillar arrays via metal-assisted chemical etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Sing
Julia Tang
- Institute
of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Romina Sigrid Bader
- Institute
of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric S. A. Goerlitzer
- Institute
of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Fedja Wendisch
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Strasse 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gilles Remi Bourret
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Strasse 2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marcel Rey
- Institute
of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute
of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- E-mail:
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7
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Phillips KR, England GT, Sunny S, Shirman E, Shirman T, Vogel N, Aizenberg J. A colloidoscope of colloid-based porous materials and their uses. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:281-322. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00533g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colloids assemble into a variety of bioinspired structures for applications including optics, wetting, sensing, catalysis, and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant T. England
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Steffi Sunny
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Elijah Shirman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
| | - Tanya Shirman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Engineering of Advanced Materials
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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8
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Vogel N, Retsch M, Fustin CA, del Campo A, Jonas U. Advances in Colloidal Assembly: The Design of Structure and Hierarchy in Two and Three Dimensions. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6265-311. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vogel
- Institute
of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse
4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence - Engineering of Advanced Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Retsch
- Physical
Chemistry 1 - Polymer Systems, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße
30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter
Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis
Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aranzazu del Campo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular
Chemistry, Cμ - The Research Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry
and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
- Bio-Organic Materials Chemistry Laboratory (BOMCLab), Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, P.O. Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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9
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Křápek V, Koh AL, Břínek L, Hrtoň M, Tomanec O, Kalousek R, Maier SA, Šikola T. Spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy of crescent-shaped plasmonic antennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:11855-11867. [PMID: 25969276 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.011855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the optical properties of gold crescent-shaped antennas by means of electron energy loss spectroscopy. These structures exhibit particularly large field enhancement near their sharp features, support two non-degenerate dipolar (i.e., optically active) localised surface plasmon resonances, and are widely tunable by a choice of their shape and dimensions. Depending on the volume and shape, we resolved up to four plasmon resonances in metallic structures under study in the energy range of 0.8 - 2.4 eV: two dipolar and quadrupolar mode and a multimodal assembly. The boundary-element-method calculations reproduced the observed spectra and helped to identify the character of the resonances. The two lowest modes are of particular importance owing to their dipolar nature. Remarkably, they are both concentrated near the tips of the crescent, spectrally well resolved and their energies can be tuned between 0.8 - 1.5 eV and 1.2 - 2.0 eV, respectively. As the lower spectral range covers the telecommunication wavelengths 1.30 and 1.55 μm, we envisage the possible use of such nanostructures in infrared communication technology.
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10
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Yang S, Slotcavage D, Mai JD, Liang W, Xie Y, Chen Y, Huang TJ. Combining the Masking and Scaffolding Modalities of Colloidal Crystal Templates: Plasmonic Nanoparticle Arrays with Multiple Periodicities. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:6432-6438. [PMID: 25620849 PMCID: PMC4299403 DOI: 10.1021/cm502860r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface patterns with prescribed structures and properties are highly desirable for a variety of applications. Increasing the heterogeneity of surface patterns is frequently required. This work opens a new avenue toward creating nanoparticle arrays with multiple periodicities by combining two generally separately applied modalities (i.e., scaffolding and masking) of a monolayer colloidal crystal (MCC) template. Highly ordered, loosely packed binary and ternary surface patterns are realized by a single-step thermal treatment of a gold thin-film-coated MCC and a nonclose-packed MCC template. Our approach enables control of the parameters defining these nanoscale binary and ternary surface patterns, such as particle size, shape, and composition, as well as the interparticle spacing. This technique enables preparation of well-defined binary and ternary surface patterns to achieve customized plasmonic properties. Moreover, with their easy programmability and excellent scalability, the binary and ternary surface patterns presented here could have valuable applications in nanophotonics and biomedicine. Specific examples include biosensing via surface-enhanced Raman scattering, fabrication of plasmonic-enhanced solar cells, and water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikuan Yang
