1
|
Lim YJ, Choi JH, Mun SJ, Kim J, Bong KW. Real-Time Signal Analysis with Wider Dynamic Range and Enhanced Sensitivity in Multiplex Colorimetric Immunoassays Using Encoded Hydrogel Microparticles. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7204-7211. [PMID: 38662417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous quantification of multiple proteins is crucial for accurate medical diagnostics. A promising technology, the multiplex colorimetric immunoassay using encoded hydrogel microparticles, has garnered attention, due to its simplicity and multiplex capabilities. However, it encounters challenges related to its dynamic range, as it relies solely on the colorimetric signal analysis of encoded hydrogel microparticles at the specific time point (i.e., end-point analysis). This necessitates the precise determination of the optimal time point for the termination of the colorimetric reaction. In this study, we introduce real-time signal analysis to quantify proteins by observing the continuous colorimetric signal change within the encoded hydrogel microparticles. Real-time signal analysis measures the "slope", the rate of the colorimetric signal generation, by focusing on the kinetics of the accumulation of colorimetric products instead of the colorimetric signal that appears at the end point. By developing a deep learning-based automatic analysis program that automatically reads the code of the graphically encoded hydrogel microparticles and obtains the slope by continuously tracking the colorimetric signal, we achieved high accuracy and high throughput analysis. This technology has secured a dynamic range more than twice as wide as that of the conventional end-point signal analysis, simultaneously achieving a sensitivity that is 4-10 times higher. Finally, as a demonstration of application, we performed multiplex colorimetric immunoassays using real-time signal analysis covering a wide concentration range of protein targets associated with pre-eclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jun Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jun Hee Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Seok Joon Mun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang W, Cheng Y, Zhai J, Qin Y, Zhang W, Xie X. Expanded single-color barcoding in microspheres with fluorescence anisotropy for multiplexed biochemical detection. Analyst 2023; 148:4406-4413. [PMID: 37552039 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00938f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-color barcoding strategies could break the limits of spectral crosstalk in conventional intensity-based fluorescence barcodes. Fluorescence anisotropy (FA), a self-referencing quantity able to differentiate spectrally similar fluorophores, is highly attractive in designing fluorescent barcodes within a limited emission window. In this study, FA-based encoding of polystyrene (PS) microspheres was realized for the first time. The FA signals of fluorophores were stabilized inside PS microspheres owing to hampered rotational motion. Fluorescent labels were incorporated with similar emission but different structures, symmetries, and lifetimes. On the one hand, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) including homo-FRET and hetero-FRET resulted in a decrease of steady-state FA with increasing dye loading, converting conventional intensity-based codes into FA-based codes. On the other hand, mixing dyes with different intrinsic FA values generated different FA values at the same fluorescence intensity level. Single color 5-plex FA-encoded microspheres were demonstrated and decoded on a homemade microscopic FA imaging platform in real time. The FA-encoded microspheres were successfully applied to detect the oligonucleotide of the foodborne bacterium, Bacillus cereus, without spectral crosstalk between the encoding and reporting dyes. Overall, FA-based encoding with an expanded coding capacity in the FA dimension holds great potential in multiplexed high-throughput chemical and biological analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuemin Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Weian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malhotra K, Hrovat D, Kumar B, Qu G, Houten JV, Ahmed R, Piunno PAE, Gunning PT, Krull UJ. Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Exploring A Treasure Trove of NIR-Mediated Emerging Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2499-2528. [PMID: 36602515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess the remarkable ability to convert multiple near-infrared (NIR) photons into higher energy ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) photons, making them a prime candidate for several advanced applications within the realm of nanotechnology. Compared to traditional organic fluorophores and quantum dots (QDs), UCNPs possess narrower emission bands (fwhm of 10-50 nm), large anti-Stokes shifts, low toxicity, high chemical stability, and resistance to photobleaching and blinking. In addition, unlike UV-vis excitation, NIR excitation is nondestructive at lower power intensities and has high tissue penetration depths (up to 2 mm) with low autofluorescence and scattering. Together, these properties make UCNPs exceedingly favored for advanced bioanalytical and theranostic applications, where these systems have been well-explored. UCNPs are also well-suited for bioimaging, optically modulating chemistries, forensic science, and other state-of-the-art research applications. In this review, an up-to-date account of emerging applications in UCNP research, beyond bioanalytical and theranostics, are presented including optogenetics, super-resolution imaging, encoded barcodes, fingerprinting, NIR vision, UCNP-assisted photochemical manipulations, optical tweezers, 3D printing, lasing, NIR-II imaging, UCNP-molecule nanohybrids, and UCNP-based persistent luminescent nanocrystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - David Hrovat
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
- Gunning Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Balmiki Kumar
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Grace Qu
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Justin Van Houten
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Reda Ahmed
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Paul A E Piunno
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Gunning Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ulrich J Krull