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802-6812, United States
| | - Daniel Slotcavage
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802-6812, United States
| | - John D. Mai
- Department
of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wansheng Liang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Lanzhou General Hospital
of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802-6812, United States
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802-6812, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department
of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802-6812, United States
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11
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Sundar A, Farzinpour P, Gilroy KD, Tan T, Hughes RA, Neretina S. Eutectic combinations as a pathway to the formation of substrate-based Au-Ge heterodimers and hollowed au nanocrescents with tunable optical properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3379-3388. [PMID: 24729512 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pairs of immiscible elements with deep eutectics are used to synthesize periodic arrays of heterodimers and hollowed metal nanocrescents. In the devised route, substrate-immobilized Au or Ag nanostructures act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for Ge adatoms. At elevated temperatures the adatoms collect in sufficient quantities to transform each site into a AuGe liquid alloy which, upon cooling, phase separates into elemental components sharing a common interface. The so-formed Au-Ge and Ag-Ge heterodimers exhibit a complex morphology characterized by a noble metal nanocrescent which partially encapsulates one end of the Ge domain. Through the use of a selective etch the Ge component is removed, leaving behind a periodic array of hollow noble metal nanocrescents on the surface of the substrate. Optical characterization of both the heterodimers and nanocrescents indicates that the presence of Ge gives rise to a relative blue-shift in the localized surface plasmon peak, a result that is in stark contrast to the red-shifts typically observed when plasmonic nanostructures are in contact with a dielectric medium. Simulations are used to both rationalize the observed shift and show the potential for deriving unexpected behaviors when semishell-like noble metal structures are in contact with high permittivity dielectric mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Sundar
- College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
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12
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Bley K, Sinatra N, Vogel N, Landfester K, Weiss CK. Switching light with light--advanced functional colloidal monolayers. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:492-502. [PMID: 24227011 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04897g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal monolayers comprising of highly ordered two dimensional crystals are of high interest to generate surface patterns for a variety of different applications. Mostly, unfunctionalized polymer or silica colloids are assembled into monolayers. However, the incorporation of functional molecules into such colloids offers a convenient possibility of implementing additional properties to the two-dimensional crystal. Here, we present the formation of novel functional colloidal monolayers with photoswitchable fluorescence. The miniemulsion polymerization technique was used to incorporate an appropriate dye system of a perylene-based fluorophore and a bis-arylethene as a photochrome in polymeric colloids in defined ratios. Upon irradiation with UV or visible light the photochrome reversibly isomerizes from the ring-closed form, which is able to absorb light of the emission wavelength of the fluorescent dye and the ring-open form, which is not. The fluorescence emission of the dye can thus be reversibly switched on and off with light even when embedded in colloids. The colloids were self-assembled at the air-water interface to produce hexagonally ordered functional monolayers and more complex binary crystals. We investigate in detail the influence of the polymeric matrix on the switching properties of the fluorophore/photochrome system and find that the rate constants for the photoswitching, which all lie in the same range, are less influenced by the polymeric environment than expected. We demonstrate the reversible switching of the fluorescence emission in self-assembled colloidal monolayers. The arrangement of broadly distributed functional colloids into ordered monolayers with high addressability was obtained by the formation of binary colloidal monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bley
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Hall AS, Friesen SA, Mallouk TE. Wafer-scale fabrication of plasmonic crystals from patterned silicon templates prepared by nanosphere lithography. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2623-2627. [PMID: 23614608 DOI: 10.1021/nl400755a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
By combining nanosphere lithography with template stripping, silicon wafers were patterned with hexagonal arrays of nanowells or pillars. These silicon masters were then replicated in gold by metal evaporation, resulting in wafer-scale hexagonal gratings for plasmonic applications. In the nanosphere lithography step, two-dimensional colloidal crystals of 510 nm diameter polystyrene spheres were assembled at the air-water interface and transferred to silicon wafers. The spheres were etched in oxygen plasma in order to define their size for masking of the silicon wafer. For fabrication of metallic nanopillar arrays, an alumina film was grown over the nanosphere layer and the spheres were then removed by bath sonication. The well pattern was defined in the silicon wafer by reactive ion etching in a chlorine plasma. For fabrication of metal nanowell arrays, the nanosphere monolayer was used directly as a mask and exposed areas of the silicon wafer were plasma-etched anisotropically in SF6/Ar. Both techniques could be used to produce subwavelength metal replica structures with controlled pillar or well diameter, depth, and profile, on the wafer scale, without the use of direct writing techniques to fabricate masks or masters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Shoji Hall
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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14
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Lewicka ZA, Li Y, Bohloul A, Yu WW, Colvin VL. Nanorings and nanocrescents formed via shaped nanosphere lithography: a route toward large areas of infrared metamaterials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:115303. [PMID: 23449397 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/11/115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to nanosphere lithography, which overcomes undesirable manufacturing issues such as complex tilted-rotary evaporation and ion beam milling. A key innovation in this process is the use of non-conductive edge strips placed on top of the samples prior to metal removal. Such elements help to direct the flow of reactive ions during plasma etching and produce well-ordered arrays of metallic nanorings and nanocrescents over large areas of ∼1 cm(2). The obtained highly uniform nanocrescent array exhibits an electric resonance of 1.7 μm and a magnetic resonance of 3 μm. The absorption resonances of the fabricated nanorings depend on their diameters and shift toward shorter wavelengths (λ = 1.7 μm for do = 308 nm) as compared to larger rings (λ = 2.2 μm do = 351 nm). FDTD-based simulations match well with the experimental results. This 'shaped nanosphere lithography' approach creates opportunities to generate nanorings and nanocrescents that promise potential applications in chemical and biological sensing, for surface enhanced spectroscopy and in the field of infrared metamaterials.
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15
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Li Z, Zhang X, Ye S, Zhang J, Wang T, Fang L, Zhang J, Yang B. The fabrication of long-range ordered nanocrescent structures based on colloidal lithography and parallel imprinting. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:105307. [PMID: 23435372 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/10/105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for fabricating nanocrescent structures is presented based on a combination of colloidal lithography and parallel imprinting. In this process, non-close-packed colloidal spheres were prepared by a simple lift-up soft lithography technique, and subsequently the individual particles were used as shadow masks to angle deposit a layer of silver on the silicon substrates. Then, the silver-coated samples were etched to get silicon crescent nanohole arrays, which served as templates to mold patterned photocurable resin membranes. The patterned photocurable resin membranes were used to print gold nanocrescent nanostructures onto glass substrates. The size of the opening and the width of the gold nanostructures could be freely adjusted by changing the azimuth angle and tilt angle. Very importantly, the central angle of the nanocrescents could be adjusted in the range of 0°-360°. This method provides a low-cost and highly reproducible way to prepare complex nanostructure arrays for applications related to near field enhancement materials, optical sensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yang S, Lapsley MI, Cao B, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Hao Q, Kiraly B, Scott J, Li W, Wang L, Lei Y, Huang TJ. Large-Scale Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Surface Patterns Using Template-Defined Electrochemical Deposition. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2013; 23:720-730. [PMID: 31588203 PMCID: PMC6777745 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to achieve large-scale, three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanostructured surface patterns through selective electrochemical growth on monolayer colloidal crystal (MCC) templates is reported. This method can effectively create large-area (>1 cm2), 3D surface patterns with well-defined structures in a cost-effective and time-saving manner (<30 min). A variety of 3D surface patterns, including semishells, Janus particles, microcups, and mushroom-like clusters, is generated. Most importantly, our method can be used to prepare surface patterns with prescribed compositions, such as metals, metal oxides, organic materials, or composites (e.g., metal/metal oxide, metal/polymer). The 3D surface patterns produced by our method can be valuable in a wide range of applications, such as biosensing, data storage, and plasmonics. In a proof-of-concept study, we investigated, both experimentally and theoretically, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance of the fabricated silver 3D semishell arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikuan Yang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Michael Ian Lapsley
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Bingqiang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Brian Kiraly
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Weizhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Yong Lei
- Center for Innovation Competence & Institute for Physics, Technical University of Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
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17