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dual-Signal-Encoded Barcodes with Low Background Signal for High-Sensitivity Analysis of Multiple Tumor Markers. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The suspension array technology (SAT) is promising for high-sensitivity multiplexed analysis of tumor markers. Barcodes as the core elements of SAT, can generate encoding fluorescence signals (EFS) and detection fluorescence signals (DFS) in the corresponding flow cytometer channel. However, the bleed-through effect of EFS in the DFS channel and the reagent-driven non-specific binding (NSB) lead to background interference for ultrasensitive assay of multiple targets. Here, we report an ingenious method to eliminate background interference between barcode and reporter using low-background dual-signal-encoded barcodes (DSBs) based on microbeads (MBs) and quantum dots (QDs). The low-background DSBs were prepared via combination strategy of two signals containing scatter signals and fluorescence signals. Three types of MBs were distinguished by the scattering channel of flow cytometer (FSC vs. SSC) to obtain the scattered signals. Green quantum dots (GQDs) or red quantum dots (RQDs) were coupled to the surface of MBs by sandwich immune structure to obtain the distinguishable fluorescent signals. Furthermore, the amount of conjugated capture antibody on the MB’s surface was optimized by comparing the change of detection sensitivity with the addition of capture antibody. The combination measurements of specificity and NSB in SAT platform were performed by incubating the capture antibody-conjugated MBs (cAb-MBs) with individual QD-conjugated detection antibody (QDs-dAb). Finally, an SAT platform based on DSBs was successfully established for highly sensitive multiplexed analysis of six tumor markers in one test, which suggests the promising tool for highly sensitive multiplexed bioassay applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Müssig S, Reichstein J, Miller F, Mandel K. Colorful Luminescent Magnetic Supraparticles: Expanding the Applicability, Information Capacity, and Security of Micrometer-Scaled Identification Taggants by Dual-Spectral Encoding. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107511. [PMID: 35146912 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
(Sub)micrometer-scaled identification (ID) taggants enable direct identification of arbitrary goods, thereby opening up application fields based on the possibility of tracking, tracing, and anti-counterfeiting. Due to their small dimensions, these taggants can equip in principle even the smallest subcomponents or raw materials with information. To achieve the demanded applicability, the mostly used optically encoded ID taggants must be further improved. Here, micrometer-scaled supraparticles with spectrally encoded luminescent and magnetically encoded signal characteristics are reported. They are produced in a readily customizable bottom-up fabrication procedure that enables precise adjustment of luminescent and magnetic properties on multiple hierarchy levels. The incorporation of commonly used magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent dyes, respectively, into polymer nanocomposite particles, establishes a convenient toolbox of magnetic and luminescent building blocks. The subsequent assembly of selected building blocks in the desired ratios into supraparticles grants for all the flexibility to freely adjust both signal characteristics. The obtained spectrally resolved visible luminescent and invisible magnetic ID signatures are complementary in nature, thus expanding applicability and information security compared to recently reported optical- or magnetic-encoded taggants. Additionally, the introduced ID taggant supraparticles can significantly enhance the coding capacity. Therefore, the introduced supraparticles are considered as next-generation ID taggants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Müssig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob Reichstein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng Z, Guo Q, Wang Y, Ge Y, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Li Q, Masoomi H, Gu H, Xu H. Evolution of "On-Barcode" Luminescence Oxygen Channeling Immunoassay by Exploring the Barcode Structure and the Assay System. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2344-2355. [PMID: 35071922 PMCID: PMC8772307 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The multiplexed luminescence oxygen channeling immunoassay (multi-LOCI) platform we developed recently that combines conventional LOCI and suspension array technology is capable of realizing facile "mix-and-measure" multiplexed assays without tedious washing steps. However, previous work lacks comprehensive studies of the structure-performance relationship of the host-guest-structured barcode, which may obstruct the evolution and further translation of this exciting new technology to practical applications. Accordingly, this work revealed that polyelectrolyte interlayers played a crucial role in tuning the packing density of guest acceptor beads (ABs). More interestingly, we noticed that "sparse" barcodes (barcodes with low ABs packing density) exhibited comparable assay performance with "compact" ones (barcodes with high ABs packing density). The high robustness of barcodes allows for multi-LOCI to be a more universal and flexible assay platform. Furthermore, through optimization of the assay system including the laser power, as well as the concentrations of donor beads and biotinylated detection antibodies, the multi-LOCI platform showed a significant improvement in sensitivity compared with our previous work, with the limit of detection decreasing to as low as ca. 1 pg/mL. Impressively, multi-LOCI that enabled simultaneous detection of multiple analytes exhibited comparable sensitivity with the classical single-plexed LOCI, due to the ingenious structural design of the multi-LOCI barcode and the unique "on-barcode" assay format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuying Feng
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Guo
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Ge
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Li
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Hajar Masoomi
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
- School
of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute
of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo C, Zhai J, Wang Y, Du X, Wang Z, Xie X. Photoswitch-Based Fluorescence Encoding of Microspheres in a Limited Spectral Window for Multiplexed Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1531-1536. [PMID: 35025214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence barcoding with multicolor fluorophores is limited by spectral crowding. Herein, we propose a fluorescence encoding method in a single-color channel with photoswitches. The photochromic naphthopyran was used to mediate the fluorescence of polystyrene microspheres through resonance energy transfer. The initial fluorescence intensity (F0) and the fluorescence after UV light activation (F/F0) were combined to generate hundreds of 2-dimensional barcodes. The coding capacity was further expanded with the different chemical kinetics of the photoswitches. The photoswitch-based fluorescence barcodes were applied to simultaneously and selectively detect the DNA sequences of COVID-19 (with related mutations) as a proof-of-concept for real applications. The compatibility with the state-of-the-art fluorescence microscopes and simple encoding and decoding make the method very attractive for multiplexed and high-throughput analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yifu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zige Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Masoomi H, Wang Y, Chen C, Zhang J, Ge Y, Guo Q, Gu H, Xu H. A facile polymer mediated dye incorporation method for fluorescence encoded microbeads with large encoding capacities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4548-4551. [PMID: 33956007 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a facile dye incorporation method for fluorescence encoded microbeads, which is achieved by tuning the mixed polymer type (blank and dye-labeled polymers) and their doping ratio through electrostatic loading into mesoporous beads. This method is universal to various carriers and could render large encoding capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Masoomi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Cang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yunfei Ge
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Qingsheng Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| |
Collapse
|