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Cong H, Yu B, Tang J, Li Z, Liu X. Current status and future developments in preparation and application of colloidal crystals. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7774-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Darvill D, Centeno A, Xie F. Plasmonic fluorescence enhancement by metal nanostructures: shaping the future of bionanotechnology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15709-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Mazzotta F, Höök F, Jonsson MP. High throughput fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures in nanofluidic pores for biosensing applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:415304. [PMID: 23018651 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/41/415304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary advantages of nanoscale sensors is that they often can provide conceptually new ways of performing sensing that are not feasible with their large-scale analogs. For example, the small size of nanoscale sensor elements, such as plasmonic metal nanoparticles, allows them to be combined with nanofluidic systems. Among the potential applications of such a combination is the efficient delivery of analyte to the sensor surface. With this in mind, in this work we look to address the challenge of creating and positioning nanoplasmonic sensor elements within nanofluidic pores. A scheme is presented that allows for the production of arrays of pores in a thin (220 nm) silicon nitride membrane with one plasmonic nanoparticle sensor element in each pore. The high throughput fabrication protocol is parallel and enables multiple sensor chips to be produced simultaneously, yet with accurate tuning of the dimension and shape of the nanoparticles. The presented system is shown to possess polarization-sensitive plasmonic resonances that can be tuned significantly in the visible wavelength range by just varying one process parameter. The thickness of the membrane could be optimized to minimize the influence of the optical membrane interference on the plasmonic readout. The sensitivity of the plasmon resonances to changes in refractive index, which forms the basis for using the system for biosensing, was found to be competitive with other nanoplasmonic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mazzotta
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Yu J, Geng C, Zheng L, Ma Z, Tan T, Wang X, Yan Q, Shen D. Preparation of high-quality colloidal mask for nanosphere lithography by a combination of air/water interface self-assembly and solvent vapor annealing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12681-12689. [PMID: 22894745 DOI: 10.1021/la3026182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanosphere lithography (NSL) has been regarded as an inexpensive, inherently parallel, high-throughput, materials-general approach to the fabrication of nanoparticle arrays. However, the order of the resulting nanoparticle array is essentially dependent on the quality of the colloidal monolayer mask. Furthermore, the lateral feature size of the nanoparticles created using NSL is coupled with the diameter of the colloidal spheres, which makes it inconvenient for studying the size-dependent properties of nanoparticles. In this work, we demonstrate a facile approach to the fabrication of a large-area, transferrable, high-quality latex colloidal mask for nanosphere lithography. The approach is based on a combination of the air/water interface self-assembly method and the solvent-vapor-annealing technique. It enables the fabrication of colloidal masks with a higher crystalline integrity compared to those produced by other strategies. By manipulating the diameter of the colloidal spheres and precisely tuning the solvent-vapor-annealing process, flexible control of the size, shape, and spacing of the interstice in a colloidal mask can be realized, which may facilitate the broad use of NSL in studying the size-, shape-, and period-dependent optical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Vogel N, Zieleniecki J, Köper I. As flat as it gets: ultrasmooth surfaces from template-stripping procedures. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:3820-32. [PMID: 22628064 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In an experimentally simple replica process, the natural flatness of mica or polished silicon wafers can be transferred to metal films, resulting in metal surfaces with topographic features in Angstrom dimensions over large areas. Two decades after its invention, the template-stripping process continues to appeal to scientists from diverse research backgrounds primarily due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and ability to yield high quality substrates and structures. This article introduces the basic construction process for template-stripped substrates, and reports on a variety of extensions of the process, including the generation of materials contrasts and the design of tailored topographies. It also highlights the use of such substrates in a variety of research fields in nanoscience and technology ranging from surface force measurement and high definition imaging to the self-assembly of model membranes and plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vogel
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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22
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Wu KY, Cheng XL, Lee LP. Intra-particle coupling and plasmon tuning of multilayer Au/dielectric/Au nanocrescents adhered to a dielectric cylinder. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:055201. [PMID: 22238274 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/5/055201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A 3D numerical study on surface plasmon resonance is presented for a multilayer Au/dielectric/Au nanocrescent structure adhered to a dielectric cylinder. Investigations are carried out on the structure’s coupling modes, local field enhancement (LFE) and plasmon tuning capability. The cavity coupling via the cylinder is found to be dominant in tuning the plasmon wavelength. This provides the possibility of tailoring the device's plasmon band by adjusting the cylinder’s size and material. By using a cylinder with higher permittivity, the plasmon peak significantly shifts to the near- or mid-infrared regime without increasing the size of the crescents, thus increase of radiation loss can be fully avoided. Extra crescent layers can also be added to the structure to induce intra-particle couplings among Au crescents and enlarge the areas of the hot-spots, without shifting the plasmon band. The LFE of the multiple-layer structure is shown to be dramatically increased through the intra-particle coupling among the Au crescents, compared with a single layer Au nanocrescent structure. Further increase of LFE can be achieved by substituting semiconductors for the dielectrics in the structure due to the charge transport at metal-semiconductor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yu Wu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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23
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Geng C, Zheng L, Yu J, Yan Q, Wei T, Wang X, Shen D. Thermal annealing of colloidal monolayer at the air/water interface: a facile approach to transferrable colloidal masks with tunable interstice size for nanosphere lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Fischer J, Vogel N, Mohammadi R, Butt HJ, Landfester K, Weiss CK, Kreiter M. Plasmon hybridization and strong near-field enhancements in opposing nanocrescent dimers with tunable resonances. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4788-4797. [PMID: 21952954 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel dimer nanostructure architecture featuring two symmetrically arranged crescents with opposing, nanometer-sized tips in close proximity is fabricated by colloidal lithography. This structure exhibits a strong and highly localized electrical near-field in the gap region between the tips. The close proximity of the tips in the nanocrescent dimers leads to a strong coupling process which generates new hybrid plasmon modes with different optical resonances. The optical properties of both single crescents and dimeric double crescent arrangements are investigated in detail, and correlations between resonance wavelengths and geometrical parameters are established. We apply plasmon hybridization theory to explain the spectral shifts between coupled and uncoupled crescent nanostructures based on simple geometric arguments for all polarization-dependent resonances. Computer simulations support the hybridization model and were further used to examine and compare the near-field enhancement of single and opposing double crescents. For close proximities of the two opposing crescents, a strong near-field with an enhancement factor of approximately 53 was detected. Compared to the near-field enhancement of approximately 20 for single crescents, the proximity of the second crescents further increases the near-field to more than seven times the initial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Yang S, Lei Y. Recent progress on surface pattern fabrications based on monolayer colloidal crystal templates and related applications. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2768-2782. [PMID: 21677939 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent progress toward the fabrication of surface patterns depending on the monolayer colloidal crystal templates. Based on the structural differences of the acquired surface patterns, various synthesis routes are introduced in detail. The diverse device applications of the synthesized surface patterns are also summarized, including sensors, energy-related devices, field emissions, wettability control, and so on. Future research should focus on surface patterns composed of multiple-layered structures and hybrid materials, and the widening of their application explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikuan Yang
- Institute of Materials Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
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26
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Vogel N, Goerres S, Landfester K, Weiss CK. A Convenient Method to Produce Close- and Non-close-Packed Monolayers using Direct Assembly at the Air-Water Interface and Subsequent Plasma-Induced Size Reduction. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Manzke A, Vogel N, Weiss CK, Ziener U, Plettl A, Landfester K, Ziemann P. Arrays of size and distance controlled platinum nanoparticles fabricated by a colloidal method. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2523-8. [PMID: 21552579 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on emulsion polymerization in the presence of a Pt complex, polystyrene (PS) particles were prepared exhibiting a well defined average diameter with narrow size-distribution. Furthermore, the colloids contain a controlled concentration of the Pt precursor complex. Optimized coating of Si substrates with such colloids leads to extended areas of hexagonally ordered close-packed PS particles. Subsequent application of plasma etching and annealing steps allows complete removal of the PS carriers and in parallel nucleation and growth of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) which are located at the original center of the PS colloids. In this way, hexagonally arranged spherical Pt NPs are obtained with controlled size and interparticle distances demonstrating variability and precision with so far unknown parameter scalability. This control is demonstrated by the fabrication of Pt NP arrays at a fixed particle distance of 185 nm while systematically varying the diameters between 8 and 15 nm. Further progress could be achieved by seeded emulsion polymerization. Here, Pt loaded PS colloids of 130 nm were used as seeds for a subsequent additional emulsion polymerization, systematically enlarging the diameter of the PS particles. Applying the plasma and annealing steps as above, in this way hexagonally ordered arrays of 9 nm Pt NPs could be obtained at distances up to 260 nm. To demonstrate their stability, such Pt particles were used as etching masks during reactive ion etching thereby transferring their hexagonal pattern into the Si substrate resulting in corresponding arrays of nanopillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Manzke
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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28
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Sparnacci K, Antonioli D, Deregibus S, Panzarasa G, Laus M, De Leo N, Boarino L, Kapeliouchko V, Poggio T. Two-dimensional non-close-packed arrays of nanoparticles via core-shell nanospheres and reactive ion etching. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Lei Y, Yang S, Wu M, Wilde G. Surface patterning using templates: concept, properties and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:1247-58. [DOI: 10.1039/b924854b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Vogel N, Ziener U, Manzke A, Plettl A, Ziemann P, Biskupek J, Weiss CK, Landfester K. Platinum nanoparticles from size adjusted functional colloidal particles generated by a seeded emulsion polymerization process. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:459-72. [PMID: 22003452 PMCID: PMC3190616 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of miniemulsion and emulsion polymerization are combined in a seeded emulsion polymerization process with functional seed particles synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. A systematic study on the influence of different reaction parameters on the reaction pathway is conducted, including variations of the amount of monomer fed, the ratio of initiator to monomer and the choice of surfactant and composition of the continuous phase. Critical parameters affecting the control of the reaction are determined. If carefully controlled, the seeded emulsion polymerization with functional seed particles yields monodisperse particles with adjustable size and functionalities. Size-adjusted platinum-acetylacetonate containing latex particles with identical seed particles and varied shell thicknesses are used to produce arrays of highly ordered platinum nanoparticles with different interparticle distances but identical particle sizes. For that, a self-assembled monolayer of functional colloids is prepared on a solid substrate and subsequently treated by oxygen plasma processing in order to remove the organic constituents. This step, however, leads to a saturated state of a residual mix of materials. In order to determine parameters influencing this saturation state, the type of surfactant, the amount of precursor loading and the size of the colloids are varied. By short annealing at high temperatures platinum nanoparticles are generated from the saturated state particles. Typically, the present fabrication method delivers a maximum interparticle distance of about 260 nm for well-defined crystalline platinum nanoparticles limited by deformation processes due to softening of the organic material during the plasma applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- Department of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Achim Manzke
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alfred Plettl
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Ziemann
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Clemens K Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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31
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Ming T, Zhao L, Xiao M, Wang J. Resonance-coupling-based plasmonic switches. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2514-2519. [PMID: 20818628 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ming
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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32
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhang X, Yang B. Colloidal self-assembly meets nanofabrication: from two-dimensional colloidal crystals to nanostructure arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4249-69. [PMID: 20803529 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of colloidal microspheres or nanospheres is an effective strategy for fabrication of ordered nanostructures. By combination of colloidal self-assembly with nanofabrication techniques, two-dimensional (2D) colloidal crystals have been employed as masks or templates for evaporation, deposition, etching, and imprinting, etc. These methods are defined as "colloidal lithography", which is now recognized as a facile, inexpensive, and repeatable nanofabrication technique. This paper presents an overview of 2D colloidal crystals and nanostructure arrays fabricated by colloidal lithography. First, different methods for fabricating self-assembled 2D colloidal crystals and complex 2D colloidal crystal structures are summarized. After that, according to the nanofabrication strategy employed in colloidal lithography, related works are reviewed as colloidal-crystal-assisted evaporation, deposition, etching, imprinting, and dewetting, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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33
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Jiang H, Markowski J, Sabarinathan J. Near-infrared optical response of thin film pH-sensitive hydrogel coated on a gold nanocrescent array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:21802-21807. [PMID: 19997424 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.021802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogel-based chemiresponsive sensor for monitoring H(+) (pH) has been developed by coating the surface of a gold nanocrescent array structure with a thin film of a poly(2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate)-based (poly-HEMA) hydrogel. The transmission measurement results of the close-packed gold nanocrescent array fabricated via electron beam lithography demonstrate near-infrared localized surface plasmon resonance peaks with sensitivities up to 332 nm/RIU in detecting refractive index change. Measurements of the hydrogel under solutions of increasing pH show the plasmon peak blueshifts by 17 nm and the integrated transmission increases by 1.8 in the operating range of 4.5 - 6.4 pH, which is ideal for biochemical sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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